Les démarches scientifiques sont présentes à la fois dans les textes institutionnels et dans la documentation scientifique. Dans cette recherche, nous étudions comment des enseignants français articulent les démarches d’investigation scientifique (DIS) avec les autres savoirs en sciences de la vie et de la Terre (SVT). Notre travail repose sur trois construits : les démarches d’investigation scientifique, les savoirs disciplinaires et les pratiques d’enseignement. La méthodologie s’appuie sur une recherche mixte de type séquentiel explicatif et de nature descriptive. Trois types d’instrumentation sont mis en œuvre pour recueillir les données : un questionnaire, des entrevues semi-dirigées et des observations de séances de classe. Les données issues des questions fermées du questionnaire sont analysées suivant une approche statistique à l’aide du logiciel SPSS®. Les données provenant des entrevues et des observations sont analysées selon une approche thématique en utilisant une grille construite a priori. Et enfin, les données issues des questions ouvertes du questionnaire sont analysées suivant une double approche lexicale et thématique. Nous identifions à travers ce travail de recherche une disparition des savoirs conceptuels lors de mises en oeuvre de DIS en classe. Les enseignants ne souhaitent pas nécessairement que leurs élèves acquièrent ou mobilisent des savoirs conceptuels. Les habiletés ou les attitudes souvent en lien avec les DIS sont priorisées. Finalement, certains enseignants pourraient, par manque de connaissances épistémologiques en lien avec la construction des savoirs en SVT, ignorer que l’objectif des DIS est la reconstruction de savoirs conceptuels et, à ce titre, considérer les DIS comme une façon de raisonner, comme des habiletés, voire même des habiletés pluridisciplinaires (anglais, français, etc.). / Scientific inquiry are present both in institutional texts and in scientific literature. In this research, we study how French teachers articulate the processes of scientific inquiry (DIS) with other knowledge in the sciences of life and the Earth (SVT). Our work is based on three constructs: investigation procedures, disciplinary knowledge and teaching practices. The methodology is based on a mixed research of explanatory sequential type and descriptive nature. Three types of instrumentation are used to collect the data: a questionnaire, semi-directed interviews and observations of class sessions. Data from closed and open questionnaire questions are analyzed using a lexical approach using SPSS® and IRaMuTeQ® software.Data from interviews and observations are analyzed using a thematic approach using a grid constructed a priori. We identify through this research work a disappearance of conceptual knowledge during implementation of DIS in the classroom. Teachers do not necessarily want their students to acquire or mobilize conceptual knowledge. The skills or attitudes often associated with DIS are prioritized. Finally, some teachers may, for lack of epistemological knowledge related to the construction of knowledge in SVT, ignore that the objective of the DIS would be the reconstruction of conceptual knowledge and as such consider the DIS as a way of reasoning, such as skills or even multidisciplinary skills (English, French, etc.)

Many studies evidence the importance of metacognition in successful learning. Metacognitive skills improve the academic outcomes of learners. Additionally, metacognitive skills build lifelong learning skills, which are transferable to employment and other contexts. As such, developing metacognition in students is of great value to universities as society as a whole. This study explores the perceptions of lecturers and student teachers in a College of Education at a University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) regarding the presence and promotion of metacognitive skills at the University in which the study took place. The study spanned three departments in the College, namely Kindergarten, Special Education, and Art Education. The study employs an interpretive research approach and case study methodology to gather this rich understanding of lecturers’ and students’ perceptions. Data were collected from twelve lecturers and twelve undergraduate students through a combination of lecture room observations, semi-structured interviews, and group interviews. The most significant finding emerging from this study is the lack of lecturer participants’ knowledge regarding metacognition generally. My study found that skills such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating skills were sometimes present in their teaching, but were not used to engage students in thinking metacognitively or developing their own metacognitive abilities. I found that metacognition was not present consistently or intentionally in lecture rooms. The findings further exposed some obstacles which could inhibit the promotion of metacognition in higher education in KSA. For example, traditional methods of rote learning were shown to discourage metacognitive thinking. Large student numbers and lecturers’ lack of time could prohibit lecturers from investing in teaching metacognitive skills to their students. Students’ apathy towards anything other than memorising facts to pass examinations and acquire grades could also demotivate them to learn valuable skills like metacognition without comprehensive changes to educational norms. The study identified multiple ways in which metacognition could be promoted in higher education in KSA. For example, diversifying teaching practices to include more active learning methods such as discussion and questioning would be more effective than the current prevalent method of lecturing and learning by memorising. Lecturers could role-model metacognitive skills to their students by incorporating metacognition into their own practice, and thus incorporate it into existing courses. Students could be motivated to develop metacognitive skills by discovering the benefits to them of metacognition on both their academic success and their future careers. The study’s findings supported the importance of including metacognition in higher education and advocating it to students as a valuable skill. Thus, there is a need to establish mechanisms or frameworks for integrating metacognition into higher education in KSA, and communities of practice which support the development of metacognitive skills among lecturers and student teachers who will be the teachers of tomorrow. I therefore offer a model with recommendations for practical uptake to expedite this, and support it with this study's evidence.

La question de la réussite des étudiants agite la noosphère. A l’heure où l’on préconise une transformation des pratiques pédagogiques dans un souci de promotion de la réussite, cette thèse propose d’interroger le concept de « cours magistral » dont les modalités – bien plus hétérogènes que ce que laisse croire la littérature actuelle – ne sont pas sans effet sur les manières d’étudier et de composer des étudiants. La question centrale de ce travail peut s’énoncer simplement : comment expliquer que certains étudiants travaillent mais ne réussissent pas ? Au-delà de l’effet des Arrière-plans scolaires et familiaux, cette thèse examine une entrée tout à fait nouvelle à l’université et pourtant centrale : les styles d'enseignement. La thèse met en évidence les effets des styles d'enseignement sur les manières de prendre des notes des étudiants et leurs manières de rédiger des copies d’examen (les différences observées sont analysées en termes de sensibilité au contrat didactique). Cette mise en regard des styles d'enseignement, des styles de prise de notes et des styles de copie permet de montrer quelques déterminants de cette question complexe qu’est la réussite à l’université. / The core of every discussion is student success. In a time when a transformation of teaching practices is encouraged in order to promote student success, where lectures are regarded as traditional, this thesis underlines the large heterogeneity of lectures and shows their effects on students’ practices in terms of note-taking and examination papers-writing. The key question of this study is formulated as follows: how can it be that some students work hard but still fail? Beyond school background and beyond family background, this thesis favors a new entry point: the teaching styles. This study highlights the effects of various teaching styles on different student methods of taking notes and writing examination papers (these different methods are considered as varying degrees of “responsiveness to the didactic contract”). By showing the correlations between teaching styles, note-taking styles and paper-writing styles, this study goes on to define the deciding factors of the complex issue of student success.

Essa pesquisa investiga saberes docentes (TARDIF, 2014) construídos dentro de escolas da rede pública estadual de ensino de São Paulo diante das políticas implementadas pelo governo desde a década de 1980 até 2010. De que maneira os professores passaram a organizar seu trabalho em meio a medidas relativamente novas, como é o caso da organização dos ciclos, da implantação do ensino fundamental de nove anos e da progressão continuada? Percebe-se que, com essas medidas, experiências que historicamente a escola instituiu para lecionar precisaram ser revistas, o que pôde gerar algumas resistências e adaptações no dia a dia das escolas. Interessa conhecer e compreender tais modificações que, embora não comumente registradas em documentos, porque produzem efeitos significativos no trabalho dos professores e dos alunos. Assim, a pesquisa considera as relações entre as iniciativas de política levadas a efeito pelo Estado e o que se concretiza no cotidiano das salas de aula, enfatizando a construção de saberes docentes decorrente desse jogo de poderes. A pesquisa trabalha com as memórias de professores atuantes na rede. Entrevistamos professores que começaram a lecionar há quase trinta anos e que hoje estão em processo de aposentadoria, e professores com ingresso mais recente no magistério, posterior ao implemento de importantes políticas educacionais no período destacado. Tal como se quer, esse caminho evidencia as mudanças e permanências que, desde a década de 1980, têm sido vividas pelos professores quando trabalham ou trabalharam com seus alunos. / This research investigates teaching knowledge (TARDIF, 2014) built up within the State public schools of São Paulo before the policies implemented by the government since the 1980s until 2010. How teachers began to organize their work amid relatively new measures, such as the organization of cycles, the implementation of basic education of nine years and the continued progression? It can be noticed that, with these measures, experiences historically established in school teaching had to be revised, which could cause some resistance and adaptations in schools daily routine. It is important to be aware of these changes and to understand them because they produce significant effects on teachers and students work, although these changes are not commonly recorded in documents. Thus, this research considers the relationship between the policy initiatives undertaken by the State and what is in fact accomplished in the classroom daily life, with emphasis on the teaching knowledge construction as a result of this set of powers. The research deals with the memories of teachers working in the state public system. We interviewed teachers who have been teaching for almost thirty years and who are now in the retirement process, as well as teachers who have more recently joined state public teaching, later to major educational policies implementation. Just as it is supposed to be, such a direction highlights the changes and continuities which have been experienced by teachers since the 1980s in their work with students.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wellington Jhonner Divino Barbosa da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1012224 bytes, checksum: a5a1f3a7d19197fcc599bf3f7b29561d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Studies related to deaf education are, historically, themes that worry many professionals in education area, especially when they relate to reading and writing skills, since most of deaf learners finish elementary school without having mastery of these skills. Notwithstanding, studies which focus on Portuguese as a second language (L2), for deaf learners, have been the sources of such concerns. Thus, we problematize: What are the teaching practices of written Portuguese Language that have been developed by the professors of deaf students? And what are the reading and writing practices experienced by deaf students that contribute to the acquisition of written Portuguese Language? Therefore, this study, generally, aims to analyze the teaching practices of written Portuguese as a second language for deaf leaners of elementary school and, specifically: to describe the practice of teaching Portuguese language for deaf students; to analyze the reading and writing practices that contribute to the learning of written Portuguese language as an L2 for deaf in the context of inclusive education, and to characterize teaching methodology and assessment of written Portuguese Language as an L2 for the deaf. This research was developed with two participating subjects; they were Portuguese language teachers from two elementary and public schools in a town that belongs to the micro-region of the Southeast of Goiás. To do so, we adopted a qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews and nonparticipant observations. The collected data were transcribed and categorized in relation to formation, reading and writing, Portuguese as an L1 and L2, written assessment of deaf students, interaction of teacher and interpreter, and interaction of deaf and hearing students. The results showed that the teaching of Portuguese Language as an L2, in the written form, is not effective in the everyday school life of the deaf elementary school students in the researched context, considering they are in the learning phase of Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) and Portuguese Language simultaneously. Thus, it is not possible to learn and/or to teach an L2 before the learners have already systematized their L1. Furthermore, the process of teaching these two languages is under the responsibility of the Brazilian Sign Language interpreter, since the students neither attend the Educational Specialized Service nor have contact with deaf instructors and besides, regarding the evaluation of written productions by deaf students we observed that teachers are in doubt about how and what to assess, since the written ability is still limited. / Os estudos relacionados à escolarização de surdos, historicamente, são temas que inquietam muitos profissionais da área da educação, ainda mais quando se reportam às habilidades de leitura e escrita, pois a maioria dos surdos finaliza o Ensino Fundamental sem ter domínio de tais habilidades. Não obstante, as investigações com foco na Língua Portuguesa como segunda língua (L2), para esse público, têm sido objeto gerador de constantes inquietações. Desse modo, problematizam-se: quais as práticas de ensino de Língua Portuguesa escrita são desenvolvidas pelos professores de alunos surdos? e quais são as práticas de leitura e escrita vivenciadas pelos alunos surdos que contribuem para a aquisição da Língua Portuguesa escrita? Com efeito, o presente estudo objetiva, de modo geral: analisar as práticas de ensino de Língua Portuguesa escrita como L2 para surdos do ensino básico e, de maneira específica: descrever as práticas de ensino de Língua Portuguesa de professores de alunos surdos no contexto da inclusão escolar; analisar as práticas de leitura e escrita que contribuem para aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa escrita como L2 para surdos; e caracterizar metodologia de ensino e de avaliação de Língua Portuguesa escrita como L2 para surdos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com dois sujeitos participantes, professores de Língua Portuguesa de duas Escolas de Ensino Fundamental Final da Rede Pública Estadual de uma cidade pertencente à microrregião do Sudeste Goiano. Para tanto, adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações não participantes. Os dados coletados foram transcritos e, a partir de então, estabelecidas categorias referentes à formação, leitura e escrita, português como L1 e L2, avaliação das produções escritas dos alunos surdos, relação professor e intérprete e interação aluno surdo e ouvinte. Os resultados demonstraram que o ensino de Língua Portuguesa, na modalidade escrita como L2, não se efetiva no cotidiano escolar dos alunos surdos do Ensino Fundamental no contexto pesquisado, tendo em vista que eles estão em fase de aprendizagem tanto da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) quanto do Português, de maneira simultânea. Portanto, não há como aprender e/ou ensinar uma L2 sem que os aprendizes já tenham sistematizado sua L1. Ademais, o processo de ensinar essas duas línguas está sob a responsabilidade do intérprete de Libras, já que os alunos não frequentam o Atendimento Educacional Especializado e tampouco têm contato com instrutores surdos e, além disso, evidenciou- se que os professores ficam em dúvida sobre como e o que avaliar, uma vez que consideram as escritas dos surdos, ainda, limitadas.

A Sociologia, a partir do seu retorno à educação básica como disciplina escolar obrigatória, no ano de 2009 no estado de São Paulo, tornou-se palco de discussões que refletiam sobre seus objetivos, currículo, material didático, condições de trabalho e formação docente. Sua trajetória histórica intermitente pelo currículo trouxe implicações para as pesquisas voltadas a esta temática que, mesmo existindo em número considerável, constituem ainda escassas referências para aqueles e aquelas que se aventuram no ensino de Sociologia. Nesta pesquisa, que tem por objeto de estudo as práticas docentes de um professor e uma professora de Sociologia da rede pública de ensino do estado de São Paulo, compreende-se a escola e seus agentes como produtores de cultura e, por isso, analisa-se aquilo que professores/as de Sociologia realizam na sala de aula. Acredita-se que estas análises realizadas sobre práticas observadas em uma mesma escola dizem respeito a condições e questões que perpassam o nível individual e ao mesmo tempo contribuem para discussões relacionadas tanto ao que é específico da rede estadual paulista quanto ao que está se configurando como próprio da Sociologia no formato de disciplina escolar. / Sociology, from its return to basic education as a mandatory subject in the State of São Paulo, in 2009, has become object of discussions regarding its objectives, curriculum, teaching resources, work environment and teacher formation. Its intermittent historical trajectory in the curriculum has brought about some implications to the research in the area, which, even though existing to a considerable extent, still yields scarce references to those who venture teaching Sociology. The present research, based upon the teaching practice of two São Paulo public-school Sociology teachers, a man and a woman, understands the school and its agents as culture producers and, therefore, analyses what Sociology teachers actually do in the classroom. We believe the analysis performed about practices observed in a single school regard conditions and questions which pervade the individual level, yet contribute to discussions related both to specificities of São Paulos public school and to what has been coming forth as belonging to Sociology as school subject.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a origem e os fundamentos históricos dos movimentos em defesa da utilização de recursos audiovisuais na educação. A partir do contexto histórico-cultural em que se situa o sistema educacional brasileiro, procura-se resgatar no período compreendido entre 1920 a 1940, a história dos projetos educacionais que buscavam integrar os meios de comunicação e a educação.. Nesse período surgiram as primeiras teorias e discursos favoráveis ao emprego do rádio e do cinema na política educacional brasileira. O cinema emergiu como objeto de importância fundamental nesta pesquisa porque, enquanto imagem-movimento ou projeção animada (SERRANO, Jonathas & VENÂNCIO FILHO, 1930), foi motivo de amplas discussões por parte dos escolanovistas, na primeira metade do século XX, que enfatizavam a sua eficiente contribuição no processo ensino-aprendizagem e na formação da mentalidade no contexto educacional. Por outro lado, sob o ponto de vista da Igreja Católica e do Estado Novo tal aparelho ideológico de informação (ALTHUSSER, Louis, s.d.), poderia difundir a ideologia de reconstrução social e nacional. Esta pesquisa foi direcionada por uma concepção de totalidade, buscando-se compreender a construção histórica das relações Cinema/Educação/Igreja/Estado. A periodização (1920-1945) se justifica porque nessa época, foram encontrados os primeiros debates e críticas a respeito do mau uso do cinema e paralelamente o surgimento da necessidade de se aplicar a cinematografia à educação e consequentemente nas práticas pedagógicas escolares, tendo em vista a veiculação do processo de disciplinarização, moralização, higienização da sociedade, especialmente da juventude, bem como a efetivação do projeto de reconstrução nacional, voltado para a formação de uma coletividade histórica e para a consolidação do nacionalismo. / This thesis aims to analyze the origin and historical background of the movements in defense of the use of audiovisual resources in education. From the historical and cultural context in which lies the Brazilian educational system, seeks to rescue the period 1920-1940, the history of educational projects seeking to integrate the media and education. During this period, the first two theories and speeches in favor of the use of radio and film in Brazilian educational policy. The film emerged as crucial object in this research because, while \"movement-image\" or \"animated projection\" (SERRANO, Jonathas & SON VENÂNCIO, 1930), was subject of extensive discussions by the New School in the first half of the twentieth century which emphasized its efficient contribution to the teaching-learning process and the formation of mentality in the educational context. On the other hand, from the point of view of the Catholic Church and the New State such \"ideological apparatus of information\" (Althusser, Louis, s.d.) could spread the ideology of social and national reconstruction. This research was directed by a totality of design, seeking to understand the historical construction of relations Movie/ Education / Church / State. The periodization (1920-1945) is justified because this time, the first debate and criticism about the \"misuse of cinema\" were found in parallel the emergence of the need to apply the cinematography education and consequently in teaching practices, and a view to serving the process of \"disciplining\", \"moralizing\", \"sanitization\" of society, especially the youth, as well as the realization of the national reconstruction project, aimed at the formation of a historical society and the consolidation of nationalism.

Second language (L2) teacher cognition has in recent years attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers. While much L2 teacher cognition research focuses on the teaching of grammar (e.g. Phipps & Borg, 2009), L2 writing teacher cognition has received considerably less attention. It has, however, been suggested that L2 writing teachers’ perceptions of themselves as writers (Casanave, 2004) and as language learners may play a crucial role in their decision making as teachers of L2 writing. In an attempt to address this gap in the L2 teacher cognition literature, this study investigates English as a second language (ESL) writing teachers' beliefs about themselves as language learners and as writers in their first and/or second language(s). The purpose is to discover how ESL writing teachers’ beliefs about and practice of teaching L2 writing are influenced by their experiences in writing in their first and/ or second languages. Three native (NES) and two non-native English-speaking (NNES) teachers teaching L2 writing took part in the study. During a 15-week semester, their ESL writing classes were periodically observed and audio-recorded. Additionally, each teacher was interviewed two times using stimulated recall regarding both their classroom instructional practices and instruction provided in the margins of student papers. Findings revealed that, language learning in general was an important contributor to both NNES and NES teachers’ cognitions. Even NES teachers who were not advanced in their respective second and/or additional languages still referred to their language learning experiences. The NNES teacher participants also commented that they sometimes had to step out of their own language experience in order to better help their students. Results also indicated that L2 writing teachers without advanced L2 literacy skills were influenced primarily by their L1 writing experiences. L2 writing teachers with advanced L2 literacy skills, however, were greatly influenced by their L2 writing experience. In all of the cases, being an advanced writer, whether in their L1 or L2s, was an important contributor to L2 writing teachers’ cognitions.

The purpose of this study is to interpret observations of three 6th grade elementary mathematics classrooms throughout a unit in detail. Specifically, this study examined the patterns and traditions related with teaching practices in the context of teaching a unit, teaching a topic, and single lessons, and described frequently observed teaching features in mathematics lessons. This study presented a detailed description and analysis of teaching practices of three experienced mathematics teacher from three public elementary schools. The participated teachers were directly observed through teaching a different mathematics unit. The teaching and learning practices in each classroom was described and analyzed both separately and together. The results of this study indicated that teaching a mathematics unit could be described as the combination of separately taught topics where the sequences of topics are strictly determined by elementary mathematics curriculum. There was no specific practice aiming to construct relation between unit&rsquo / s concepts and other school subjects, other mathematics concepts, and among these concepts. Teaching practices throughout a topic showed explicit similarities so that a pattern for teaching a topic can be described as demonstrating the new content, practicing the new content, and assigning and doing homework. It was not possible to draw a pattern for teaching practices in elementary mathematics lessons by using single lesson periods as a unit of analysis. &lsquo / Practicing&rsquo / was the most occurred activity in elementary mathematics lessons. Based on the findings some suggestions for future research studies were proposed, and some implications for teachers, teacher educators and policy makers were delivered.

This study was aimed to provide insight about affective teaching practices that influence students&#039 / affective characteristics in physics lessons using mixed methodology. Affective characteristics consisted of attitudes and motivation. For this purpose Keller&#039 / s ARCS (attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction) model was revised by adding Communication category. The Affective Teaching Practices Questionnaire, including these categories, was administered to 1,138 students and 31 physics teachers in Ankara. Moreover, the Affective Characteristics Questionnaire was administered to students to find out the relationship between students&#039 / affective characteristics and their perceptions about the teaching practices used by teachers. Four physics teachers, who were performing teaching practices frequently, were purposefully selected according to results of quantitative phase. In qualitative phase, observations were conducted in these teachers&#039 / classrooms to find out teaching practices used to enhance affective characteristics and their effects. Besides, interviews were conducted to support observations. The quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed by cross case analysis. Results revealed that affective teaching practices are related to students&#039 / affective characteristics. Assisting comprehension and providing role models to students are effective for enhancing affective characteristics. Similarly, providing students concrete materials / arousing their inquiry / organizing what is taught from simple to difficult / attributing success to effort / relating topic to students&#039 / experience / stating clearly what is expected of students / providing feedback / using positive outcomes / giving enough time to students / using clear, understandable, fluent language in lessons / caring about teaching / being self-confident / caring about students / and providing an atmosphere suitable for learning are also effective.