伴隨著世界歷史步入二十一世紀，以企業為核心的市場體系處於一個大的結構性調整。企業能否順利調整到為整個世界的經濟發展服務，成為了全球各大公司所關注的首要問題。在此轉捩點，各個勵精圖治的企業家無一例外的選擇了擴大經營規模，世界500大的公司都是靠收購和合併發展起來，國際企業經常以併購的方式進行企業水平、垂直整合，以利於從事專業經營，提升經營效率，為因應企業全球化趨勢，有關企業併購法制之完備及明確，勢所必需。 企業收購合併為一法律上饒富興味之課題，這不只因為合併具有多種的形態，更因為合併涉及企業間複雜的權利義務關係，使得多種面向的法律領域都與之產生牽連。 本論文之結構安排如下：第一章為緒論，介紹本篇論文之研究動機、背景、以及研究方法與範圍。第二章為法律經濟分析概述，介紹法律經濟分析的內涵、背景、發展以及與傳統法學研究上之差異，並說明為何選取以法律經濟分析之方式作為研究主軸。第三章法律經濟分析的經濟理論基礎，主要對法律經濟分析中經常運用到個體經濟學的最大化、效益、供需理論及賽局理論進行分析與闡述。第四章為企業併購概述。第五章台灣企業併購現況。第六章為企業併購法制之經濟分析檢視各種現行法之可行性，並建議以經濟觀點構築之法制作為解決方案。第七章為結論與建議。 本文的主要目的以一種法律經濟分析的不同視角，從企業併購的經濟學基礎、法律制度的供需狀況、效率等方面論證對企業併購法制進行法律規範的必要性和合理性，有系統地檢視企業併購於現行法中所扮演之功能分析是否符合經濟學中效率的觀念，並且分析於現行企業併購法制發生違反效率的情況。 / During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the humanities and social sciences have turned toward history, something that culminated in the 1990s, and this phenomenon was evident in law as well. However, until recently, law and economics, the most influential post-World War II jurisprudential movement, was a-historical in its methodology and research agenda. The objective of this article is to call attention to economic analysis of merger and acquisition law, its methodological causes, and the nature of its interaction with other sub-fields of law and of economics. Mergers and acquisitions are undoubtedly among the most significant macro-economic phenomena of the industrialized West during the last twenty years. The size of acquisitions is constantly rising, with no sign of this phenomenon being part of a passing trend. Taking into consideration the diverse and complex aspects of acquisitions, the Article attempts to develop a comprehensive theoretical model that defines acquisition law's central policy goals and suggests criteria to be followed in order to ensure the achievement of these goals.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Although the Arizona Watershed Program 's (AWP) research efforts have had considerable success over the past 22 years in its objective to further knowledge of the feasibility of vegetative manipulation and modification as a method of increasing surface water yields, its principal sponsor and supporter, the Arizona Water Resources (AWRC), has not, to date, met with similar success. Described are three of the AWRC 's unsuccessful attempts to implement on-going action programs of vegetative management for water yield improvement: The Barr Report, the Ffolliott-Thorud Report, and the Globe Chaparral controversy, to illustrate how overstated program goals, unrealistic assumptions about the political feasibility of treatment types, extent, and intensity; failure to recognize the emergence of significant new decision-making participants, and unsettled questions concerning program costs and beneficiaries have contributed to setbacks in these programs. It is suggested that political as well as scientific constraints have accounted for reported failures in the implementation of the AWP action program objectives.

Submitted by Ffrancisco Bernardes Costa Filho (filho.f@pg.com) on 2016-09-29T16:34:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado - 12.09 (Final).pdf: 1586208 bytes, checksum: 51f87ddf828062ad3b16fe39c24af0d0 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Conforme contato telefônico, o trabalho foi rejeitado por não estar de acordo com as normas da ABNT. As observações referente às alterações, serão encaminhadas por e-mail. att Renata on 2016-09-29T17:04:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ffrancisco Bernardes Costa Filho (filho.f@pg.com) on 2016-10-05T21:32:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado FRANCISCO - 05.10.pdf: 1741157 bytes, checksum: aff719249f03fa3ef3c02bb6777c7703 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Francisco, Conforme mencionado no e-mail, retirar a sigla SP da contracapa. Att. on 2016-10-05T21:45:33Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ffrancisco Bernardes Costa Filho (filho.f@pg.com) on 2016-10-06T15:14:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado FRANCISCO - 06 10 (FINAL).pdf: 1482803 bytes, checksum: 43f9a48d3418c1bf1c20a07d46bd4c3b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-10-06T16:09:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado FRANCISCO - 06 10 (FINAL).pdf: 1482803 bytes, checksum: 43f9a48d3418c1bf1c20a07d46bd4c3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T18:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado FRANCISCO - 06 10 (FINAL).pdf: 1482803 bytes, checksum: 43f9a48d3418c1bf1c20a07d46bd4c3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12 / Originally, the tax substitution (ST) of the State Value Added Tax (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços - ICMS) was conceived / designed to be applied only to sectors of the economy which traded products classified as commodities, with few producing industries and sectors with products with little variety of items and large number of distribution points and sale. This logic made sense from an economic point of view as well as the tax collection efficiency point of view. It turns out that from the year 2008, several Brazilian states, led by the state of São Paulo, expanded the application of the tax substitution for almost all sectors of the economy. This study, using as main methodology, literature, doctrinal and legislative study and collection of collection of data through public portals and industry associations information, aims to analyze whether economic efficiency in the collection of taxes generated by implementation on a large scale, the institute of tax substitution for the ICMS by the government of the state of São Paulo, from 2008, also brought benefits of efficiency and competitiveness for companies from São Paulo, considering the concepts advocated by Joseph Stiglitz on a good taxation. / Originalmente, a substituição tributária (ST) do Imposto sobre Operações de Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual e Intermunicipal e de Comunicação (ICMS) foi concebido/desenhado para ser aplicado apenas para setores da economia que comercializavam produtos classificados como commodities, com poucas indústrias produtoras e setores com produtos com pouca variedade de itens e com grande número de pontos de distribuição e venda. Uma lógica que fazia sentido tanto do ponto de vista econômico bem como do ponto de vista de eficiência da arrecadação tributária. Ocorre que a partir do ano de 2008, vários estados brasileiros, liderados pelo estado de São Paulo, expandiram a aplicação da substituição tributária para quase todos os setores da economia. O presente trabalho, utilizando como metodologia principal, o estudo bibliográfico, doutrinário e legislativo, bem como a coleta de dados de arrecadação por meio de portais públicos e informações de Associações Industriais, tem como objetivo analisar se eficiência econômica na arrecadação de tributos gerada pela implementação, em larga escala, do instituto da substituição tributária para o ICMS pelo governo do estado de São Paulo, a partir de 2008, também trouxe benefícios de eficiência e competitividade para as empresas paulistas, considerando os conceitos preconizados por Joseph Stiglitz sobre uma boa tributação.

nÃo hà / Em 2008, o mundo se deparou com uma crise econÃmica que abalou as pilastras e confiabilidade no setor bancÃrio mundial. Os bancos se estruturam em um processo defensivo de proteÃÃo de seus ativos. No Brasil, O Governo Federal estimulou os bancos pÃblicos a prover crÃdito no mercado, buscado suavizar os efeitos de fuga de investimento e repatriaÃÃo de cash na recomposiÃÃo dos ativos. A pergunta chave desse artigo Ã: houve alteraÃÃo na Competitividade de Bancos PÃblicos e Privados em Mercados Locais Brasileiros apÃs o ano 2000? Mais de uma dÃcada se passou e refizemos essa verificaÃÃo para dados de 2010, seguindo Bresnahan e Reiss (1991a), e comparamos com o trabalho de Coelho, Pinho e Rezende (2011). Dada a alta concentraÃÃo no setor bancÃrio, como se comportaria uma simulaÃÃo de fusÃo entre os dois maiores bancos pÃblicos brasileiros? Esse trabalho se divide em 03 (trÃs) artigos. No artigo n 1, verificamos se houve mudanÃa na competitividade em bancos pÃblicos e privados para a dÃcada de 2010. Constatamos mudanÃas significativas, com alteraÃÃo da qualificaÃÃo do custo e do processo de estruturaÃÃo da margem preÃo-custo que nos faz inferir numa mudanÃa na composiÃÃo e de estratÃgias dos bancos pÃblicos e privados em uma nova visÃo competitiva do setor. Os bancos pÃblicos nÃo afetam o comportamento dos bancos privados em mercados locais, mas a exigÃncia de tamanho de mercado para a inserÃÃo de um novo concorrente foi reduzida pela alteraÃÃo da estrutura dos custos e influÃncias de efeitos regionais. E se considerÃssemos o mercado com apenas um banco pÃblico? No artigo n 2, refizemos a anÃlise, considerando a CAIXA como o Ãnico banco pÃblico, e encontramos resultados semelhantes a nossa anÃlise revisional de 2010, a notar mais Ãnfase nos efeitos regionais, tanto na reduÃÃo dos custos pra a regiÃo Norte como na alteraÃÃo negativa nos deslocadores de demanda para as regiÃes Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, bem como influÃncia praticamente nula do Ãnico banco pÃblico â CAIXA na reduÃÃo dos lucros dos bancos privados. No artigo n 3, apresentamos uma anÃlise de simulaÃÃo de fusÃo no setor bancÃrio brasileiro. O objetivo central foi capturar os efeitos da fusÃo entre o Banco do Brasil e a CAIXA em 12 (doze) segmentos/portifÃlios mais significativos do mercado. Os resultados do equilÃbrio pÃs-fusÃo foram obtidos pelo modelo PCAIDS (Proportionality-Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), proposto por Epstein e Rubinfeld (2002), que simula a fusÃo de 02 (duas) empresas em um mercado oligopolizado. Os Resultados do exercÃcio de simulaÃÃo confirmaram os aumentos esperados nos âpreÃosâ dos segmentos. Este resultado à condizente com a expectativa de que as fusÃes implicam em aumentos de preÃos de mercado e, sem ganhos de eficiÃncia econÃmica, podem impor perdas para os consumidores. / In 2008, the world faced an economic crisis that shook the pillars and reliability in the global banking sector. Banks are structured in a defensive process of its asset protection. In Brazil, the federal government encouraged public banks to provide credit in the market, sought to soften the investment leakage effects and cash repatriation in the restructuring of assets. The key question that is: was no change in Competitiveness Public and Private Banks in Local Brazilian markets after 2000? More than a decade has passed and redid this check to 2010 data, following Bresnahan and Reiss (1991a), and compared with Coelho's work, Pinho and Rezende (2011). Given the high concentration in the banking sector, would behave as a simulation of a merger between the two largest Brazilian public banks? This work is divided into 03 (three) articles. In Article 1, we check to see if there was a change in competitiveness in public and private banks for the decade to 2010. We found significant changes, by changing the qualification of the cost and price-cost margin of the structuring process that makes us infer a change in the composition and strategies of public and private banks in a new competitive view of the sector. Public banks will affect the behavior of private banks in local markets, but the market size requirement for the inclusion of a new competitor was reduced by changing the cost structure and influences of regional effects. And if we consider the market with only a public bank? In Article 2, redid the analysis, considering CAIXA as the only state-owned bank, and found similar results to our revisional analysis 2010, noted more emphasis on regional effects, both in reducing costs to the North as in the negative change in demand shifters for the Southeast, South and Midwest, and virtually no influence of the only public bank - CAIXA in reducing the profits of private banks. In Article 3, we present a fusion of simulation analysis in the Brazilian banking sector. The main objective was to capture the effects of the merger between Banco do Brazil and CAIXA in 12 (twelve) segments most significant portfolio in the market. The results of the post-merger balance were obtained by PCAIDS model (Proportionality-Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), proposed by Epstein and Rubinfeld (2002), which simulates the merger of 02 (two) companies in an oligopoly market. The results of the simulation exercise confirmed the expected increases in "price" of the segments. This result is consistent with the expectation that mergers entail market price increases and without economic efficiency gains, impose losses to consumers.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T19:03:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Sérgio Fernandes Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 1474988 bytes, checksum: cf686adb295132f42034584da756c318 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T12:06:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Sérgio Fernandes Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 1474988 bytes, checksum: cf686adb295132f42034584da756c318 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-31T12:06:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Sérgio Fernandes Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 1474988 bytes, checksum: cf686adb295132f42034584da756c318 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The aimed was to include virginiamycin and salinomycin to supplement beef cattle growth in atropical grass base diet during rainy season. Experiment 1: A total of 45 animals, grouping on 15 maleNelore of the same contemporary group, in RBD distribution; rotational grazing system handled (Panicum maximum cv. Massai). Variables analyzed were SMC, DWG, biometric measurements, BCS and economic assessment. Experiment 2: 6 fistulated animals were used, Nellore males of the same contemporary group, distributed in LSD 3x3 replicated; rotational grazing system handled (Brachiariadecumbens) from 14h to 10h hours and the MS. Variables analyzed were MSC, rumen pH, ammonia, DM, NDF and ADF in siturumen degradability. For both experiments, three treatmentswereconsisted: control, mineral supplement by COMIGO - Cria61 - F2 (MS); virginiamycin: MS + virginiamycin (Phigrow ®) 100 mg / animal / day; salinomycin: MS + salinomycin (Posistac ®) 108 mg / animal / day. The results were analyzed by varianceanalysis and means were compared by Tukey test (P>05). The group control showed greater MSC (P <0.05), the virginiamycin group increased 25.4% in DWG (P <0.05), 0.583 kg / animal / day, compared to control (0.465 kg / animal / day), and 9.79% in relation to salinomycin (0.531 kg / animal / day) and that higher than the control14.2%. There was a reduction of 18.7% in the CSM to virginiamycin and salinomycin to 29.0% when comparing with the control. The virginiamycin was handling better financial efficiency: 26% higher than the control and 8.6% higher than salinomycin, and this, 16% higher than the control. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) for MSC on rumen pH average(6.66, 6.61 and 6.56) and ammonia concentration (4,207, 4,238 and 3,892 mg N-NH3 / dL ) respectively for control, virginiamycin and salinomycin. The results for DM degradability and ADF, showed no significant difference (P <0.05) for analyzed variables. There was statistical differencesin NDF degradability (P> 0.05), virginiamycin had the highest degradability in 2 and 5% of passage rates, similar to control and greater than salinomycinin the 8% / hourrate. The virginiamycin and salinomycin can be linked toSM, however do not promote significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen values on DM e ADF degradability. But virginiamycin promoted greater effective degradability of NDF. The aimed was to include virginiamycin (VM) in two levels to energy-protein supplement (EPS) for beef cattle growth on a basic diet of tropical grass in the dry season. Experiment 1: A total of 45 animals were used, in groups of 15 maleNellore of the same contemporary group, randomly distributed in RB; in rotational grazing system handled (Tifton 85). Experiment 2: A total of 6 fistulatedNellore males of the same contemporary group, distributed in LSD 3x3 replicated. Animals were handled in a rotational grazing system (Brachiariadecumbens) in the dry season. Distributed into three treatments: control, COMIGO Mineral Supplement - Production - F.10 protein-energy (PES); VM 100: PES + VM (Phigrow ®) 108 mg / animal / day; VM 200: PES + VM (Phigrow® ) 216 mg / animal / day. Variables analyzed in in experiment 1 were PESC, DGW, biometric measurements and BCS and in experiment 2, PESC, rumen pH, ammonia, DM, NDF and ADF, in situ degradability. Results were analyzed by variance analysis and means were compared by Tukey test (P>0.05). There was no difference in ADG, PESC and biometric measurements (P <0.05), ADG for VM 200, 0,431, 0,391 and 100 VM control 0.398 kg / animal / day. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) for PESC, in the overall rumen pHaverage (7.02, 7.04 and 7.06) and ammonia concentration (3,961, 3,876 and 4,147 mg N-NH3 / dL) respectively for control, VM 100 and VM 200 (P> 0.05). There was no significant difference (P <0.05) for any variables in DM, NDF and ADF degradability analyses. Virginiamycin inclusion caused greater supplementreduction on cattle on grazing pasture, and did not affect rumen pH, in rumen ammonia, dry matter and neutral detergent fiber and aciddegradability values. / A virgianamicina é um antibiótico não ionóforo e a salinomicina um antibiótico carboxílico poliéster ou simplesmente ionóforo, que têm sido usados como manipuladores ruminais para obtenção de melhores índices zootécnicos. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos no GMD, no consumo de suplemento, nas medidas biométricas, ECC e na eficiência econômica para 45 bovinos machos inteiros, Nelore criados em pasto de Panicum maximum CV. Massai no verão e Cynodon spp. no inverno; no pH ruminal, na concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, no consumo de suplemento, na DISMS, DISFDN e DISFDA por 6 bovinos machos Nelore fistulados no rúmen criados em pasto de Brachiaria decumbens, com a inclusão de virginiamicina ou salinomicina veiculadas no suplemento mineral no período das águas e no suplemento proteico-energético no período seco do ano. Os tratamentos no período das águas foram constituidos: controle, apenas Suplemento Mineral COMIGO – CRIA 61 – F.2 (SM); virginiamicina = SM + virginiamicina (PhiGrow®) 100 mg/animal/dia; salinomicina = SM + salinomicina (Posistac®) 108 mg/animal/dia; e os tratamentos no período seco foram constituidos: controle, apenas Suplemento Mineral COMIGO Produção F.10 protéico-energético (SPE); VM 100 = SPE + 108 mg/animal/dia de virginiamicina; VM 200 = SPE + 216 mg/animal/dia de virginiamicina. No período das águas o grupo controle apresentou maior CSM (P>0,05), o grupo virginiamicina maior (P>0,05) GMD (0,583), seguido por salinomicina (0,531) e o grupo controle (0,465 kg/animal/dia). As medidas biométricas não apresentaram diferenças (P>0,05), sugerindo que haja uma mudança na composição do GMD entre os diferentes tecidos. A virginiamicina foi o tratamento de melhor eficiência financeira: 26% superior ao controle e 8,6% superior ao salinomicina, e este, 16% superior ao controle. Para os animais fistulados não houve diferença (P<0,05) para CSM, mas houve redução para os 3 tratamentos. Não houve diferença significativa na média global do pH ruminal e nitrogênio amoniacal (mg NNH3/ dL). Os resultados para DISMS e DISFDA, não apresentaram diferenças (P<0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Na degradabilidade da FDN houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05), a virginiamicina apresentou as maiores degradabilidade efetiva nas taxas de passagem de 2 e 5%, e semelhante ao controle e maior que salinomicina na taxa de 8%/hora. Para o período seco não houve diferenças para GMD, CSPE e para medidas biométricas (P<0,05), GMD para VM 200 de 0,431; VM 100 de 0,391 e controle de 0,398 kg/animal/dia. O uso de VM ao nível de 216 mg/ animal/ dia promoveu aumento da eficiência econômica. Para os animais fistulados não houve diferença (P>0,05) para CSPE, na média global do pH ruminal, 7,02 para controle, 7,04 para VM 100 e 7,06 para VM 200, e nitrogênio amoniacal (mg N-NH3/ dL), 3,961 para controle, 3,876 para VM 100 e 4,147 para VM 200 (P>0,05. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas na degradabilidade da MS, da FDN e da FDA, os valores observados sugerem que é necessário maior número de repetições para situações similares às realizadas nesta experimentação. Objetivou-se incluir a virginiamicina e a salinomicina ao suplemento para bovinos de corte em crescimento com dieta base de gramínea tropical no período das águas. Experimento 1: foram utilizados 45 animais, grupos de 15 animais machos Nelore de mesmo grupo contemporâneo, distribuídos em DBC; manejados em sistema de lotação rotacionada (Panicum maximum cv. Massai). As variáveis analisadas foram o CSM, GMD, medidas biométricas, ECC e apreciação econômica. Experimento 2: foram utilizados 6 animais fistulados no rúmen, machos Nelore de mesmo grupo contemporâneo, distribuídos em DQL 3x3 replicado; manejados em sistema de lotação rotacionada (Brachiaria decumbens) das 14 às 10 horas e ao SM. As variáveis analisadas foram o CSM, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da MS, FDN e FDA. Para ambos os experimentos, foram constituídos três tratamentos: controle, apenas suplemento mineral COMIGO – Cria 61 – F2 (SM); virginiamicina: SM + virginiamicina (Phigrow®) 100 mg/animal/dia; salinomicina: SM + salinomicina (Posistac®) 108 mg/animal/dia. Os resultados foram interpretados por meio de análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P>0,05). O grupo controle apresentou maior CSM (P<0,05), o grupo virginiamicina acréscimo de 25,4% no GMD (P<0,05), 0,583 kg/ animal/ dia, em relação ao controle (0,465 kg/ animal/ dia), e 9,79% em relação ao salinomicina (0,531 kg/animal/dia), e este 14,2% superior ao controle. Houve redução de 18,7% no CSM para virginiamicina e 29,0% para salinomicina ao comparar com o controle. A virginiamicina foi o tratamento de melhor eficiência financeira: 26% superior ao controle e 8,6% superior ao salinomicina, e este, 16% superior ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para CSM, na média do pH ruminal (6,66, 6,61 e 6,56) e da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (4,207, 4,238 e 3,892 mg N-NH3/ dL) respectivamente para controle, virginiamicina e salinomicina. Os resultados para a degradabilidade da MS e FDA, não apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,05) para as variáveis analisadas. Na degradabilidade da FDN houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05), a virginiamicina apresentou as maiores degradabilidade efetiva nas taxas de passagem de 2 e 5%, e semelhante ao controle e maior que salinomicina na taxa de 8%/hora. A virginiamicina e a salinomicina, podem ser veiculados ao SM, contudo não promovem efeitos significativos nos valores do pH ruminal, do nitrogênio amoniacal, na degradabilidade da MS e da FDA. Mas a virginiamicina promoveu maior degradabilidade efetiva da FDN. Objetivou-se incluir em dois níveis a virginiamicina (VM), ao suplemento proteicoenergético (SPE) para bovinos de corte em crescimento com dieta base de gramínea tropical no período seco do ano. Experimento 1: Foram utilizados 45 animais, grupos de 15 animais machos Nelore de mesmo grupo contemporâneo, distribuídos aleatoriamente em DBC; manejados em sistema de lotação rotacionada (Tifton 85). Experimento 2: Foram utilizados 6 animais fistulados no rúmen, machos Nelore de mesmo grupo contemporâneo, distribuídos em DQL 3x3 replicado. Os animais foram manejados em sistema de lotação rotacionada (Brachiaria decumbens) diferida no período seco do ano. Foram constituídos três tratamentos: controle: apenas Suplemento Mineral COMIGO – Produção – F.10 proteico-energético (SPE); VM 100: SPE + VM (Phigrow®) 108 mg/animal/dia; VM 200: SPE + VM (Phigrow®) 216 mg/animal/dia. As variáveis analisadas foram o CSPE, GMD, medidas biométricas e ECC no experimento 1 e o CSM, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da MS, FDN e FDA no experimento 2. Os resultados foram interpretados por meio de análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P>0,05). Não houve diferença para GMD, CSPE e para medidas biométricas (P<0,05), GMD para VM 200 de 0,431; VM 100 de 0,391 e controle de 0,398 kg/animal/dia. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para CSPE, na média global do pH ruminal (7,02, 7,04 e 7,06) e da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (3,961; 3,876 e 4,147 mg NNH3/ dL) respectivamente para controle, VM 100 e VM 200 (P>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas na degradabilidade da MS, da FDN e da FDA. A inclusão de virginiamicina promoveu acentuada redução no consumo do suplemento em bovinos sob pastejo diferido e não influenciou os valores do pH ruminal, nas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen, na degradabilidade da matéria seca e das fibras em detergente neutro ou ácido.

Seit Beginn der Industrialisierung ist ein starker Anstieg der anthropogenen Treibhausgaskonzentrationen in der Atmosphäre zu verzeichnen, der zu einer Veränderung des Klimas auf der Erde führt. Schon heute sind die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und zahlreiche Bereiche des täglichen Lebens zu beobachten. Diese werden sich mit fortschreitendem Klimawandel noch verstärken. Auch das Bauwesen muss sich auf die sich verändernden klimatischen Einwirkungen wie beispielsweise Sommerhitze, Überflutung, Starkregen, Hagel und Wind einstellen. Für keine der genannten klimatischen Einwirkungen ist das Änderungssignal in den Klimaprojektionen so eindeutig wie für die Sommerhitze. Aus diesem Grund wird der Handlungsbedarf beim sommerlichen Wärmeschutz als besonders hoch eingeschätzt. In den westlichen Industriestaaten halten sich Erwachsene während des Sommers circa 80 % der Zeit in Innenräumen auf. Deshalb ist das Innenraumklima von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Behaglichkeit, die geistige Leistungsfähigkeit und die Gesundheit des Menschen. Wie sich der Klimawandel auf die gebaute Umwelt in Deutschland auswirkt, ist weitestgehend unerforscht. Es ist zu klären, ob nur einzelne baukonstruktive Details, die heutigen Bemessungsregeln oder sogar grundsätzliche Entwurfsprinzipien für Gebäude überdacht werden müssen. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, eine Untersuchungsmethodik zu entwickeln, mit der die Auswirkungen des bereits beobachteten und des zu erwartenden Klimawandels auf den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz bestehender Bürogebäude beurteilt werden können. Erst dadurch lässt sich ein etwaiger Handlungsbedarf objektiv feststellen und begründen. Ein weiteres wesentliches Ziel besteht darin, beispielhafte Anpassungsmaßnahmen in Abhängigkeit der jeweiligen Baukonstruktion zu entwickeln, mit denen auch in Zukunft die sommerliche Behaglichkeit in bestehenden Bürogebäuden sichergestellt werden kann. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Frage, ob baukonstruktive Maßnahmen allein in Zukunft ausreichen können oder ob zusätzlich anlagentechnische Lösungen zur technischen Kühlung unumgänglich werden. Die entwickelten Anpassungsmaßnahmen sollen die Grundlage für Gebäudekonzepte und Fassadenkonstruktionen sein, welche auch bei fortschreitendem Klimawandel die Anforderungen an die Behaglichkeit und den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz erfüllen. Des Weiteren soll eine Methode zur Bewertung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen aufgezeigt werden. Um untersuchen zu können, inwieweit die Verletzbarkeit infolge zunehmender Sommerhitze und der entsprechende Anpassungsbedarf von der Baukonstruktion abhängen, wurden drei Bürogebäude unterschiedlicher Baualtersstufen ausgewählt und mittels dynamisch-thermischer Gebäudesimulation analysiert. Die dynamisch-thermische Gebäudesimulation ist aktuell die detaillierteste Methode zur Beurteilung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes. Nur mit ihr können komplexe Gebäudekonzepte oder automatisierte Systeme ausreichend genau nachgebildet werden. Zur Abbildung des bereits stattgefundenen und des projizierten Klimawandels wurden fünf Klimadatensätze verwendet, mit denen der Klimawandel von der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts dargestellt werden kann. Die Schwachpunkte der drei untersuchten Gebäude wurden analysiert und darauf aufbauend detaillierte Anpassungsvorschläge ausgearbeitet und wiederum über Simulationen bewertet. Umfangreiche Detailzeichnungen zu den angepassten Gebäudekonzepten und Fassadenkonstruktionen sollen eine Umsetzung der Ergebnisse in die Praxis erleichtern. Es werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, den durch diese Maßnahmen erzielten Nutzen in Geldeinheiten zu bewerten. Dadurch können Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung über Investitionsrechenverfahren zugeführt werden. / Since the beginning of industrialization, a large increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere has been detected. This increase is the main cause for the observed climate change. The impacts of climate change on the environment and numerous aspects of human lives have been visible and will become more and more threatening with ongoing climate change. Civil engineering has to deal with changing climate-related hazards such as summer heat, flooding, torrential rain, hail and storm. For none of the mentioned climatic impacts on buildings, the climate change signal is as unambiguous and robust as for summer heat. Thus, actions to protect from summer overheating are highly required. During summer, adults in the Western industrialized states spend about 80 % of their time indoors. Therefore, indoor climate is of essential importance for comfort, mental performance and human health. The impacts of climate change on the built environment in Germany are rarely investigated. It has to be determined whether the building construction details, current design regulations or the design principles have to be revised. This thesis aims to develop a research methodology, which evaluates the impacts of the observed and expected climate change on the protection against summer overheating of existing office buildings. Only thus a possible need for action can be objectively determined and justified. Another major objective is the development of exemplary adaptation measures for various building construction types to ensure the comfort in existing office buildings during summer. Of particular interest is the question if it will be sufficient in the future to use only passive measures or if it will be unavoidable to install technical cooling capacities. The developed adaptation measures should be the basis for building concepts and façade constructions that are able to guarantee high comfort and an improved protection against summer overheating. Furthermore, a method to evaluate the economic efficiency of adaptation measures is demonstrated. To investigate the relationship between building construction and vulnerability, three buildings of different construction year categories have been analyzed using dynamic thermal building simulations. At present, the dynamic thermal building simulation is the most detailed method for evaluating the protection against summer overheating. This is the only method which is able to reproduce complex building concepts and automated systems in sufficient detail. In order to demonstrate the impacts of the observed and projected climate change on buildings between the middle of the 20th century and the end of the 21st century, five climate datasets have been applied. The weak points of the three investigated buildings have been analyzed. Based on this, detailed adaptation measures have been developed and evaluated by thermal building simulations. Comprehensive drawings, which show the adapted building concepts and façade details, will facilitate the application in practice. Different possibilities are demonstrated to express the achieved benefit from the adaptation measures in monetary units. Therefore, adaptation measures can be assessed by investment calculations.

Seit Beginn der Industrialisierung ist ein starker Anstieg der anthropogenen Treibhausgaskonzentrationen in der Atmosphäre zu verzeichnen, der zu einer Veränderung des Klimas auf der Erde führt. Schon heute sind die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und zahlreiche Bereiche des täglichen Lebens zu beobachten. Diese werden sich mit fortschreitendem Klimawandel noch verstärken. Auch das Bauwesen muss sich auf die sich verändernden klimatischen Einwirkungen wie beispielsweise Sommerhitze, Überflutung, Starkregen, Hagel und Wind einstellen. Für keine der genannten klimatischen Einwirkungen ist das Änderungssignal in den Klimaprojektionen so eindeutig wie für die Sommerhitze. Aus diesem Grund wird der Handlungsbedarf beim sommerlichen Wärmeschutz als besonders hoch eingeschätzt. In den westlichen Industriestaaten halten sich Erwachsene während des Sommers circa 80 % der Zeit in Innenräumen auf. Deshalb ist das Innenraumklima von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Behaglichkeit, die geistige Leistungsfähigkeit und die Gesundheit des Menschen. Wie sich der Klimawandel auf die gebaute Umwelt in Deutschland auswirkt, ist weitestgehend unerforscht. Es ist zu klären, ob nur einzelne baukonstruktive Details, die heutigen Bemessungsregeln oder sogar grundsätzliche Entwurfsprinzipien für Gebäude überdacht werden müssen. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, eine Untersuchungsmethodik zu entwickeln, mit der die Auswirkungen des bereits beobachteten und des zu erwartenden Klimawandels auf den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz bestehender Bürogebäude beurteilt werden können. Erst dadurch lässt sich ein etwaiger Handlungsbedarf objektiv feststellen und begründen. Ein weiteres wesentliches Ziel besteht darin, beispielhafte Anpassungsmaßnahmen in Abhängigkeit der jeweiligen Baukonstruktion zu entwickeln, mit denen auch in Zukunft die sommerliche Behaglichkeit in bestehenden Bürogebäuden sichergestellt werden kann. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Frage, ob baukonstruktive Maßnahmen allein in Zukunft ausreichen können oder ob zusätzlich anlagentechnische Lösungen zur technischen Kühlung unumgänglich werden. Die entwickelten Anpassungsmaßnahmen sollen die Grundlage für Gebäudekonzepte und Fassadenkonstruktionen sein, welche auch bei fortschreitendem Klimawandel die Anforderungen an die Behaglichkeit und den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz erfüllen. Des Weiteren soll eine Methode zur Bewertung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen aufgezeigt werden. Um untersuchen zu können, inwieweit die Verletzbarkeit infolge zunehmender Sommerhitze und der entsprechende Anpassungsbedarf von der Baukonstruktion abhängen, wurden drei Bürogebäude unterschiedlicher Baualtersstufen ausgewählt und mittels dynamisch-thermischer Gebäudesimulation analysiert. Die dynamisch-thermische Gebäudesimulation ist aktuell die detaillierteste Methode zur Beurteilung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes. Nur mit ihr können komplexe Gebäudekonzepte oder automatisierte Systeme ausreichend genau nachgebildet werden. Zur Abbildung des bereits stattgefundenen und des projizierten Klimawandels wurden fünf Klimadatensätze verwendet, mit denen der Klimawandel von der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts dargestellt werden kann. Die Schwachpunkte der drei untersuchten Gebäude wurden analysiert und darauf aufbauend detaillierte Anpassungsvorschläge ausgearbeitet und wiederum über Simulationen bewertet. Umfangreiche Detailzeichnungen zu den angepassten Gebäudekonzepten und Fassadenkonstruktionen sollen eine Umsetzung der Ergebnisse in die Praxis erleichtern. Es werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, den durch diese Maßnahmen erzielten Nutzen in Geldeinheiten zu bewerten. Dadurch können Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung über Investitionsrechenverfahren zugeführt werden. / Since the beginning of industrialization, a large increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere has been detected. This increase is the main cause for the observed climate change. The impacts of climate change on the environment and numerous aspects of human lives have been visible and will become more and more threatening with ongoing climate change. Civil engineering has to deal with changing climate-related hazards such as summer heat, flooding, torrential rain, hail and storm. For none of the mentioned climatic impacts on buildings, the climate change signal is as unambiguous and robust as for summer heat. Thus, actions to protect from summer overheating are highly required. During summer, adults in the Western industrialized states spend about 80 % of their time indoors. Therefore, indoor climate is of essential importance for comfort, mental performance and human health. The impacts of climate change on the built environment in Germany are rarely investigated. It has to be determined whether the building construction details, current design regulations or the design principles have to be revised. This thesis aims to develop a research methodology, which evaluates the impacts of the observed and expected climate change on the protection against summer overheating of existing office buildings. Only thus a possible need for action can be objectively determined and justified. Another major objective is the development of exemplary adaptation measures for various building construction types to ensure the comfort in existing office buildings during summer. Of particular interest is the question if it will be sufficient in the future to use only passive measures or if it will be unavoidable to install technical cooling capacities. The developed adaptation measures should be the basis for building concepts and façade constructions that are able to guarantee high comfort and an improved protection against summer overheating. Furthermore, a method to evaluate the economic efficiency of adaptation measures is demonstrated. To investigate the relationship between building construction and vulnerability, three buildings of different construction year categories have been analyzed using dynamic thermal building simulations. At present, the dynamic thermal building simulation is the most detailed method for evaluating the protection against summer overheating. This is the only method which is able to reproduce complex building concepts and automated systems in sufficient detail. In order to demonstrate the impacts of the observed and projected climate change on buildings between the middle of the 20th century and the end of the 21st century, five climate datasets have been applied. The weak points of the three investigated buildings have been analyzed. Based on this, detailed adaptation measures have been developed and evaluated by thermal building simulations. Comprehensive drawings, which show the adapted building concepts and façade details, will facilitate the application in practice. Different possibilities are demonstrated to express the achieved benefit from the adaptation measures in monetary units. Therefore, adaptation measures can be assessed by investment calculations.