This research focuses on developing a set of secure communication network testbeds and using them to measure the overhead of IP Security (IPSec) for email and web applications. The network testbeds are implemented using both wireline and wireless technologies. The testing involves a combination of authentication algorithms such as Hashed Message Authentication Code-Message Digest 5 (HMAC-MD5) and Hashed Message Authentication Code-Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (HMAC-SHA1), implemented through different authentication protocols such as ESP and AH, and used in conjunction with the Triple Digital Encryption Standard (3DES). The research examines the overhead using no encryption and no authentication, authentication and no encryption, and authentication and encryption. A variety of different sizes of compressed and uncompressed files, are considered when measuring the overhead. The testbed realizes security using IPSec to secure the connection between different nodes. The email protocol that is used is the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and the web protocol considered is the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The key metrics considered are the network load in bytes, the number of packets, and the transfer time. This research emphasizes the importance of using HTTP to access files than using SMTP. Use of HTTP requires fewer packets, lower network loads, and lower transfer times than SMTP. It is demonstrated that this difference, which occurs regardless of security, is magnified by the use of authentication and encryption. The results also indicate the value of using compressed files for file transfers. Compressed and uncompressed files require the same transfer time, network load and number of packets since FreeS/WAN IPSec does not carry any form of compression on the data before passing it to the data link layer. Both authentication algorithms, HMAC-MD5 and HMAC- SHA1, result in about the same network load and number of packets. However, HMAC-SHA1 results in a higher transfer time than HMAC-MD5 because of SHA1's higher computational requirements. ESP authentication and ESP encryption reduce the network load for small files only, compared to ESP encryption and AH authentication. ESP authentication could not be compared with AH authentication, since the FreeS/WAN IPSec implementation used in the study does not support ESP authentication without using encryption. In a wireless environment, using IPSec does not increase the network load and the number of transactions, when compared to a wireline environment. Also, the effect of security on transfer time is higher compared to a wireline environment, even though that increase is overshadowed by the high transfer time percentage increase due to the wireless medium. / Master of Science

Esta pesquisa trata das experiências anômalas relatadas ou observadas durante o período da infância e adolescência. Experiências anômalas são todas aquelas que fogem do consenso de normalidade, ou que não são explicadas pela psicologia tradicional e o mainstream científico. O texto apresenta as principais experiências anômalas infantis, com especial enfoque para as experiências de percepção extrassensorial (ESP). Três periódicos específicos da área foram selecionados e as publicações relacionadas ao tema são apresentadas e discutidas. Um teste experimental computadorizado foi desenvolvido especificamente para esta pesquisa com o objetivo de modernizar e replicar um experimento realizado em escolas holandesas na década de 1950. Com a aplicação do teste avaliou-se a ocorrência de percepção extrassensorial entre um grupo de professores e alunos das séries iniciais do ensino fundamental. O teste foi aplicado em uma escola particular da cidade de São Paulo. Os resultados gerais foram positivos, sem atingir, contudo, significância estatística. Avaliou-se também a correlação entre os resultados obtidos e algumas variáveis psicológicas. As variáveis escolhidas foram o vínculo afetivo estabelecido na relação professor/aluno e o efeito da expectativa. As correlações para ambas as variáveis foram positivas e estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados são discutidos e comparados àqueles encontrados na literatura específica / This research addresses the anomalous experiences reported or spontaneously observed in childhood and adolescence. An anomalous experience is every one that deviates from our sense of normality, or that cannot be explained by traditional psychology or the scientific mainstream. The main anomalous experiences in childhood are presented and discussed, with special attention dedicated to the experiences of the extra-sensory perception (ESP) type. Three journals of the field were chosen and carefully examed in search for articles addressing the subject. These articles are also presented and discussed. An experimental computerized test was specifically developed with the purpose of updating and replicating a study conducted in Dutch schools in the 1950s. The experiment evaluated the ocurrence of extra-sensory perception among teachers and pupils of first and second grade groups. The study was conducted at a private school in São Paulo. Overall results were positive, but not significant. The scores were correlated to two psychological variables: teacher/pupil bond and expectation. Both variables correlated positively and significantly with the scores. The results are discussed and compared to those available in the literature

Cette thèse porte sur l’enseignement des langues, vue par la perspective de la théorie des intelligences multiples proposée par Gardner. J’adopte la position selon laquelle le niveau de réussite d’un étudiant n’est pas uniquement influencé par la manière dont l’enseignement est dispensé, mais également par un ensemble de corrélations qui font que chaque individu est influencé par un environnement immédiat et un environnement non immédiat. La capacité humaine de réagir de manière appropriée à un ensemble de corrélations est ce qui constitue la définition moderne d’intelligence (Barrington 2007 : 423) et plus précisément la théorie des intelligences multiples (intelligences multiples). J’émets l’hypothèse qu’une approche par les intelligences multiples a un effet positif sur l’apprentissage des langues.Afin de confirmer ou non cette hypothèse, j’ai évalué le retour d’information de divers acteurs suite à des activités basées sur les intelligences multiples. J’ai d’abord effectué une enquête auprès des enseignants en LANSAD (Langues pour spécialistes d’autres disciplines) au sujet des leurs pratiques. Puis, j’ai sollicité des enseignants en anglais des sciences pour mettre en place ces activités auprès de leurs étudiants, afin d’avoir une vision subjective. Enfin, j’effectue une enquête spécifique autour de la motivation parmi les étudiants en LANSAD.Cette thèse s’organise en trois parties principales. La première partie porte sur la corrélation entre la théorie des intelligences multiples et la réussite en cours d’anglais de spécialité. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la corrélation entre la théorie des intelligences multiples et la créativité. Enfin, la dernière partie propose une analyse de la relation entre la théorie des intelligences multiples et la motivation des étudiants. La conclusion propose quelques suggestions pour l’enseignement des langues de spécialité. / This thesis focuses on language teaching from the perspective of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. The level of success of a student is not only influenced by the way in which instruction is delivered, but also by a set of correlations that influence each individual, be that by an immediate or a non-immediate environment. The human capacity to react appropriately to this set of correlations is what constitutes the modern definition of intelligence (Barrington 2007: 423), and more specifically, the theory of multiple intelligences. The thesis hypothesis questions whether a multiple intelligence approach has a positive effect on language learning.To confirm or not this hypothesis, we evaluated various sets of activities based on multiple intelligences. We first conducted a survey of LANSAD teachers on their class practices. Then, we asked teachers in Scientific English to set up these activities in their own classes in order to have a subjective view. Finally, we also carried out a specific investigation on motivation among ESP students.This thesis is divided into three main sections. The first section deals with the correlation between multiple intelligences and language sustainability in English. The second examines the correlation between multiple intelligences and creativity. The last section discusses the relationship between multiple intelligences and motivation in students. The conclusions offer some suggestions for teaching and learning English for specific purposes.

Esta pesquisa trata das experiências anômalas relatadas ou observadas durante o período da infância e adolescência. Experiências anômalas são todas aquelas que fogem do consenso de normalidade, ou que não são explicadas pela psicologia tradicional e o mainstream científico. O texto apresenta as principais experiências anômalas infantis, com especial enfoque para as experiências de percepção extrassensorial (ESP). Três periódicos específicos da área foram selecionados e as publicações relacionadas ao tema são apresentadas e discutidas. Um teste experimental computadorizado foi desenvolvido especificamente para esta pesquisa com o objetivo de modernizar e replicar um experimento realizado em escolas holandesas na década de 1950. Com a aplicação do teste avaliou-se a ocorrência de percepção extrassensorial entre um grupo de professores e alunos das séries iniciais do ensino fundamental. O teste foi aplicado em uma escola particular da cidade de São Paulo. Os resultados gerais foram positivos, sem atingir, contudo, significância estatística. Avaliou-se também a correlação entre os resultados obtidos e algumas variáveis psicológicas. As variáveis escolhidas foram o vínculo afetivo estabelecido na relação professor/aluno e o efeito da expectativa. As correlações para ambas as variáveis foram positivas e estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados são discutidos e comparados àqueles encontrados na literatura específica / This research addresses the anomalous experiences reported or spontaneously observed in childhood and adolescence. An anomalous experience is every one that deviates from our sense of normality, or that cannot be explained by traditional psychology or the scientific mainstream. The main anomalous experiences in childhood are presented and discussed, with special attention dedicated to the experiences of the extra-sensory perception (ESP) type. Three journals of the field were chosen and carefully examed in search for articles addressing the subject. These articles are also presented and discussed. An experimental computerized test was specifically developed with the purpose of updating and replicating a study conducted in Dutch schools in the 1950s. The experiment evaluated the ocurrence of extra-sensory perception among teachers and pupils of first and second grade groups. The study was conducted at a private school in São Paulo. Overall results were positive, but not significant. The scores were correlated to two psychological variables: teacher/pupil bond and expectation. Both variables correlated positively and significantly with the scores. The results are discussed and compared to those available in the literature

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 426044.pdf: 13879463 bytes, checksum: 7cadf2be799d9a40ddce460b696d076e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-01 / As serpentes inclusas em Tropidodryas Fitzniger, 1843 distribuem-se nas ?reas de influ?ncia da Mata Atl?ntica, e s?o classificadas como T. serra (Schlegel, 1837) e T. striaticeps (Cope, 1870). Os objetivos deste trabalho s?o testar os limites destas esp?cies, a exist?ncia, ou n?o, de esp?cies ainda n?o descritas e tamb?m aferir a varia??o intra-espec?fica das caracter?sticas analisadas. Os limites das esp?cies foram testados atrav?s de ferramentas de an?lises multivariadas (an?lise de componentes principais [ACP]) e compara??es entre os grupos resultantes destas an?lises. Os testes foram desenvolvidos com vari?veis morfom?tricas e mer?sticas observadas em 218 exemplares de Tropidodryas, separados de acordo com o sexo. A an?lise de componentes principais indicou a exist?ncia de tr?s grupos. Estes grupos foram posteriormente comparados por meio de ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis, e por compara??es entre as freq??ncias das vari?veis qualitativas, sendo que N?s n?o encontramos caracteres diagn?sticos entre estes grupos, sem sobreposi??o. Por?m, um grupo p?de ser distinguido dos outros dois por (1) portar escamas dorsais carenadas, (2) maior n?mero de escamas ventrais (219 235 para machos e 225 234 para f?meas) e (3) duas colunas de espinhos intra-sulcares (uma coluna direcionada ? cada lobo do hemip?nis); ao passo que os outros grupos apresentaram (1) escamas dorsais lisas, (2) menor n?mero de escamas ventrais (183 194 para machos e 193 206 para f?meas, sendo que estas amplitudes englobam ambos grupos), e (3) por portarem quatro colunas de espinhos intra-sulcares (duas direcionadas para cada lobo do hemip?nis). Baseado nestes resultados e em compara??es com dados dos esp?cimes-tipo, dispon?veis nas descri??es originais, associamos um grupo ? T. serra e consideramos os outros dois grupos como representantes da varia??o intra-espec?fica de T. striaticeps. Estas esp?cies foram ent?o caracterizadas quanto aos padr?es de disposi??o das manchas no corpo, morfometria e folidose, e tiveram seus cr?nios e hemip?nis descritos e representados. Tanto T. serra quanto T. striaticeps apresentaram processo com sentido posterioranterior na face interna do pr?-frontal. Os hemip?nis de T. serra diferem dos de T. striaticeps por possu?rem, respectivamente duas fileiras de espinhos intra-sulcares (uma fileira direcionada para cada lobo) e quatro fileiras de espinhos intra-sulcares (duas fileiras para cada lobo).

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-05-25T11:32:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DEBORA_ALESSANDRA_ANTONETTI_PARCIAL.pdf: 338124 bytes, checksum: c6a0564094507bf2c5f64ce7b1ef6647 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T11:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DEBORA_ALESSANDRA_ANTONETTI_PARCIAL.pdf: 338124 bytes, checksum: c6a0564094507bf2c5f64ce7b1ef6647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The Characiformes, which is represented by freshwater fishes of Neotropical and Ethiopian regions, is one of the most diverse orders with more than 1.800 valid species. In this order, 58% of the species belong to the family Characidae. Although several studies have focused on the phylogenetic relationships of Characidae, many of its members do not have a defined phylogenetic position and still have taxonomic issues to be resolved. The genus Phenacogaster is composed of small species, which do not exceed 60 mm standard length and are popularly known as tetra or glasstetra. They are distributed in most river systems of South America, occurring in the basins of the Amazonas, Orinoco, Tocantins, Paraguai, S?o Francisco, Paran?, coastal rivers of northern and northeastern Brazil and Guyana. The genus has 20 valid nominal species, however, the species of Phenacogaster from the Tocantins basin, an important system with high endemism, have not been properly studied yet. Thus, in order to elucidate taxonomic problems of the genus and to improve our knowledge about the family, this study aims to present a taxonomic revision of the species of Phenacogaster from the Tocantins basin. We also propose updated diagnoses, the description of two new species, the limits of their distributions and a key to the species of that drainage. After examinating 1.194 specimens deposited in Brazilian collections, we conclude that there are five species of Phenacogaster in the basin, which thus are new: the new species Phenacogaster sp. 1 e Phenacogaster sp. 2, both distributed through the upper and middle Tocantins river; P. franciscoensis, originally occurring only in the S?o Francisco river basin, occurs also in the Tocantins river basin with a wide distribution; P. retropinnus, originally occurring in the Negro, Madeira and Xingu basins, with a new record for the Araguaia river basin; and Complex P. pectinatus, distributed in the lower Tocantins river was here confirmed. / A ordem Characiformes, que inclui peixes de ?gua doce da regi?o Neotropical e Et?ope, ? uma das ordens com maior diversidade com mais de 1.800 esp?cies v?lidas. Dentro dessa ordem, 58% das esp?cies s?o representantes da fam?lia Characidae. Apesar de alvo de estudos filogen?ticos, muitos de seus membros possuem posi??o filogen?tica incerta e quest?es taxon?micas n?o resolvidas. O g?nero Phenacogaster, ? composto de esp?cies de pequeno porte, n?o ultrapassando 60 mm de comprimento padr?o e s?o conhecidos popularmente como lambaris ou lambaris-vidro. Suas esp?cies est?o distribu?das na maioria dos sistemas fluviais da Am?rica do Sul, ocorrendo nas bacias dos rios Amazonas, Orinoco, Tocantins, Paraguai, S?o Francisco, Paran?, rios costeiros do norte e nordeste do Brasil e Guianas. O g?nero agrupa 20 esp?cies nominais v?lidas, por?m, a bacia do Tocantins, importante pelo seu elevado endemismo, ainda n?o foi devidamente estudada quanto ? representatividade do g?nero Phenacogaster. Dessa forma, para elucidar problemas taxon?micos do g?nero e, por sua vez, ampliar o conhecimento acerca da diversidade de esp?cies da fam?lia, o objetivo do trabalho ? revisar taxonomicamente as esp?cies deste g?nero presentes na bacia, propor diagnoses atualizadas, descrever esp?cies novas, identificar limites de suas distribui??es e elaborar uma chave de identifica??o para as esp?cies da drenagem. Ap?s o exame de 1.194 exemplares depositados em cole??es brasileiras, conclui-se que ocorrem na bacia cinco esp?cies de Phenacogaster, sendo duas novas: Phenacogaster sp. 1 e Phenacogaster sp. 2, ambas com distribui??o para o alto e m?dio Tocantins; P. franciscoensis, originalmente conhecida apenas da bacia do rio S?o Francisco, com ampla distribui??o para a bacia do rio Tocantins; P. retropinnus, conhecida originalmente nas bacias dos rios Negro, Madeira e Xingu, com nova ocorr?ncia para a bacia do rio Araguaia e o Complexo P. pectinatus, com distribui??o confirmada para o baixo rio Tocantins.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-06-28T19:41:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_JOSE_RICARDO_DE_SOUZA_BARRADAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 86400388 bytes, checksum: 1ce47b1350089f4eeb9e1dca8b54cc74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T19:41:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_JOSE_RICARDO_DE_SOUZA_BARRADAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 86400388 bytes, checksum: 1ce47b1350089f4eeb9e1dca8b54cc74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Length-weight data are the basis of most fish sampling programs and an important tool for fishing biology. Contradictorily, very often research on the relationship between weight and length in fish are disclosed only as brief publications on species for which this information is not yet known. The largest contribution to weight modeling and length was made by Huxley, when a power equation was used to describe the Allometric growth. Although Huxley model has been systematically used in animal growth studies since then, this proposal has limitations in estimating the allometric factor (?b?) as constant throughout the life cycle. Several authors have identified variations in allometric coefficient for animal development, being these complex patterns resulting from various factors and eventually obscured due to natural variability of the data. The objective of this study was to identify growth patterns in fish by using a model that considers changes in the growth occurring during the life cycle and through the crossing of different information of the species biology. We sought to understand the relationships between the polyphasic growth and the achievement of sexual maturity, in the form of migration, with habitat use patterns and the families which belong to the species of study. The data used were obtained from two fronts: (1) review of the database already available in Aquatic Ecology Laboratory of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) and (2) contact with researchers from other institutions. As a final product, there was obtained a database composed of 78 species divided into 35 families, comprising an array of 92,889 points. The data were imported in the statistical R platform, where an automated algorithm was developed and implemented to adjust the equations. A total of 109 estimates of weight-length were obtained. In general, the average allometric coefficient were slightly larger than 3, for the uniphasic model and for both phases of the polyphasic model, indicating a positive allometry. Multi-modality in the frequency distribution of ! was observed in Huxley's model, this behavior wasn't identified in both phases of polyphasic model. The final adjustment obtained by polyphasic model was satisfactory when evaluated in the context of a large number of species. Strong correlation has been identified between the SCP and (1) the maximum sampled sizes (r2 = 0.94), (2) estimations of first maturity (r2 = 0.93) and (3) length at first maturity (r2 = 0.96). This behavior was also identified between the length at first maturity and estimates of first maturity (r2 = 0.97). The Stanza Changing Points (SCP) were overestimated by approximately 15% when compared with the estimation of first maturity. Estimation of first maturity were overestimated by approximately 5% when crossed with the lengths at first maturity. Patterns were identified in the distribution of homocedastic residuals for species of lotic (p < 0.001) and lentic (p = 0.023) habitats and a significant difference between lotic and neritic environments (p = 0.036). Regarding the form of migration, a pattern was identified in the distribution of error for potamodromous species (p = 0.001) and significant difference between the oceanodromous and potamodromous species (p = 0.023). It wasn?t found any kind of pattern or trend between the SCP and the estimation of first maturity when separated by families. The application of statistical and computational tools developed in this work makes it possible to establish important relationships to improve the understanding of fish growth. Given the ease of obtaining length-weight data, explore this information mathematically can increase understanding of populations of economic and ecological interest, allowing for constantly updating and maintenance information for environmental management and fishing, in addition to stock control. / Dados de peso e comprimento s?o a base da maioria dos programas de amostragens de peixes e uma importante ferramenta em biologia de pesca. Contraditoriamente, com grande frequ?ncia pesquisas sobre a rela??o entre peso e comprimento de peixes s?o divulgadas apenas como breves publica??es sobre esp?cies para as quais esta informa??o ainda n?o ? conhecida. A maior contribui??o para modelagem de peso e comprimento foi feita por Huxley, quando utilizou uma equa??o pot?ncia para descrever o crescimento alom?trico. Embora o modelo de Huxley venha sendo utilizado sistematicamente em estudos de crescimento animal desde ent?o, essa proposta apresenta limita??es por estimar o coeficiente alom?trico (?b?) como constante durante todo ciclo de vida. Diversos autores identificaram varia??es no coeficiente alom?trico durante o desenvolvimento animal, sendo esses padr?es complexos consequentes de diversos fatores e eventualmente obscurecidos devido a variabilidade natural dos dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar padr?es de crescimento em peixes atrav?s da utiliza??o de um modelo que considere altera??es no crescimento que ocorram durante o ciclo de vida e atrav?s do cruzamento de diferentes informa??es sobre a biologia das esp?cies. Buscou-se o entendimento de rela??es entre o crescimento polif?sico e o atingimento da maturidade sexual, com a forma de migra??o, com os padr?es de ocupa??o de h?bitat e com as fam?lias as quais pertencem as esp?cies de estudo. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos atrav?s de duas frentes: (1) revis?o do banco de dados j? dispon?vel no Laborat?rio de Ecologia Aqu?tica da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) e (2) contato com pesquisadores de outras institui??es. Como produto final, obteve-se um banco de dados composto por 78 esp?cies divididas em 35 fam?lias, compondo uma matriz de 92.889 pontos. Os dados foram trabalhados sobre a plataforma estat?stica R, onde foi desenvolvido e aplicado um algoritmo automatizado para ajuste das equa??es. No total, 109 estimativas de peso-comprimento foram realizadas. De forma geral, as m?dias do coeficiente alom?trico foram ligeiramente maiores que 3, tanto para o modelo unif?sico de Huxley como para ambas as fases do modelo polif?sico, indicando alometria positiva. Foi poss?vel observar multi-modalidade na distribui??o de frequ?ncia de ! no modelo de Huxley, comportamento n?o identificado nas duas fases do modelo polif?sico. Foi identificada forte correla??o entre os Pontos de Mudan?a de Fase (SCP) e (1) os tamanhos m?ximos amostrados (r2 = 0,94), (2) estimativas de primeira matura??o (r2 = 0,93) e (3) comprimento de primeira matura??o (r2 = 0,96). Esse comportamento tamb?m foi identificado entre o comprimento de primeira matura??o e as estimativas de primeira matura??o (r2 = 0,97). Os pontos de mudan?a de fase foram superestimados em aproximadamente 15% quando comparados com as estimativas de primeira matura??o. As estimativas de primeira matura??o foram superestimadas em aproximadamente 5% quando cruzadas com os comprimentos de primeira matura??o. Foram identificados padr?es na distribui??o dos res?duos homoced?sticos para as esp?cies de ambientes l?ticos (p < 0,001) e l?nticos (p = 0,023) e diferen?a significativa no cruzamento entre os ambientes l?tico e ner?tico (p = 0,036). Com rela??o a forma de migra??o, foi identificado padr?o na distribui??o dos erro para as esp?cies potam?dromas (p < 0,001) e diferen?a significativa entre as esp?cies ocean?dromas e potam?dromas (p = 0,023). N?o foi encontrado qualquer tipo de padr?o ou tend?ncia entre os SCP e as estimativas de primeira matura??o quando separados por fam?lias. A aplica??o das ferramentas estat?sticas e computacionais desenvolvidas nesse trabalho torna poss?vel estabelecer importantes rela??es para melhorar o entendimento sobre o crescimento de peixes. Tendo em vista a facilidade de obten??o de dados de peso-comprimento, explorar matematicamente essas informa??es pode aumentar o entendimento das popula??es de interesse econ?mico e ecol?gico, permitindo uma constante atualiza??o e manuten??o de informa??es de gest?o ambiental e de pesca, al?m do controle de estoque.

The never ending argument among linguists and teachers about whether reading difficulties of the non native speakers of English are a reading problem or a language problem is an interesting study to start with. This was one of the questions examined in the study leading to the development of an ESP syllabus for undergraduate students at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Chapter One outlines the current English course at IPB where the focus of language teaching is on teaching grammar and reading. Chapter Two looks at the theoretical background and the development of ESP as well as the role of the ESP teachers which is different from the role of General English teachers. Since reading is the only target skill students need to acquire, Chapter Three looks at the theory of reading, outlines necessary reading skills and examines a 'good1 reading teacher. Chapter Four consists of a study and its analysis into whether difficulties in reading is a reading problem or a language problem. These findings are expected to give a clearer idea to the teachers of reading about the problems encountered by the students in reading English texts so they can decide whether the focus of the course should be on grammar development or reading development. Chapter Five discusses several types of syllabus as well as relating to the importance of needs analysis in designing a course, and suggests an outline syllabus for the IPB students i.e. the proportional syllabus including the profile of communication needs, aims and objectives of the course, language content, and the syllabus content.

That this field study report has been carried out originates from the fact that urgent remedies are needed to improve ESP testing in Vietnam. This field study report consists of five chapters as follows. Chapter one gives an overall picture of language testing in Vietnam, as well as dealing with the reasons why ESP testing should be improved. Chapter two covers questions such as the terminology in assessing (evaluation, assessment, and testing), role of testing, types of language tests, and main characteristics of a good test. Chapter three considers the problems concerning ESP, for example, a definition of ESP, ESP in the teaching learning process, ESP in Vietnam as well as ESP classification. Chapter four takes into consideration such questions as the theoretical background of ESP testing, proficiency tests in ESP testing, problems in ESP testing, ESP testing in Vietnam together with comments, and suggestions for improvements. Chapter five reconfirms the aim of this field study report - to improve ESP testing in Vietnam.