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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Avaliação da expressão gênica de células da polpa dentária após estimulação com microesferas contendo mediadores lipídicos / Evaluation of gene expression in dental pulp cells after estimulation with microespheres containing lipid mediators

Francine Lorencetti da Silva 06 November 2015 (has links)
Durante a resposta inflamatória alguns mediadores lipídicos, destacando-se o Leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) e a Prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), são liberados no meio e desencadeiam uma série de eventos moleculares e celulares. Não diferentemente do que ocorre em outros tecidos, eventos inflamatórios na polpa também geram a produção destes mediadores lipídicos. Na polpa, entretanto, há presença de células-tronco que persistiram e permanecem indiferenciadas, mas com potencial capacidade de diferenciação em células odontoblast-like. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a expressão de genes codificadores da síntese e mineralização da matriz dentinária, bem como avaliar a viabilidade celular diante de células indiferenciadas da polpa de camundongos (linhagem OD-21) após estimulação com microesferas de LTB4 e PGE2. Foram preparadas microesferas contendo os mediadores lipídicos (0,01 μM e 0,1 μM) pelo método de simples emulsão óleo-água seguido do processo de evaporação do solvente. Células OD-21 foram mantidas em cultura com os diferentes tratamentos por um período de estimulação de 24 horas para realização de teste de viabilidade celular (Ensaio Colorimétrico MTT). A seguir foi realizada avaliação da expressão gênica relativa dos genes Ibsp, Bmp2, Runx2, Alpl, Msx1 e Bglap pelo método de transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real (qRT-PCR), utilizando o sistema TaqMan® após estimulação por períodos de 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Foi observado aumento significativo no número de células viáveis após um período de 24 horas de estimulação com microesferas contendo PGE2 a 0,1 μM. A estimulação com microesferas, porém, não induziu a expressão de Alpl, Msx1 e Bglap, mas o fez para os genes Ibsp, Bmp2 e Runx2, em períodos mais curtos de estimulação. A PGE2 encapsulada em microesferas foi capaz de modificar o padrão de expressão gênica de Bmp2 e Runx2 em cultura de células OD-21, sendo que o LTB4 mostrou um papel inibidor da expressão gênica de Ibsp. Estes resultados indicam que estes mediadores podem ser importantes no processo de proliferação e diferenciação de células da polpa dental. / During the inflammatory response some lipid mediators, especially Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are released into the environment and trigger a series of molecular and cellular events. Inflammatory events in the pulp also generate the production of these lipid mediators. However in the pulp there is the presence of stem cells that persisted and remain undifferentiated, but with ability to differentiate into odontoblast-like cells. The aim of to this study was to evaluate of gene expression encoding to the synthesis and mineralization of dentin matrix and to assess cell viability in undifferentiated cells of mice pulp (OD-21 strain) after stimulation with PGE2 and LTB4 microspheres. Microspheres containing lipid mediators were prepared (0.01 μM and 0.1 μM) using an oil-in water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation process. OD-21 cells were maintained in culture with the different treatments during 24 hours for cell viability test (MTT colorimetric assay). After was made the evaluation of the relative gene expression of genes Ibsp, Bmp2, Runx2, Alpl, Msx1 and Bglap by reverse transcription method and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), using the TaqMan® system after stimulation for 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. There was a significant increase in the number of viable cells following a 24 hours stimulation with microspheres containing PGE2 0.1 μM. The microspheres stimulation did not induce the expression of Alpl, Msx1 and Bglap, but did in genes Ibsp, Runx2 and Bmp2, in shorter periods of stimulation. PGE2 microespheres modified the pattern of Bmp2 and Runx2 gene expression in OD-21 cell culture whereas LTB4 revealed an inhibitory effect on Ibsp expression. These findings indicate that lipid mediators might be important for dental pulp cell proliferation and differentiation.
32

Análise do perfil dos prostanoides e do seu papel no controle da migração celular em glioblastoma. / Analysis of the profile of prostanoids and their role in the control of cell migration in glioblastoma.

Renata Nascimento Gomes 12 September 2016 (has links)
O glioblastoma (GBM) é o tumor mais frequente do sistema nervoso central com um alto grau de malignidade e um prognóstico desfavorável. Apesar dos avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas e de radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia, não há tratamento eficiente disponível para o GBM. Os prostanoide são derivados do ácido araquidônico e estão envolvidas com vários processos do desenvolvimento e progressão do câncer. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar in vitro o perfil de diferentes prostanoides nas linhagens de GBM. Além de analisar o papel dos prostanoides e dos receptores na migração celular de GBM. Os resultados demostraram um perfil dos prostanoides da série 2 diferente entre as linhagens, além da expressão dos genes envolvidos na biossíntese de PGE2. Nos ensaios de migração os dados demostraram que os tratamentos realizados com os prostanoides exógenos aumentaram a migração celular e os tratamentos com os antagonistas de EP2 e EP4 diminuiram a migração. Em conjunto esses resultados, demonstram o papel importante dos prostanoides, especialmente PGE2, no processo de migração das células de GBM. / Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common tumor of the central nervous system with a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. Despite advances in surgical techniques and radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy, there is no effective treatment available for GBM. The prostanoid are derived from arachidonic acid and are involved in many processes of development and progression of cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro profile of different prostanoids in the lines of GBM. In addition to analyzing the role of prostanoids and receptors on the cell migration of GBM. The results showed a profile of series 2 prostanoids the different between the cell lines, in addition to expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of PGE2. In migration testing data showed that the treatments performed with exogenous prostanoids increased cell migration and treatment with antagonists of EP2 and EP4 decreased migration. Together these results demonstrate the important role of prostanoids, especially PGE2, in the migration process of the GBM cells.
33

Modulation der Insulinsignalgebung durch Prostaglandin E2 und Endocannabinoide / Modulation of insulin signaling by prostaglandin E2 and endocannabinoids

Strohm, Daniela January 2010 (has links)
Die adipositasbedingte Insulinresistenz geht mit einer unterschwelligen Entzündungsreaktion einher. Als Antwort auf dieses Entzündungsgeschehen wird PGE2 unter anderem von Kupffer Zellen der Leber freigesetzt und kann seine Wirkung über vier PGE2-Rezeptorsubtypen (EP1-EP4) vermitteln. In vorangegangenen Arbeiten konnte gezeigt werden, dass PGE2 in Rattenhepatozyten über den EP3 R ERK1/2-abhängig die intrazelluläre Weiterleitung des Insulinsignals hemmt. Über die Modulation der Insulinrezeptorsignalkette durch andere EP-Rezeptoren war bisher nichts bekannt. Daher sollte in stabil transfizierten Zelllinien, die jeweils nur einen der vier EP-Rezeptorsubtypen exprimierten, der Einfluss von PGE2 auf die Insulinrezeptorsignalkette untersucht werden. Es wurden HepG2-Zellen, die keinen funktionalen EP-Rezeptor aufwiesen, sowie HepG2-Zellen, die stabil den EP1-R (HepG2-EP1), den EP3β-R (HepG2 EP3β) oder den EP4-R (HepG2 EP4) exprimierten, sowie die humane fötale Hepatozytenzelllinie, Fh hTert, die den EP2- und den EP4-R exprimierte, für die Untersuchungen verwendet. Die Zellen wurden für 330 min mit PGE2 (10 µM) vorinkubiert, um die pathophysiologische Situation nachzustellen und anschließend mit Insulin (10 nM) für 15 min stimuliert. Die insulinabhängige Akt- und ERK1/2-Phosphorylierung wurde im Western-Blot bestimmt. In allen Hepatomzelllinien die EP-R exprimierten, nicht aber in der Zelllinie, die keinen EP R exprimierte, hemmte PGE2 die insulinstimulierte Akt-Phosphorylierung. In allen drei stabil transfizierten Zelllinien, nicht jedoch in den Fh-hTert-Zellen, steigerte PGE2 die basale und insulinstimulierte Phosphorylierung der Serin/Threoninkinase ERK1/2. In den HepG2 EP1- und den HepG2-EP3β-Zellen steigerte PGE2 mutmaßlich über die ERK1/2-Aktivierung die Serinphosphorylierung des IRS, welche die Weiterleitung des Insulinsignals blockiert. Die Hemmung der Aktivierung von ERK1/2 hob in EP3 R-exprimierenden Zellen die Abschwächung der Insulinsignalübertragung teilweise auf. In diesen Zellen scheint die ERK1/2-Aktivierung die größte Bedeutung für die Hemmung der insulinstimulierten Akt-Phosphorylierung zu haben. Da durch die Hemmstoffe die PGE2-abhängige Modulation nicht vollständig aufgehoben wurde, scheinen darüber hinaus aber noch andere Mechanismen zur Modulation beizutragen. In den Fh hTert-Zellen wurde die Insulinrezeptorsignalkette offensichtlich über einen ERK1/2-unabhängigen, bisher nicht identifizierten Weg unterbrochen. Eine gesteigerte PGE2-Bildung im Rahmen der Adipositas ist nicht auf die peripheren Gewebe beschränkt. Auch im Hypothalamus können bei Adipositas Zeichen einer Entzündung nachgewiesen werden, die mit einer gesteigerten PGE2-Bildung einhergehen. Daher wurde das EP R-Profil von primären hypothalamischen Neuronen und neuronalen Modellzelllinien charakterisiert, um zu prüfen, ob PGE2 in hypothalamischen Neuronen die Insulinsignalkette in ähnlicher Weise unterbricht wie in Hepatozyten. In allen neuronalen Zellen hemmte die Vorinkubation mit PGE2 die insulinstimulierte Akt-Phosphorylierung nicht. In der neuronalen hypothalamischen Zelllinie N 41 wirkte PGE2 eher synergistisch mit Insulin. In durch Retinsäure ausdifferenzierten SH SY5Y-Zellen waren die Ergebnisse allerdings widersprüchlich. Dies könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass die Expression der EP Rezeptoren im Verlauf der Kultur stark schwankte und somit die EP R-Ausstattung der Zellen zwischen den Zellversuchen variierte. Auch in den primären hypothalamischen Neuronen variierte die EP R-Expression abhängig vom Differenzierungszustand und PGE2 beeinflusste die insulinstimulierte Akt-Phosphorylierung nicht. Obwohl in allen neuronalen Zellen die Akt-Phosphorylierung durch Insulin gesteigert wurde, konnte in keiner der Zellen eine insulinabhängige Regulation der Expression von Insulinzielgenen (POMC und AgRP) nachgewiesen werden. Das liegt wahrscheinlich an dem niedrigen Differenzierungsgrad der untersuchten Zellen. Im Rahmen der Adipositas kommt es zu einer Überaktivierung des Endocannabinoidsystems. Endocannabinoidrezeptoren sind mit den EP Rezeptoren verwandt. Daher wurde geprüft, ob Endocannabinoide die Insulinsignalweiterleitung in ähnlicher Weise beeinflussen können wie PGE2. Die Vorinkubation der N 41-Zellen für 330 min mit einem Endocannabinoidrezeptoragonisten steigerte die insulinstimulierte Akt-Phosphorylierung, was auf einen insulinsensitiven Effekt von Endocannabinoiden hindeutet. Dies steht im Widerspruch zu der in der Literatur beschriebenen endocannabinoidabhängigen Insulinresistenz, die aber auf indirekte, durch Endocannabinoide ausgelöste Veränderungen zurückzuführen sein könnte. / The obesity related insulin resistance is accompanied by a low grade inflammation. In response to inflammatory stimuli, PGE2 is released from Kupffer cells and signals through four G-Protein coupled PGE2-receptors (EP1-EP4). Previous work showed that PGE2 attenuated insulin signaling in rat hepatocytes through an EP3ß- and ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. Since EP-receptor expression on hepatocytes varies between species and physiological conditions, the effect of the individual EP receptor subtypes on insulin signaling was studied in hepatoma cell lines expressing individual EP receptor subtypes. HepG2 cells lacking functional EP-receptors, and derivatives stably expressing either EP1 receptor (HepG2-EP1), EP3ß receptor (HepG2-EP3ß) or EP4 receptor (HepG2-EP4) and Fh-hTert cells expressing EP2- and EP4-receptor were pre-incubated with PGE2 for 330 min to mimic the sub-acute inflammation. The cells were subsequently stimulated with insulin for 15 min. Akt and ERK1/2 activation was determined by Western Blotting with phospho-specific antibodies. PGE2 inhibited insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation in all cell lines expressing EP receptors, except in HepG2 cells which are lacking functional EP receptors. PGE2 increased insulin stimulated phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase ERK1/2 in all EP R expressing HepG2 cell lines except in Fh-hTert cells. In HepG2-EP1 and HepG2 EP3ß cells PGE2 increased the serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate, presumably through an ERK1/2 activation. This IRS-serine phosphorylation leads to attenuation of insulin signal transduction. Inhibiting ERK1/2 activation with a specific inhibitor attenuated the PGE2-dependent inhibition of insulin signal transmission in HepG2 EP3ß cells to some extent. ERK1/2 activation in these cells seems to be of major importance for the observed attenuation of insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Application of inhibitors in the other cell lines stably expressing EP receptors provided evidence that other mechanisms contributed to the attenuation of insulin signaling. Insulin signal transduction in Fh-hTert cells by PGE2 was apparently blocked by an ERK1/2-independent mechanism. Increased PGE2 production during obesity is not limited to the periphery. Signs of inflammation have been detected in the hypothalamus, which might be associated with an increased PGE2 production. Therefore, the EP receptor profile of primary neurons as well as neuronal cell models was characterised in order to investigate, whether PGE2 attenuates insulin signal transduction in neuronal cells similar to what was observed in hepatocytes. Pre-incubation with PGE2 did not attenuate insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation in all neuronal cells. The EP receptor profile in SH SY5Y cells and in primary neurons varied depending on the differentiation status of the cells. Although Akt-kinase was phosphorylated in response to insulin stimulation in all neuronal cells studied, gene expression of insulin target genes (POMC, AgRP) was not modulated by insulin. This might be due to the low level of differentiation of the investigated cells. In the course of obesity, an over-activation of the endocannabinoid system is detected. Since endocannabinoid receptors are related to EP receptors, it was investigated whether endocannabinoids can interfere with insulin signaling in a similar way as PGE2. Pre-incubation of the neuronal cell line N 41 for 330 min with an endocannabinoid receptor agonist, increased insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation. This implies an insulin sensitising effect of endocannabinoids. This is contradictory to the endocannabinoid-dependent insulin resistance described in the literature and might be caused by indirect endocannabinoid-triggered mechanisms.
34

Imunorreatividade da prostaglandina E2 relacionada a classificação histológica, estadiamento clínico e prognóstico de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas

Motta, Fábio Rodrigues [UNESP] 27 June 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 motta_fr_me_jabo.pdf: 324398 bytes, checksum: 0a58132feb5b43d46206a69734b439dc (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Pensando na contribuição ao estudo da oncologia humana e no aumento da sobrevida de cadelas com câncer de mama o objetivo deste trabalho foi de investigar a imunorreatividade da prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) no diagnóstico e prognóstico das neoplasias mamárias. O estudo foi realizado com 60 amostras de neoplasias de mama de cadelas que foram atendidas nos anos de 2002 a 2004. Este material foi dividido em seis grupos de 10 amostras. Nos grupos adenoma, carcinoma com prognóstico bom e carcinoma com prognóstico ruim a seleção dos casos se deu pela classificação histológica e evolução clínica do tumor. Os outros 30 tumores foram representados por 10 amostras de carcinoma primário metastático, 10 amostras de metástase pulmonar e 10 de carcinoma inflamatório. O Grupo Controle tinha 5 amostras de tecido mamário sem alterações patológicas. A avaliação da imunorreatividade da PGE2 foi realizada através do exame imunoistoquímico, utilizando o anticorpo primário anti- PGE2 , clone PG 31, Oxford Biomedical Research. Avaliou-se também a incidência das neoplasias mamárias relacionadas à idade dos animais, o estadiamento clínico de acordo com a classificação histopatológica do tumor e a sobrevida dos animais que foram submetidos à cirurgia. O número de células imunomarcadas pelo anticorpo não apresentou variação significativa e não houve diferença estatística (P = 0,239) entre os grupos (adenoma, carcinoma com prognóstico bom, carcinoma com prognóstico ruim, carcinoma primário metastático, metástase pulmonar e carcinoma inflamatório), no grupo controle observou-se uma diferença estatística (P < 0,014) com relação aos demais grupos. / Considering the contribution to researches in human oncology and the increasing surveillance of bitches with mammary neoplasm, the main purpose of this paper was to investigate the immunoreactivity of prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) in the diagnosis and prognosis of mammary neoplasm. The research was performed in 60 samples of mammary neoplasm in bitches attempted between 2002 and 2004. The material was separated into six groups of 10 samples each. In the group consisting of adenoma, carcinoma with good prognosis and carcinoma with poor prognosis, the cases were chosen according to the histological grade and clinical behavior of the tumor. The other 30 tumours consisted of 10 samples of primary metastatic carcinoma, 10 samples of pulmonary metastasis and 10 samples of inflammatory carcinoma. The control group consisted in 5 samples of mammary tissue without pathological changes. The immunoreactivity of PGE2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using the primary antibody anti-PGE2, clone PG31, Oxford Biomedical Research. The incidence of mammary neoplasm was also analyzed according to the age of animals, clinical stage following the histopathologic grade of tumor and surveillance of bitches that underwent surgery. The number of positive cells for the antibody did not showed a significant range and there was no statistical difference (P = 0,239) between the groups (adenoma, carcinoma with good prognosis, carcinoma with poor prognosis, primary metastatic carcinoma, pulmonary metastasis and inflammatory carcinoma), regarding the control group it was observed a statistical difference (p < 0,014) when compared to other groups.
35

Meloxicam e melatonina: teriam uma ação sinérgica durante a fase aguda da infecção experimental por Trypanosoma cruzi? / Meloxicam and melatonin: did they trigger a synergic action during the acute phase of the experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi?

Luiz Gustavo Rodrigues Oliveira 31 August 2009 (has links)
A modulação das respostas imunológicas em modelos experimentais infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi tem contribuído de maneira importante nas investigações de novas terapias contra a doença de Chagas. Neste estudo, avaliamos a produção de citocinas Th1 e Th2 relevantes na fase aguda da doença, assim como, níveis de prostaglandina E2, nitrito, parasitemia sanguínea e parasitemia tecidual cardíaca em ratos Wistar machos infectados pela cepa Y de T. cruzi. Foram investigados nos 7°, 14° e 21° dias de infecção, as citocinas padrão Th1: IL-2, IFN-, TNF- e padrão Th2: IL-4, IL-10. Os parâmetros foram dosados e interpretados após a administração, ou não, de meloxicam, melatonina ou ambos. A administração de melatonina contribuiu na proteção do hospedeiro submetido à infecção experimental por T. cruzi devido às ações imunomodulatórias previamente atribuídas a esta substância. O bloqueio da síntese de PGE2 atribuído à administração de meloxicam e/ou melatonina durante a fase aguda da infecção foi seguido por uma modulação de citocinas pertencentes aos padrões Th-1 e Th-2. Houve um aumento da síntese de citocinas importantes na proteção do hospedeiro durante a fase aguda da infecção, tais como IFN-, IL-2 e NO. Estes efeitos demonstrados no estudo foram benéficos, sendo evidenciados pela diminuição da carga parasitária dos animais experimentais. Os resultados poderão auxiliar a estabelecer mecanismos alternativos de tratamento na infecção chagásica aguda através de um melhor entendimento das respostas imunológicas anti-T cruzi. / The modulation of the immune responses in experimental models infected with Trypanosoma cruzi has effectively contributed for the investigations of new therapies used to treat Chagas disease. In this study, it was evaluated the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, which play a role during the acute phase of the disease, as well as prostaglandin E2 and nitrite, number of blood parasites and cardiac tissue parasitism in male Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Experiments were performed on 7, 14 and 21 days after infection in which Th1 cytokines such IL-2, IFN-, TNF- were done and Th2 cytokines as IL-4 and IL-10. The parameters were evaluated with/without the administration of meloxicam, melatonin or both. Melatonin contributed for the hosts protection in animals experimentally infected with T. cruzi through its immunomodulator actions. The blockage of PGE2 synthesis was attributed to the administration of meloxicam and/or melatonin during the acute phase of infection, followed by a modulation of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines. In this work enhanced levels of IFN-, IL-2 and NO were observed. The analysis of these data was beneficial for the hosts protection through a reduced number of amastigote nests in heart tissue. These results permit to establish alternative mechanisms to treat the acute chagasic infection through a better understanding of the immune responses against T cruzi.
36

Mediadores envolvidos na resposta febril induzida pela RANTES / Mediators involved in the febrile response induced by RANTES

Renes de Resende Machado 12 February 2009 (has links)
Em estudo anterior, observamos que o Met-RANTES, antagonista de receptores CCR1 e CCR5 para quimiocinas, injetado pela via endovenosa (i.v.) reduziu a resposta febril induzida pelo lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de E. coli, demonstrando o envolvimento da quimiocina RANTES (Regulada sob ativação, expressa e secretada por células T normais) nesta resposta. Além disso, a injeção intrahipotalâmica (i.h.) da RANTES dose-dependentemente aumentou a temperatura corporal de ratos, o qual foi caracterizado como febre, pois foi acompanhada de redução da temperatura da cauda, uma resposta termorregulatória para retenção de calor. Observamos também, que a RANTES aumenta a concentração de prostaglandinas no fluido cerebroespinhal (CSF) e que a febre por ela induzida é sensível aos inibidores não-seletivos para as ciclooxigenases e seletivo para COX-2 (Machado et al., 2007). No presente estudo, aprofundamos a investigação sobre os mediadores, incluindo as prostaglandinas, envolvidos na resposta febril induzida pela RANTES. Verificamos que o paracetamol reduziu, enquanto o diclofenaco de sódio aboliu a resposta febril induzida pela RANTES. Ainda, a injeção i.h. da RANTES promoveu significativa expressão do RNAm para COX-2 no hipotálamo, confirmando ser a COX-2 a enzima responsável pela síntese de prostaglandinas envolvidas no efeito pirogênico desta quimiocina. Através da administração de corante in situ e de cortes histológicos, pode-se averiguar o trajeto da cânula bem como a profundidade alcançada pela agulha durante a injeção na área pré-óptica hipotalâmica anterior (AH/POA). Padronizamos a dose do Met-RANTES (i.h.) que não seria capaz de alterar a temperatura retal dos animais. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes doses do Met-RANTES, administrado via intrahipotalâmica, na resposta febril induzida pelo LPS ou pela RANTES. Entretanto, nas doses administradas o pré-tratamento com o antagonista não foi capaz de reduzir a febre induzida por ambos os estímulos. Contudo, o Met-RANTES (i.v.) reduziu a febre induzida pelo TNF-alfa (i.h.), reproduzindo resultados anteriores. O pré-tratamento com Met-RANTES (i.v.) não modificou a febre induzida pela injeção central de interleucina (IL)-6, fator liberador de corticotropina (CRF) e bradicinina (BK). Adicionalmente, a injeção de LPS (i.v.) ou TNF-alfa (i.h.) elevou a concentração da RANTES no tecido hipotalâmico. Antalarmina (antagonista de receptores CRF1) e alfa-helical CRF9-41 (antagonista de receptores CRF1 e CRF2) que reduziram a febre induzida pelo CRF, não alteraram a febre induzida pela administração i.h. da RANTES. O antagonista de receptores B1 (DALBK) que reduziu a segunda fase da resposta febril induzida pela BK, não foi capaz de modificar a febre induzida pela RANTES. Da mesma forma, o antagonista de receptores B2 (Hoe-140) que reduziu a resposta febril induzida pela BK durante todo o período de experimentação, não modificou a febre promovida pela RANTES. Por outro lado, verificamos que o anticorpo anti-IL-6 administrado i.h. reduziu a febre induzida pela IL-6 e pela RANTES. Ainda, a injeção de LPS (i.v.) ou RANTES (i.h.) elevou a concentração de IL-6 no CSF, mas não de IL-1 e TNF-. A RANTES promoveu ativação do fator nuclear-kB (NF-kB) e aumentou a expressão do RNAm para as citocinas IL-1beta, TNF-alfa e IL-6 no hipotálamo dos animais. O pré-tratamento com Met-RANTES reduziu, na 2,5 e 6 h, a neutrofilia induzida pelo LPS. Em síntese, nossos resultados demonstram que durante a resposta febril induzida pelo LPS, este induz a síntese de TNF-alfa o qual promove a síntese da quimiocina RANTES que, ativando os receptores CCR1 e CCR5 promove a transmigração do NF-kB do citoplasma para o núcleo e a subseqüente síntese de IL-6 e de COX-2, esta última, a responsável pela síntese de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), um dos mediadores finais da resposta febril induzida pelo LPS. Além disso, a RANTES parece ser um mediador da resposta de fase aguda, uma vez que, promove dois sinais importantes desta resposta, febre e neutrofilia. / We showed before that Met-RANTES, CCR1 and CCR5 receptor antagonist, intravenously injected (i.v.) reduced fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, E. coli), demonstrating the involvement of RANTES (Regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted) in this response. Also, intrahypothalamic (i.h.) injection of RANTES dose-dependently increased body temperature of rats, this increase was characterized as fever, because it was accompanied of a reduction in the tail skin temperature, a thermoregulatory response for heat retention. We also verified that RANTES increased the concentration of prostaglandin (PG)E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which was sensible to non-selective and selective blockers to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (Machado et al., 2007). In the present study, it was investigated which others mediators, including prostaglandins, are involved in the RANTES-induced fever. The effect of paracetamol and sodium diclofenac on fever induced by RANTES was also investigated. Paracetamol reduced, while sodium diclofenac abolished the RANTES-induced fever. The intrahypothalamic (i.h.) RANTES injection promoted a significant COX-2 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, confirming the role of the COX-2 enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandin involved in the pyrogenic effect of this chemokine. Through administration of dye in situ and histological analyses, we confirmed that the injection in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus (AH/POA) was correct. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of different doses of Met-RANTES (i.h.) in the fever induced by both LPS and RANTES. Centrally injected, Met-RANTES did not modify the fever induced by LPS or RANTES. On the other hand, Met-RANTES (i.v.) reduced TNF-alpha-induced fever, but did not modify the fever induced by interleukin (IL)-6, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and bradykinin (BK). Additionally, the injection of LPS (i.v.) or TNF-alpha (i.h.) increased RANTES concentration in the hypothalamus. Antalarmin (a CRF receptor 1 antagonist) and alpha-helical CRF9-41 (CRF 1 and 2 receptor antagonist) that reduced CRF-induced fever did not modify the fever induced by RANTES (i.h.). DALBK (bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist) that reduced the second phase of BK-induced fever did not modify RANTES-induced fever. In the same way, Hoe-140 (bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist) that reduced the fever induced by BK during the whole period of observation, did not modify RANTES-induced fever. On the other hand, we verified that anti-rat IL-6 antibody (i.h.) reduced the fever induced by both IL-6 and RANTES. In addition, the administration of LPS (i.v.) or RANTES (i.h.) increased the CSF IL-6 concentration, but not of IL-1 and TNF-. RANTES promoted nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) activation and increased IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Pretreatment of the animals with Met-RANTES reduced the LPS-induced neutrophilia. In synthesis, our results suggest that in the fever induced by LPS, RANTES induces TNF- synthesis, which promotes the synthesis of RANTES that, activating CCR1/CCR5 receptors, promotes NF-kB transmigration of cytoplasm to the nucleus and subsequent synthesis of IL-6 and COX-2. The latter, in turn, is responsible by (PGE2) synthesis, one of the final mediators of the febrile response induced by LPS. Moreover, RANTES seem to be a mediator of the acute phase response since it promoted two important signs of this response, fever and neutrophilia.
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Avaliação da participação de mediadores lipídicos nas infecções experimentais induzidas por diferentes isolados de Mycobacterium tuberculosis de humanos / Evaluation of lipid mediators participation in the experimental infections induced by different isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from human.

Elyara Maria Soares 13 September 2013 (has links)
Os mecanismos que conferem resistência do Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) à destruição pelo hospedeiro, além da sua capacidade em permanecer e/ou multiplicar-se no interior das células fagocitárias são ainda pouco compreendidos. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem contribuído para o entendimento do papel dos mediadores lipídicos, que incluem prostaglandinas (PGs) e leucotrienos (LTs) na tuberculose. PGs inibem a resposta imune celular TH1, a produção de citocinas e a fagocitose, e assim facilita a infecção. LTs estão envolvidos no recrutamento de leucócitos, e na modulação da síntese de citocinas, no aumento da fagocitose e dos mecanismos microbicidas, e assim contribui para a eliminação da micobactéria. Neste projeto, avaliamos in vivo e in vitro a produção dos mediadores lipídicos induzidos por cepas de Mtb isolados de pacientes com tuberculose ativa. Demonstramos neste trabalho que macrófagos alveolares infectados com os bacilos da cepa SV009 levam a maior produção de TNF- e nitrito, do que aqueles infectados com a cepa SV068. Em contraste, macrófagos alveolares infectados com os bacilos da cepa SV068 induzem a produção de muito mais LTB4, quando comparado aos bacilos da cepa SV009. Obtivemos maior recuperação de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) de macrófagos alveolares tratados com MK886 e infectados com bacilos da cepa SV068; enquanto que mais UFCs foram recuperadas após o tratamento com ácido caféico e infecção com a cepa SV009. Com relação a formação de corpúsculos lipídicos (CLs), observamos um maior número destes quando macrófagos alveolares foram infectados com bacilos da cepa SV068. Ainda, observamos diminuição de CLs quando tratados com MK886 ou ácido caféico. Os bacilos da cepa SV068 foram mais fagocitados, mas os macrófagos não foram muito eficazes na atividade microbicida dos mesmos. Nos experimentos in vivo vimos que camundongos balb/c infectados com a cepa SV068 morrem mais e o tratamento com MK886 parcialmente os protege e a mortalidade não está relacionada com a maior carga bacilar no pulmão ou baço. Houve aumento no recrutamento de neutrófilos induzido pela infecção especialmente após infecção com os bacilos da cepa SV068, sendo que o tratamento com MK886 inibe significativamente o recrutamento quando comparado à infecção com os bacilos da cepa SV009. Células mononucleares também foram recrutadas e permaneceram aumentadas até o final do período observado, sem muitas diferenças significativas quando comparamos a infecção com os isolados SV009 e SV068. A produção de nitrito também encontrou-se elevada em animais infectados com bacilos da cepa SV068. A análise histopatológica dos pulmões dos animais infectados mostrou intensa reação inflamatória com maior comprometimento do parênquima pulmonar dos camundongos infectados bacilos da cepa SV068, com intensa deposição de colágeno e multiplicação bacilar. Encontramos diferenças significativas em relação à producão de citocinas IL-6, IL-10, IL-1, IFN-, TNF- and IL-12 após infecção de 30 e 60 dias com as cepas SV009 e SV068. Também mostramos que há diferenças na produção de LTB4 e PGE2 após 30 e 60 dias de infecção com as cepas SV009 e SV068 em células do camundongos balb/c. Experimentos com animais 129 e 5LO-/- infectados com as duas cepas também foram realizados, e vimos que os animais 5LO-/- são mais suscetíveis à infecção especialmente quando infectados com a cepa SV068. Sugerimos que as cepas são diferentes, mas dependentes de um conjunto de fatores, e nossos dados sugerem que dentre estes mecanismos a produção de TNF- e também de mediadores lipídicos (LTB4 e PGE2) estão envolvidos. / The mechanisms that confer resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for destruction by the host, in addition to its ability to retain and/or multiply within phagocytic cells are still poorly understood. Our research group has contributed to the understanding of the role of lipid mediators, including prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) in tuberculosis. PGs inhibit Th1 cell immune response, cytokine production and phagocytosis, thus facilitating the infection. LTs are involved in the leukocytes recruitment, and modulation of cytokine synthesis, phagocytosis and microbicidal mechanisms enhancement, and contribute to the elimination of the mycobacteria. In this project, we evaluated in vivo and in vitro the lipid mediators production induced by Mtb strains isolated from patients with active tuberculosis. We demonstrated in this study that alveolar macrophages infected with bacilli from SV009 strain lead to an increase of TNF- production and nitrite, than those infected with the strain SV068. In contrast, alveolar macrophages infected with bacilli from SV068 strain induced more LTB4 production when compared to SV009 infection. We obtained higher recovery colony forming units (CFU) of alveolar macrophages treated with MK886 and infected with bacilli from SV068 strain; while more CFUs were recovered after treatment with caffeic acid and infection with bacilli from SV009 strain. Regarding the lipid bodies (LBs) formation, we observed a greater number of these structures, when alveolar macrophages were infected with bacilli from SV068 strain. Still, we observed a decrease of LBs when the macrophages were treated with MK886 and caffeic acid. Bacilli from SV068 strain were more phagocytosed, but macrophages were not very effective in the microbicidal activity. In the in vivo experiments we found that mice infected with SV068 strain die more than the other and MK886 treatment partially protects the mice, besides, the mortality is not related to the higher bacterial load in the lung or spleen. There was an increase in neutrophil recruitment induced after infection, especially after infection with SV068 strain, and treatment with MK886 significantly inhibits recruitment when compared to infection with SV009 strain. Mononuclear cells were also recruited and remained increased until the end of the observed period, without many significant differences when comparing infection with SV009 and SV068 strains. The nitrite production was also found greater in animals infected with bacilli from SV068 strain. Histopathological analysis of the infected mice lungs showed an intense inflammatory reaction with greater impairment of the mice lungs when infected with bacilli from SV068 strain with an intense collagen deposition and multiplication of bacilli. We suggest that the SV068 strain is more virulent and participates of the immune response by lipid mediators dependent mechanisms.
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PROSTAGLANDINA E2 POTENCIALIZA AS CONVULSÕES INDUZIDAS POR METILMALONATO / PROSTAGLANDIN E2 POTENTIATES METHYLMALONATE-INDUCED SEIZURES

Salvadori, Mirian Graciela da Silva Stiebbe 23 November 2009 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Methylmalonic acidemias comprehend a group of innate error of the metabolism (EIM)characterized clinically and biochemically for the tissue accumulation of acid methylmalonic (MMA)and neurological dysfunction, including seizures. The clinical experience suggests that infections precipitate metabolic crises in methylmalonic acidemic patients. Since it has been demonstrated that MMA cause seizures, and that inflammation facilitates the occurrence of seizures in some animal models, is possible that inflammatory mediators, such as the prostaglandins, also facilitate MMAinduced seizures. Ciclooxigenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolic route by which the arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. COX-2 is an isoform of cicloooxigenase that is induced at sites of injury / inflammation, and that is also constitutively expressed in some tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the main product of COX-2 in the CNS, plays an important role in some neurodegenerative diseases, including epilepsy. However, no study has evaluated whether inflammatory mediators, such as the PGE2, facilitates MMA-induced seizures, to date. Thus, in this study we investigated the role of COX-2 and of PGE2 in seizures induced by MMA (2,5 µmol/2,5 µL, i.c.v.). While PGE2 (100 ng/2 μL, i.c.v.) facilitated, the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, attenuated MMA-induced seizures, assessed by electroencephalographic recordings in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats. The ´protective effect of celecoxib against MMA-induced seizures was prevented by the PGE2. The results of this study support a facilitatory role for COX-2/PGE2 pathway in the MMA-induced seizures. / A acidemia metilmalônica é um erro inato do metabolismo (EIM) caracterizado bioquimicamente e clinicamente pelo acúmulo tecidual de ácido metilmalônico (MMA) e disfunção neurológica, que inclui convulsões. A experiência clínica sugere que infecções precipitam crises metabólicas em pacientes metilmalonicacidêmicos. À medida em que foi demonstrado que o MMA causa convulsões, e que a inflamação pode contribuir para a ocorrência de convulsões em vários modelos animais, é possível que mediadores inflamatórios, como as prostaglandinas, facilitem as convulsões induzidas por MMA. A ciclooxigenase (COX) é a enzima marca-passo na rota metabólica pela qual o ácido araquidônico é convertido em prostaglandinas, e a COX-2 uma isoforma da cicloooxigenase, é induzida em sítios de lesão/inflamação, e também se expressa constituivamente em alguns tecidos, como o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Tem sido sugerido que a prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), principal produto da via COX-2 no SNC, tenha um papel importante em várias doenças neurodegenerativas, incluindo epilepsia. Contudo, até a presente data nenhum estudo avaliou se mediadores inflamatórios, como a PGE2, facilitam as convulsões induzidas por MMA. Assim, neste estudo investigamos o papel da COX-2 e da PGE2 nas convulsões induzidas por MMA (2,5 µmol/2,5 µL, i.c.v.). Verificamos que a PGE2 (100 ng/2 μL, i.c.v.) facilita as convulsões induzidas por este ácido orgânico. Além disso, verificamos que o celecoxibe, um inibidor seletivo da COX-2, na dose de 2 mg/kg (v.o.), atenuou as convulsões comportamentais e eletrográficas induzidas por MMA no hipocampo e córtex cerebral de ratos. O efeito protetor do celecoxibe contra as convulsões induzidas por MMA foi revertido pela administração i.c.v. de prostaglandina E2. O conjunto de dados deste estudo suporta um papel facilitatório para a via COX-2/PGE2 nas convulsões induzidas por MMA.
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Competitive conspicuous consumption, household saving and income inequality

Walther, Herbert January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
An intertemporal decision model is presented in which subjects save less for retirement than the permanent income hypothesis predicts, signaling optimistic income prospects (and therefore high latent productivity) to possible partners in productive exchanges. Competitive conspicuous consumption (CCC), as it is called, is a self-defeating strategy, if followed by subjects simultaneously. Egalitarian policies (which have to be distinguished from pure welfare policies) tend to lower excess consumption. The CCC-hypothesis justifies a cross-sectional Keynesian consumption function with declining marginal propensities to consume. It is argued that the cultural context is highly relevant to the scope and importance of CCC. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
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Some aspects of the sedimentology of the superficial deposits of the Eden estuary, Fife

Eastwood, Keith Melvyn January 1977 (has links)
Little attention has previously boon given to the sediments of the Eden estuary, Fife, Scotland. This research was performed in order to identify, delineate and account for the observed sedimentary facies in the superficial sediments of the intertidal zone.

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