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[pt] Desde a formação da cidade do Rio de Janeiro o saneamento sempre foi uma questão crítica para o processo de urbanização e até hoje os espaços, como as favelas, sofrem de graves problemas no que diz respeito a esse serviço. A tese em questão tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre as injustiças ambientais produzidas por essas desigualdades espaciais e as soluções trazidas pela mobilização comunitária para o acesso ao saneamento, aproximando o olhar para a favela de Nova Holanda, no conjunto de favelas da Maré. A pesquisa traz evidências a partir de dados coletados por entrevistas e observação participante sobre o papel dos moradores e de organizações da sociedade civil na reivindicação de direitos não garantidos pelo poder público na área do saneamento básico. Pressupõe-se que as injustiças ambientais são consequência dessa estrutura social comandada por atributos raciais determinados que privilegiam historicamente uma parcela da população. Ao evidenciar essa relação é possível pensar em processos de tomadas de decisão e participação popular que abarque a diversidade identitária como papel fundador de narrativas que incluam os moradores como sujeitos de direitos. / [en] Since the formation of the city of Rio de Janeiro sanitation has always been a critical issue for the urbanization process and until today marginalized regions such as favelas suffer from serious problems regarding this service. The thesis in question aims to investigate the relationship between the environmental injustices produced by these spatial inequalities and the solutions brought about through social mobilization, taking a closer look at the Nova Holanda slum, in the Maré group of favelas. The research brings evidence from data collected through interviews and participant observation about the role of residents and civil society organizations in claiming rights not guaranteed by the government in basic sanitation. It is assumed that environmental injustices are a consequence of this social structure commanded by certain racial attributes that historically privilege a portion of the population. By highlighting this relationship, it is possible to think of decision-making processes and popular participation that embrace identity diversity as a founding role in narratives that include residents as subjects of rights.

Denna studie syftar till att belysa samhällsaktörers perspektiv kring gruvbrytning av kritiska råvaror i led med klimatomställningen. Studien undersöker hur samhällsaktörer belyser effekterna av en eventuell kommande gruvetablering i byn Vittangi i norra Sverige. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem samhällsaktörer, i kombination med en tematisk analys, har olika rättvisekonflikter undersökts för att skapa en insikt och ge ett nyanserat kritiskt perspektiv. Analysen av resultatet har utgått från teorin av miljörättvisa och påvisar flertalet målkonflikter som uppstått i samband med den potentiella gruvetableringen i Vittangi. Slutsatserna tydliggör intressekonflikter och baseras på hur det påverkar aktörerna, vilket synliggör perspektiven på gruvbrytning av kritiska råvaror som ett led av klimatomställningen. / This study aims to shed light on the perspectives of social actors regarding the mining of critical raw materials in connection with climate change. The study examines how social actors highlight the effects of a possible future mine establishment in the village of Vittangi in northern Sweden. Through semi-structured interviews with five social actors, in combination with a thematic analysis, various justice conflicts have been investigated to create insight and to provide a nuanced critical perspective. The analysis of the result has been based on the theory of environmental justice and demonstrates the majority of goal conflicts that arose in connection with the potential mine establishment in Vittangi. The conclusions clarify conflicts of interest and are based on how they affect the actors, which makes the perspectives visible on the mining of critical raw materials as part of the climate transition.

In this research, I explored the spatial relationships between urban green spaces (UGSs) accessibility and the demographic characteristics of the 26 municipalities across Stockholm Region (SR). I selected seven demographic variables for this research: age, gender, employment, income, education, country of birth and household status. I collected spatial and demographic data from available open-access online sources. I defined a threshold of 300 m, as the maximum acceptable distance between each residential building and the nearest UGS and used UGS per capita and inequity rate of access to UGS as two metrics for measuring environmental justice in terms of access to UGS. Using a network analysis, hotspot analysis, and correlation analysis, I mapped the spatial distribution of inequities in terms of access to UGSs; identified and characterized the hotspots and coldspots of inequity in terms of access to UGSs; and examined possible relationships between UGSs and the demographic characteristics of the 26 municipalities across SR. The results of my research indicated that despite the abundance of UGSs in SR, the spatial distribution of UGSs in SR is uneven and therefore, access to UGSs is not equitable for all residents. The results also indicated that access to UGSs in municipalities with higher percentages of the elderly, women, high-income groups, and people born in Sweden is easier. In contrast, access to UGSs in municipalities with higher percentages of retirees, middle-income groups, younger people, employed individuals, and people born outside Europe is worse. My research suggests that UGS accessibility is influenced by complex factors and need local-scale interventions in each area depending on the local issues of concern. Future research should focus on more localized data and finer spatial scales, incorporating a more detailed consideration of UGSs and accessibility to better investigate the interactions between UGSs and demographic variables. / I denna forskning undersöker jag de rumsliga relationerna mellan tillgängligheten till urbana grönområden (UGS) och demografiska egenskaperna hos de 26 kommunerna i Stockholmsregionen (SR). Jag valde ut sju demografiska variabler för denna forskning: ålder, kön, sysselsättning, inkomst, utbildning, födelseland och hushållsstatus. Jag samlade in rumsliga och demografiska data från tillgängliga online källor med öppen åtkomst. Jag definierade en tröskel på 300 m som det maximalt acceptabla avståndet mellan varje bostadshus och den närmaste UGS och använde UGS per capita och ojämlikhetsgrad i tillgång till UGS som två mått för att mäta miljörättvisa avseende tillgång till UGS. Med hjälp av nätverksanalys, hotspot-analys och korrelationsanalys kartlade jag den rumsliga fördelningen av ojämlikheter i förhållande till UGS; identifierade och karakteriserade hotspots och coldspots för ojämlikheter i förhållande till UGS; och undersöker möjliga relationer mellan UGS och demografiska egenskaper hos de 26 kommunerna i SR. Resultaten av min forskning visade att trots ett överflöd av UGS i SR är den rumsliga fördelningen av UGS i SR ojämn och därmed är tillgången till UGS inte rättvis för alla invånare. Resultaten visade också att tillgången till UGS är enklare i kommuner med en större andel äldre, kvinnor, personer med höga inkomster och personer födda i Sverige. I motsats till detta är tillgången till UGS sämre i kommuner med ett högre andel pensionärer, personer med medelinkomster, yngre människor, anställda och personer födda utanför Europa. Min forskning antyder att tillgången till UGS påverkas av komplexa faktorer och kräver lokala insatser i varje område beroende på lokala omständigheter. Framtida forskning bör inriktas på mer lokaliserade data och finare rumsliga skalor, inkludera en mer detaljerad betraktelse av UGS och tillgänglighet för att bättre undersöka samspelet mellan UGS och demografiska variabler.

This thesis investigates the reception of the updated directive, Energy Performance of Building Directive, from the EU. The focus of the study is to analyse eight referral responses from chosen stakeholders and investigate their perspectives on the updated directive, negative and positive, any specific interests, are there any patterns that emerge in their responses and what are their concerns regarding the possible impact on society. The intention is to map the possible outcomes in society, focusing on social sustainability, including issues such as economic impact, social justice, and community impact.    The empirical material in this study is eight different referral responses on the updated version of the Energy Performance of Building Directive. The chosen methodical approach for this study is document analysis and thematic analysis. The findings are presented in four themes and later analysed and discussed through the lens of the chosen theoretical framework, which is environmental justice.    The findings show a large focus on accessibility to housing, resources and cost efficiency, excessive regulation and micromanagement, and the need for financial support and incentives. The stakeholders fear that the number of details in the Energy Performance of Building Directive will sub-optimise Sweden’s production. Even though the directive states that this initiative will protect the most vulnerable groups in society, the stakeholders fear it will aggravate the situation due to increased rents and economic burdens in general for the whole society.    This study concludes that such details should be discussed at the national level and it is important to include an environmental justice approach to avoid increasing the current inequalities and ensure that the needed transition will not be made at the expense of vulnerable segments of the population.

当代佛教如何参与现代环境危机这一公共社会议题是本文的问题意识，参与佛教与人间佛教的环保参与实践及其理论阐述正是现代社会较有影响力的佛教环保实践。 / 本文首先研究参与佛教的生态正义与人间佛教的心灵环保这两种类型在环保进路上的不同特征，参与佛教的环保以社会抗议、公义的分配制度及文化批判的社会正义诉求为其特征，人间佛教主要团体则以心灵净化、节约资源等行动表现出心灵环保的特点；接着将生态正义与心灵环保放入自然、经济、政教关系等社会处境进行剖析，最后对参与佛教的生态正义与人间佛教的心灵环保这两种佛教环保类型进行对比。 / 通过两种类型的比较研究探讨佛教参与环保的进路与趋势，冀望两种参与类型的彼此关照，互相学习和进行整合作为佛教参与环保的愿景，即多维视野的佛教生态参与模式，同时兼顾与结合社会与个体、正义与心灵等多维角度，共同推进从社会结构层面的抗争与心灵文化的变革，探索佛教智慧如何更好的参与现代社会环境危机以寻找出路。 / Buddhism has involved in environmental protection on the local as well as global level. This thesis seeks to explore how and why the Buddhist modern movements, particularly Engaged Buddhism and Humanistic Buddhism adopt different approaches to environmental issues. The comparative study of these two Buddhist movements and their respective approaches to environment protection attempts to characterize and contrast the two different approaches as Eco-Justice and Eco-Spirituality and to analyze them in terms of their cultural, economic, political and social contexts. / Though the approach of Eco-Justice adopted by Engaged Buddhism focuses on social justice and the approach of Eco-Spirituality adopted by Humanistic Buddhism concentrates on spiritual cultivation, this thesis attempts to argue that they provide contrasting yet complementary approaches to environmental protection. The dialogue between Engaged Buddhism and Humanistic Buddhism on environmental issues will enrich each other and contribute to the Buddhist engagement of environmental protection as a whole. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 梁容. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-196) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liang Rong. / 致谢 --- p.i / 目录 --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / 引 言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 佛教与生态之研究概览 --- p.3 / Chapter 第一节 --- 现代生态危机出路之探寻：佛教的救渡 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二节 --- 佛教与生态问题之俯瞰：学术研究概述 --- p.6 / Chapter 第三节 --- 类型学之研究方法 --- p.20 / Chapter 第四节 --- 论文之篇章结构 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 参与佛教的环保正义（eco-justice）之实践与论述：以泰国为例 --- p.31 / Chapter 第一节 --- 前言 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二节 --- 参与佛教的环保实践 --- p.33 / Chapter 第三节 --- 环保正义的佛教之理论建构及社会论述：佛使比丘自然即法的佛教理论 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四节 --- 资本主义社会文化批判与佛教社会经济发展观：萧素乐佛教之现代社会论述 --- p.64 / Chapter 第五节 --- 结语：参与佛教环保正义类型之展望与反思 --- p.76 / Chapter 第三章 --- 人间佛教的心灵环保（eco-spirituality）之实践与论述：以台湾为例 --- p.82 / Chapter 第一节 --- 前言 --- p.82 / Chapter 第二节 --- 慈济“预约人间净土：行动与理念 --- p.84 / Chapter 第三节 --- 法鼓山“心灵环保：行动与理念 --- p.100 / Chapter 第四节 --- “心灵环保进路的分析：宗教意义及社会涵义 --- p.113 / Chapter 第五节 --- 结语：人间佛教心灵环保类型之展望与反思 --- p.150 / Chapter 第四章 --- 两种类型比较与展望：参与佛教的环保正义与人间佛教心灵环保 --- p.153 / Chapter 第一节 --- 两种佛教环保类型比较的视野 --- p.154 / Chapter 第二节 --- 生态正义与心灵环保两种类型的比较研究 --- p.157 / Chapter 第三节 --- 整合与超越：两种类型的互相对话与互相取鉴 --- p.176 / 结 语 --- p.180 / 参考资料与书目 --- p.183

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本研究以環境正義理論為基礎，探討事業廢棄物掩埋場開發決策背後導致衝突肇因之環境不正義議題及衝突化解之道。首先，針對國內事業廢棄物處理政策的發展脈絡，構築出政府現階段解決事業廢棄物最終處置的思維，一則積極推動源頭減量、回收再利用；其次，又企圖鼓勵興建掩埋場解決事業廢棄物最終處置問題的雙軌併行政策，在缺乏整合的運作邏輯之下，能否發揮事業廢棄物減量、降低掩埋場設置需求的政策執行成效？繼而，在地方政府被賦予審議或核定環境開發治理權的轉變之下，應如何扮演該決策制訂與審議制度運作的角色，藉由「台南縣東山鄉事業廢棄物掩埋場」興建個案研究，探究掩埋場設置衝突事件之肇因，及地方住民、環保團體抗爭訴求，與開發業者、地方政府在個案申請設置或開發決策過程中所呈現環境不正義之關連性，並進一步推導出在地住民因環境權的被剝奪，而從事此抗爭運動所衍生「環境正義理念」的主張。 本研究結論指出，除環保署應積極整合事業廢棄物「源頭減廢、回收再利用」與「鼓勵掩埋場設置」兩政策之執行計畫及成效，俾能藉由減少廢棄物之產出，以降低掩埋場設置需求外；地方政府進行事業廢棄物掩埋場開發決策制訂前，應賦權民眾參與的機制，嚴肅看待開發過程所衍生不正義的問題，提高決策的正當性及公信力；同時透過開發審議制度及法令結構的變革，亦即賦予當地住民獲得充分資訊的權利、公開聽證的權利、民主參與的權利、協調開發單位與受影響的住民簽訂「環境保護協定」，以及要求事業機構負起調整生產結構的責任，作為實踐環境正義理念的方法，藉以改善環境決策品質及決策制訂的思維，俾作為地方政府部門從事掩埋場設施開發決策，消彌環境不正義衝突爭議之參考，以提供另種紓解民眾衝突爭端的途徑。 / In this study based on the theory of environmental justice ,by industrial waste landfills lead to the development of decision-making behind the cause of the conflict of environmental injustice issues and the way to resolve the conflict. First of all, the cause for domestic waste disposal policy development context, the government resolved at this stage to build industrial waste final disposal of thinking, an actively to promote the source reduction, recycling and reuse.Secondly, an attempt to encourage establishment industrial waste landfills to solve the problem of final disposal of parallel two-track policy, a lack of integration in the operation of logic, could appear of reducing waste, reducing landfills established of the policy effectiveness？then, in local government be given consideration or approved development and control of environmental, how to play with the consideration of the decision-making role. By " In Dongshan Township,Tainan County industrial waste landfills" the established of case study, probe into landfills established the causes of conflict, and local residents, environmental groups protested demand, and local government development of decision-making process in the present environmental injustice relevance, and further deduced in the right environment for the inhabitants of the deprived, while engaged in this social movements against by the derivative "concept of environmental justice". This study concluded that, the EPD should actively integrated industrial waste, "the source of waste reduction, recycling and reuse" and " encourage to establish of landfills " two policy implementation plan and effectiveness, achieved to reduce waste output and the need for establish of landfills . Local government for industrial waste landfills development decision-making, should be to empower public participation, look at the development process is derived from the issue of injustice, enhance the legitimacy and credibility of the decision-making.At the same time, through the development checkup system and changes in the structure of act, which gives local residents the right to receive adequate information, the right to public hearings, the right to democratic participation, coordinated developer and residents affected by the signing of environmental protection agreements and require producer assume the responsibility of the production structure adjustment, as a practical way the concept of environmental justice, to improve the quality of decision-making, it could serve as a local government departments engaged in the development of decision-making landfills facilities, eliminating the environmental injustice a reference for controversial conflict , to provide another kind of dispute the way the conflict.