In an automotive context today’s need of testing functions while in factory, correcting faults in the workshop or adding extra value in the aftermarket makes it very important to easily be able to download new software to the electronic control units in vehicles. In the platform for standard automotive software development called AUTOSAR, two known protocols are presented to specify the procedure on how to implement this download operation: Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) and the Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP). However the part of the UDS and XCP standards that is about reprogramming is not completely a part of the AUTOSAR standard yet. In this thesis, UDS and XCP have been compared to evaluate which of the two that has most support in AUTOSAR today and are most likely to be fully integrated into AUTOSAR in the future. Since UDS already has support in AUTOSAR for some of the functions needed for reprogramming and because of the fact that UDS is a part of the extensively used On-board Diagnostic standard (OBD-II), UDS is chosen to be the most suitable protocol for implementing reprogramming functionality according to AUTOSAR. A bootloader with the ability to download data has been developed using only relevant functions from UDS and following the AUTOSAR specifications where it is applicable. / För att kunna testa fordonsfunktioner i fabriken, åtgärda mjukvarufel under service eller för att uppgradera fordonet med nya funktioner är det viktigt att kunna ladda ner ny mjukvara till fordonets styrsystem. Den standardiserade mjukvaruplattformen för fordonsindustrin, AUTOSAR, innehåller två protokoll som båda specificerar hur mjukvara kan laddas ner: Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) och Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP). Tyvärr är de delarna av UDS och XCP som beskriver mjukvarunerladdning inte en del av AUTOSAR än. I det här examensarbetet har UDS och XCP jämförts för att utvärdera vilken av de båda som i dagsläget har störst stöd för nerladdning av mjukvara i AUTOSAR och vilken som troligast kommer att bli en del av AUTOSAR i framtiden. Eftersom AUTOSAR redan stödjer några av de funktioner i UDS som behövs för nerladdning av mjukvara samt på grund av att UDS är en del av branschstandarden för fordonsdiagnostik OBD-II, har UDS valts som den mest lämpade att i dagsläget användas för att implementera nerladdning av mjukvara enligt AUTOSAR. En bootloader som stödjer nerladdning av mjukvara via UDS har sedan implementerats enligt AUTOSAR-specifikationen så långt som möjligt.

Today's vehicles are controlled by several so called electronic control units (ECUs). ECUs can be seen as small computers that work together in order to perform a common task. They control everything from critical tasks such as engine control to less critical functionality such as window control. The most prominent trend that can be observed today is the development of self-driving functionality. Due to inherent complexity of self-driving functionality, ECUs are becoming more dependent on each other. A fundamental problem in today's vehicles is that there does not exist any efficient way of achieving trust in the vehicle's internal-network. How can ECUs be assured that the output of other ECUs can be trusted? If an ECU produces the wrong output when the vehicle is in autonomous mode it can lead to the vehicle performing unsafe actions and risking the lives of the passengers and driver. In this thesis we evaluate different already established firmware attestation solutions for achieving trust in a decentralized network. Furthermore, three new firmware attestation solutions specially tailored for the automotive domain are proposed. We demonstrate that all the found existing solutions have a fundamental flaw, they all have a single point of failure. Meaning that if you eliminate the correct node, the entire attestation process stops functioning. Thus, a new more robust solution specially tailored for the automotive domain needed to be developed. Three different consistency verification mechanisms were designed. One parallel solution, one serial solution and one merkle-tree solution. Two of the three proposed solutions, the parallel solution and serial solution, were implemented and assessed. Two tests were conducted, a detection performance test and a timing performance test. By assessing the detection performance test and timing performance test of the serial and parallel solutions, it was concluded that the parallel solution showed a significant improvement in both stability and performance over the serial solution.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de controle para motores de combustão interna (UCM). A unidade foi desenvolvida com o intuito de facilitar os estudos de motores, por ser um sistema flexível e acessível. Para cálculos de rotinas de controle e acionamento de atuadores são utilizados, respectivamente, um microcontrolador e um FPGA, sendo que ambos são componentes de fácil obtenção e utilizados em placas de prototipagem encontradas no mercado (Arduino Due e Xula 2). O uso de um FPGA para executar o comando de atuadores se deve à alta velocidade de processamento, processamento paralelo e grande quantidade de portas digitais disponíveis, o que permite facilidade na expansão do sistema para comandos de múltiplos atuadores e o sincronismo desses com o sistema mecânico. O microcontrolador fica encarregado de executar as rotinas de cálculos que não exigem exato sincronismo, como rotinas de controle e comunicação com periféricos. A planta escolhida para ensaios da UCM é um motor ciclo Otto a álcool de 4 cilindros e 1.6 litros, com injeção multiponto. Ensaios foram realizados com o protótipo final e englobaram somente o controle do sistema de ignição do motor devido à facilidade de controle utilizando-se somente um parâmetro de entrada (velocidade) e devido ao controle de quantidade de combustível ser similar e utilizar as mesmas partes de código que o sistema de ignição. / In this work is presented the development of a flexible and accessible engine control unit for research purposes. For the calculations of the control routines and to drive the actuators synchronously, are used respectively, a microcontroller and an FPGA. The integrated circuits selected are easily accessible and are used in common prototyping boards found on the market (Arduino Due and Xula 2). The use of an FPGA to control the activation of the actuators is due the high speed, parallel processing and the large number of IOs, which allows the easy expansion of the system to drive more actuators, synchronized or not, with the mechanical system. The microcontroller calculates the routines that dont need an exact synchronism of the electronic system with the mechanical system, like control routines and communication tasks. The selected mechanical system for tests is a 1.6 Liter Otto engine with multipoint fuel injection and is powered with ethanol. Tests were conducted using the final board prototype only for the ignition system, because of the easy of control using a few parameters, and because ignition FPGAs code is almost the same used to drive fuel injection actuators.

The diploma thesis is focused on the issue of connective cars and the types of threats that can occur and how to protect against them. The general part described the general model of the car. In the next part of the work, templates were created in the Microsoft Threat Modeling Tool with threats and countermeasures to them.

In February 2018 the students Andreas Karlsson and Emil Franzén contacted Danfoss Power Solutions in Älmhult, shortly after they were offered to perform a thesis. A thesis about developing an SDK in the programming language C# for Danfoss Power Solutions newly developed API, PLUS+1 System API 2.0. As a part of the thesis a mini service tool was to be created to show the powers of the SDK and then evaluate the SDK by letting a company perform a usability test. By the end of May an SDK was delivered written in C# along with a mini service tool for use in demonstration. But because of time issues there were no usability test performed.

Autonomous vehicles rely on real-time embedded systems called Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and it is crucial for safety and behavioural correctness that ECUs run fast enough, in other words, within their deadlines. In this thesis a high-performance ECU used at Volvo Autonomous Solutions (V.A.S.) running PetaLinux will be evaluated. To ensure that the ECU is able to run in real-time, it will be evaluated by simulating physical models in the form of Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) that are cross compiled to aarch64. The ECU execution time will be measured to evaluate whether the models run in real-time and to compare it with the performance of a desktop computer. With the use of profiling tools, possible bottlenecks in the utilization of ECU will be identified. The results show that the ECU is capable of running the FMU simulation models faster than real-time and that the ECU runs at less than 10% of the speed of the desktop computer. FMU communication frequency, underutilization of available instructions, unnecessary allocation and unnecessary use of synchronization primitives where identified as the key possible bottlenecks. We conclude that the ECU is likely capable of running significantly more computationally demanding models in real-time if they are optimized for the ECU.

Testing of the Electronic Control Unit is a very important step before delivering the software to customer. Due to increasing complexity in the requirements and the timing constraints, it is needed that the testing should be proper and on time. To meet the timing constraints it is needed to automate the entire process of testing. Although the current testing tool support the automation process, it is very slow. In this thesis a new tool has been developed which will support calibration using CCP and XCP on CAN bus. Secondly, the tool will also provide the feature of automation, where user can write their own script to test the ECU. This will make the entire process of testing very fast. Finally both the solutions will be compared with respect to time for deducing the final conclusion.

Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka möjligheten att utveckla en testbänk som kan underlätta felsökning och testning till fem olika ECU:er. 93 utgångar, bland annat DAC:ar, digitala- och frekvensutgångar finns med i kravspecifikationerna. Dessa utgångar styrs utifrån paneler i CANalyzer med hjälp av programmering i Arduino och CANalyzers egna språk CAPL. Testbänken visar goda resultat och har fått positiv respons från företaget, den levererar de förväntade värdena på samtliga 93 utgångar med en felmarginal på max 3%. Det finns begränsningar med att bygga denna typ av testbänk kopplade till komponentval, tid och resurser.

A eletrônica embarcada teve um expressivo ganho de espaço dentro dos veículos ao longo dos últimos anos, mais especialmente no que se refere ao gerenciamento eletrônico do motor á combustão, uma vez que a inteligência empregada nesse sistema vem sofrendo constante evolução, sendo uma das evoluções, a utilização da estratégia FLEX de gerenciamento. O domínio das técnicas de controle de um motor á combustão interna torna-se desafiador em sua própria natureza, haja vista que envolve conceitos heterogêneos e concorrentes entre si em se tratando de aspectos de engenharia. Dessa forma, ainda é restrito o número de profissionais com conhecimento e competência para desenvolver atividades relacionadas ao gerenciamento desse sistema. Esse projeto teve por intuito o emprego de um empenho intelectual realizado em equipe a fim de desenvolver uma unidade de gerenciamento referente ao controle de um motor á combustão interna com estratégia FLEX de gerenciamento, tornando possível a inserção da cultura do estudo de gerenciamento de motores FLEX dentro das universidades, tais como, FATEC-Santo André, Escola Politécnica da USP e principalmente, a FATEC- Sorocaba. Para esse desenvolvimento, uma unidade já existente foi utilizada, sendo a mesma aplicada em seu projeto primitivo no Gol 1.6 com gerenciamento à gasolina e totalmente reprojetada na em seu firmware para o veículo VW Polo 1.6 na atual ocasião. Agora em uma aplicação FLEX, a partir de técnicas de controle, foi possível alcançar resultados similares aos observados na unidade original que equipa o veículo. Embora os resultados obtidos tenham limitações devido às condições de uso do veículo, estrutura da instituição e também do tempo disponível para esse desenvolvimento, foi possível entender e compreender diversos fatores antes maculados pela distância do contato direto com um sistema de gerenciamento real aplicado em um motor à combustão interna. Ademais, dentro das limitações citadas, os resultados obtidos mostraram-se bastante satisfatórios. / The embedded electronics had an expressive gain of space within the vehicles over the last years, more especially regarding the electronic management of the combustion engine since the intelligence employed in this system has been under constant evolution, being one of the evolutions, the use of the FLEX management strategy. The domain of control techniques of an internal combustion engine becomes challenging in its own nature since it involves heterogeneous concepts and competing with each other in the engineering aspects, in this way, the fluency in activities related to the management of this system is very rarefied in the professional and academic environment. The purpose of this project was the use of an intellectual commitment made in a team to develop a management unit for the control of an internal combustion engine with FLEX management strategy, making possible the insertion of the FLEX engine management study culture within the universities, such as, FATEC-Santo André, Polytechnic School of USP and mainly, FATEC-Sorocaba. For this development, an already started unit was used, being applied in its original design in Gol 1.6 with gasoline management and totally redesigned in its firmware for Polo 1.6 in the current occasion, now in a FLEX application, from techniques of control, it was possible to achieve results similar to those observed in the original unit equipping the vehicle. Although the results obtained have limitations due to the conditions of use of the vehicle, structure of the institution and also the time offered for this development, it was possible to understand several factors previously tainted by the distance of direct contact with a real management system applied in a motor to the internal combustion, in addition, within the mentioned limitations, the obtained results were shown quite satisfactory.

Företag inom fordonsindustrin sätter mer och mer press på snabba utvecklingsprocesser och ny avancerad teknik, vilket resulterar i att mindre tid allokeras åt utveckling som kräver mer och mer tid. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att ta fram, utveckla och utvärdera ett automatiskt verifieringssystem lämpat för ett företag inom fordonsindustrin med VT System som testmiljö och Jenkins som byggserver. Utifrån syftet definierades tre frågeställningar som besvarades genom att först undersöka vilka komponenter ett automatiskt verifieringssystem kan innehålla, för att sedan utveckla ett automatiskt verifieringssystem samt en tillhörande arkitektur. Slutligen utvärderades det automatiska verifieringssystemet genom ett experiment för att undersöka dess tidseffektivitet. För att uppnå detta syfte samt besvara examensarbetets frågeställningar valdes Design Science Research som metod för arbetet. Resultatet från experimentet visar på att det inte finns någon signifikant tidseffektivitetsskillnad mellan ett automatiskt verifieringssystem och ett manuellt utförande av samma uppgift. Examensarbetet belyser andra aspekter som det automatiska verifieringssystemet istället kan bidra med till verksamheten. Resultaten från arbetet bidrar till kunskapsområdena automatiska tester och helt autonoma system, detta genom att dels presentera en arkitektur för ett automatiskt verifieringssystem och dels genom resultat från tidigare nämnt experiment. / Automotive companies are increasingly investing in fast development processes and new advanced technology, resulting in less time being allocated to development that is more time consuming. The purpose of this thesis was to develop and evaluate an automatic verification system adapted for companies within the automotive industry with VT System as test environment and Jenkins as build server. Based on this purpose, three research questions were defined and then answered by first investigating which components an automatic verification system could contain. This was followed by the development of an automatic verification system and a corresponding architecture. Finally, the automatic verification system was evaluated through an experiment, with the purpose of investigating it’s time efficiency. To achieve the purpose of this thesis the method Design Science Research was used. The results from the experiment shows that there is no significant difference in time efficiency between the automatic verification system and a manual approach of the same task. The thesis highlights other aspects of the automatic verification system in which it can contribute. The result of the work contributes to different knowledge areas such as automated testing and fully automated systems, it does this by presenting an architecture for an automatic verification system and by presenting the result from the above-mentioned experiment.