In today's world, most automobiles use Controller Area Network (CAN) bus for communication between various Electronic Control Units (ECUs), also called nodes on the CAN bus. Each ECU on the CAN bus is a microcontroller that sends a unique identifier used for node identification. It is possible to spoof node A by sending the same identifier through node B and thereby control node A. Thus, a hacker can control the steering using the car's internal lights and render it ineffective or misuse them. In order to combat this, we try to fingerprint each node by identifying its identifier's unique bit timing characteristics. To that extent, bit timing characteristics used are the Time of Flight (TOF) intervals between successive rising edges of identifier bits, for an ECU. Similarly, other characteristics such as TOF between successive falling edges of the CAN bus node identifier can also be used for node classification. In order to measure these TOFs, we use a device called Time-to-Digital Convertor, which essentially triggers a ring oscillator to measure time values between rising/falling edges of a signal, to the order of picosecond accuracy. These timing values are used as features into the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier algorithm. Once the classifier is trained, it can be used to predict a new timing value into a particular node category, which if different from the expected category is a sign of compromise or intrusion. It is seen that we achieve 95% accuracy of correctly predicting the compromised node under simulation tests. Thereafter, the thesis deals with experimentally predicting an intrusion in the CAN bus system utilizing EPOS Studio CAN bus position controller for Maxon motors. The clock timings being extremely accurate leads to the conclusion that employment of better statistical techniques for node characterization is needed for intrusion detection, which is outside the scope of this work. / Master of Science / In today’s world, most automobiles use Controller Area Network (CAN) bus for communication between various Electronic Control Units (ECUs), also called nodes on the CAN bus. These nodes can range from car headlights, radio, doors, internal lights to brakes, steering, throttle and much more. Each node on the CAN bus is a microcontroller which controls its proper operation. This also means that if a node is compromised using external hardware or a piece of software, it could be quite risky. Thus, a hacker can control the steering using the car’s internal lights and render it ineffective or misuse them. In order to combat this, we try to fingerprint each node by identifying its unique time domain characteristics. These characteristics can be the Time of Flight (TOF) measurement values between successive rising or falling edges of a node’s unique identifier, using an instrument called a Time-to-Digital convertor. Furthermore, these TOF values are used as features for the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier machine learning algorithm, which uniquely identifies signals coming from any of the fingerprinted nodes, thereby raising a flag if a message comes from an unidentified node. In addition, experimental data is obtained for node identifiers on the CAN bus, in digital form, and passed into a neural network (NN) for training the classifier. We achieve an 95% and 70% prediction accuracy for the KNN and NN classifiers respectively.

With technology and computers becoming more and more sophisticated and readily available, cars have followed suit by integrating more and more microcontrollers to handle tasks ranging from controlling the radio to the brakes and steering. Handling all of these separate processors is a communication system and protocol known as Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. While the CAN bus is a robust system for sending messages, allowing control of the car through the CAN bus presents an opportunity for an outside party to interfere with the operations of a car. Any number of different methods could be used to hack the bus and take control of a car, including hacking into the bus remotely, plugging a small device into the on-board diagnostics port to the CAN bus, or swapping an existing node on the CAN bus for one that has been tampered with. This presents obvious safety risks, so to guard against this possibility, this paper will present an algorithm designed to recognize nodes based on the noise content of their signal so that any messages coming from an improper source can be flagged as suspicious. The algorithm makes use of MATLAB and Python to perform various transformations on the data and calculate features of the noise in a signal. These features are then passed through a statistical analysis which provides each one a score for how much useful information it contains. The best performing features are run through both a multilayer perceptron neural network and a support vector machine, and the results are compared. Each algorithm gives strong prediction performance, with prediction accuracies of 99.9% and 99.8% for the neural network and support vector machine, respectively. / Master of Science

<p>Many products are built from more or less independently developed subsystems. For instance, a car consists of subsystems for transmission, braking, suspension, etc. These subsystems are frequently controlled by an embedded computer system. In the automotive industry, as well as in other application domains, there is currently a trend from an approach where subsystems have dedicated computer hardware and other resources (a federated approach) to an approach where subsystems share hardware and other resources (an integrated approach). This is motivated by a strong pressure to reduce product cost, at the same time as an increasing number of subsystems are being introduced.</p><p>When integrating subsystems, it is desirable that guarantees valid before integration are also valid after integration, since this would eliminate the need for costly reverifications. The computer network is a resource that is typically shared among all subsystems. Hence, a central issue when integrating subsystems is to provide an efficient scheduling of message transmissions on the network. There are essentially three families of schedulers that can be used: priority-driven schedulers that assign priorities to messages, time-driven schedulers that assign specific time-slots for transmission of specific messages, and share-driven schedulers that assign shares of the available network capacity to groups of messages.</p><p>This thesis presents a framework for share-driven scheduling, to be implemented and used in embedded networks, with the aim to facilitate subsystem integration by reducing the risk of interference between subsystems. The framework is applied in the automotive domain.</p><p>The initial parts of the thesis give an overview of systems, subsystems and network technologies found and used in the automotive domain. Then, the share-driven scheduling framework is presented, analytically investigated and proven, as well as evaluated in a simulation study. Finally it is shown how the framework is to be configured and used in the context of subsystem integration. The results show that the framework allows for flexible and efficient scheduling of messages with real-time constraints, facilitating integration of subsystems from a network point of view.</p>

Le domaine de l'instrumentation des capteurs est en constante évolution. Ce travail propose la conception des éléments clefs qui constituent les chaines d'instrumentations de capteurs d'aujourd'hui au travers de 3 applications concrètes. La première application est la mesure de vitesse et de position, par exemple dans un roulement. Nous présentons la conception et la réalisation d'un circuit analogique pour le conditionnement d'un capteur de type magnétorésistif. Ce capteur mesure le champ magnétique généré par les pôles magnétiques d'une roue codeuse. Le circuit est optimisé en bruit, en consommation et travaille sur une bande passante de plusieurs kHz. Pour compenser la dispersion des capteurs, le circuit permet des réglages d'offset et une calibration de gains. Il contient également une mémoire de type OTP (One Time Programmable Memory) qui sauvegarde les réglages associés au capteur. La deuxième application est la mesure de signaux de type EcoG afin d'interfacer le cerveau humain. Nous décrivons la conception et la réalisation d'un convertisseur Analogique/Numérique de type SAR. Il possède un convertisseur numérique analogique capacitif avec une capacité d'atténuation afin de réduire le nombre total de condensateur et ainsi la consommation. Le comparateur possède une entrée rail-to-rail et un système de préamplification avec auto zéro pour diminuer l'offset. Sa consommation est de 86µW pour une vitesse de 24Ks/S et 12bits de résolution. Enfin la troisième application est la mesure de pression stationnaire sur la voilure des avions afin d'en connaître les contraintes. Nous décrivons l'étude architecturale d'un convertisseur sigma-delta permettant d'atteindre une grande résolution pour des signaux de faible fréquence. Il sera de type incrémentale et répondra à des applications de type instrumentation de capteur. Sa résolution est de 16bits ENOB pour une fréquence maximale d'entrée de 100Hz et minimale de sortie d'1Ks/S. Le mode incrémental permettra d'obtenir une sortie en réponse à une requête de manière asynchrone. Une modélisation de chaque élément du système complet convertisseur plus capteur a été effectuée sous Matlab. L'étude de la partie filtrage numérique du convertisseur et l'optimisation de son implémentation numérique sont présentées. Cette étude architecturale complète aboutit au dimensionnement de chaque élément pour répondre au cahier des charges de l'application .

Thesis CSA syndrome in children, examines current issues of sexual abuse and its consequences. The theoretical section deals with the history of sexual abuse, contemporary view on this issue and the legal treatment of offenders and victims. Furthermore, thesis acquaints readers with various types of sexual abuse and marginally with commercial abuse. The aim of the research in the practical section of the thesis is to ascertain the level of awarness of students in this issues, together with their own personal experience concerning sexual abuse and whether they have any sexually abused person in their vicinity. The quantitative research was conducted at the elementary school Drtinova.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-15T12:50:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 459184.pdf: 3372984 bytes, checksum: f95d84268f7f98a3256c1f12738898ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / Research of ecclesial law. The aim is to gather, analyze and interpret informations about the relationship between church and canon law. Bibliographic methodology is used. The understanding of ecclesial law is based in two pillars: the conception of Church and the concept of law. The beginning point is the new ecclesial perception manifested at the Vatican Council II. The privileged optic is the one of the legal realism. Law understood as justice object. The structure of the dissertation comprises three parts. The first comprises ecclesiological elements of the dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium. It privileges notions of sacrament and of communio. The second presents the principal currents of canonic law in the actual context: the theological, the pastoral and the juridicial. The third compares canon law, seen as that which is just in the church, Christ body, temple of the Holy Spirit, people of God. The research finishes with an exposition about the epistemological statute of the canonic science. The diversity of approaches from the different schools of canonic law is an expression of a healthy liberty in theological research. Its approaches are complementary. The theological dimension of canonic science allows the canonist meet demands of ecclesial justice beginning with Revelation data received through the faith light and misinterpreted by the conciliation teaching. Using the concept of law, in agreement with the judicial realism and the ecclesiology of the Vatican Council II, it is possible to overcome the conception that Church and canonic law are realities conversely extrinsic. / Pesquisa de direito eclesial. O objetivo ? reunir, analisar e interpretar informa??es acerca da rela??o entre Igreja e direito can?nico. A metodologia ? bibliogr?fica. A compreens?o do direito eclesial se assenta sobre dois pilares: a concep??o de Igreja e o conceito de direito. O ponto de partida ? a nova consci?ncia eclesial manifestada no Conc?lio Vaticano II. A ?tica privilegiada ? a do realismo jur?dico. O direito entendido como objeto da justi?a. A estrutura da disserta??o compreende tr?s partes. A primeira re?ne elementos eclesiol?gicos da Constitui??o dogm?tica Lumen Gentium. Privilegia as no??es de sacramento e de communio. A segunda apresenta as principais correntes da ci?ncia do direito can?nico no contexto atual: a teol?gica, a pastoral e a jur?dica. A terceira confronta o direito can?nico, entendido como aquilo que ? justo na Igreja, com os diversos aspectos teol?gicos do mist?rio da Igreja: sacramento, comunh?o, corpo de Cristo, templo do Esp?rito Santo, povo de Deus. A pesquisa ? conclu?da com uma exposi??o sobre o estatuto epistemol?gico da ci?ncia can?nica. A diversidade de abordagens das diferentes escolas de direito can?nico ? express?o de uma saud?vel liberdade de pesquisa teol?gica. Seus enfoques s?o complementares. A dimens?o teol?gica da ci?ncia can?nica permite ao canonista conhecer as exig?ncias de justi?a eclesiais, a partir dos dados da Revela??o recebidos ? luz da f? e interpretados pelo magist?rio conciliar. Mediante o conceito de direito segundo o realismo jur?dico e a eclesiologia do Conc?lio Vaticano II, ? poss?vel superar a concep??o segundo a qual a Igreja e o direito can?nico s?o realidades mutuamente extr?nsecas.

<p>Den här rapporten beskriver ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörsexamen i datorteknik vid Växjö universitet. Vid företaget BSR i Växjö pågår utvecklingen av ett diagnosverktyg benämt BSR Diagnostic Tool. Syftet med projektet är att kunna använda en hårdvaruklass som kommunikationsdel istället för diagnosverktyg från de olika biltillverkarna. Inom objektorienterad programmering är en klass ett avsnitt programkod som samlar en mängd relaterade attributer och funktioner för ett objekt. I rapporten beskrivs implementeringen av hårdvaruklassen samt tillhörande teori för kommunikationsbussen som används, nämligen CAN. BSR har redovisat vilka funktioner som bör finnas med i klassen genom att göra ett diagram med dessa. Målet i första hand var att få en fungerande kommunikation med styrenheter i en Saab. Testning har skett genom ett enkelt testprogram som ger möjlighet att skicka en fråga och få tillbaka ett svar från en styrenhet i fordonet genom hårdvaruklassen. Utvecklingen av systemet har skett med hjälp av programspråket C# och utvecklingsmiljön .NET. Företagets representanter var nöjda med resultatet då det utgör en bra grund för vidareutvecklingen av BSR Diagnostic Tool.</p> / <p>This abstract describes the bachelor degree thesis in computer technology at Växjö University. At the company BSR in Växjö, Sweden there is a new project under development called BSR Diagnostic Tool. The main idea is to use a hardware class for communication instead of the diagnostic tools that are provided by the car manufactures. In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct that is used as a blueprint to create objects. The task was to implement this hardware class which will handle the communication between a computer and the control units in the vehicles. The report also includes a big theoretical part about the communication bus that is used, CAN. The objective was to create the class and make it communicate successfully with a Saab. The testing of the class was done with a simple program. The program can send a question to the vehicle and retrieve an answer with help of the hardware class. BSR provided a diagram with functions that should be present. The development of the system was done using C# and .NET Environment. The company was satisfied with the results since they provided a good basis to further development of BSR Diagnostic Tool.</p>

Many products are built from more or less independently developed subsystems. For instance, a car consists of subsystems for transmission, braking, suspension, etc. These subsystems are frequently controlled by an embedded computer system. In the automotive industry, as well as in other application domains, there is currently a trend from an approach where subsystems have dedicated computer hardware and other resources (a federated approach) to an approach where subsystems share hardware and other resources (an integrated approach). This is motivated by a strong pressure to reduce product cost, at the same time as an increasing number of subsystems are being introduced. When integrating subsystems, it is desirable that guarantees valid before integration are also valid after integration, since this would eliminate the need for costly reverifications. The computer network is a resource that is typically shared among all subsystems. Hence, a central issue when integrating subsystems is to provide an efficient scheduling of message transmissions on the network. There are essentially three families of schedulers that can be used: priority-driven schedulers that assign priorities to messages, time-driven schedulers that assign specific time-slots for transmission of specific messages, and share-driven schedulers that assign shares of the available network capacity to groups of messages. This thesis presents a framework for share-driven scheduling, to be implemented and used in embedded networks, with the aim to facilitate subsystem integration by reducing the risk of interference between subsystems. The framework is applied in the automotive domain. The initial parts of the thesis give an overview of systems, subsystems and network technologies found and used in the automotive domain. Then, the share-driven scheduling framework is presented, analytically investigated and proven, as well as evaluated in a simulation study. Finally it is shown how the framework is to be configured and used in the context of subsystem integration. The results show that the framework allows for flexible and efficient scheduling of messages with real-time constraints, facilitating integration of subsystems from a network point of view.

Bakgrund och problem:         Målstyrning, som utvecklades inom den privata sektorn, blev som en följd av New Public Management (NPM) ett vanligt styrsätt inom svenska kommunorganisationer redan i början av 1990-talet. Skillnader i förutsättningarna mellan privata och offentliga organisationer har sedan dess gjort att det funnits svårigheter att tillämpa styrsättet. Tidigare forskning har identifierat problem i form av målträngsel, målformulering, mätbarhet och uppföljning. Studier som fokuserat på beslut i kommunorganisationer har bland annat tittat på tjänstemanna- kontra politikerrollen och individernas egenskaper. I den här studien dockas de båda områdena samman då beslut under kommunala organisationers målprocesser studeras med särskilt fokus på individers påverkan på besluten. Forskningsfråga:                        Hur påverkar individer i en kommunorganisation, i praktiken, de beslut om mål och delmål som förekommer under målstyrda arbeten? Och varför ser påverkan ut som den gör? Syfte:                                              Syftet med studien är att förklara individers påverkan på beslut om mål och delmål under ett målstyrt arbete i en kommunorganisation, detta för att skapa en helhetsbild som ökar den totala förståelsen för målarbeten i dessa organisationer. Teoretisk referensram:           Studien koncentreras kring individers påverkan på beslut, genom att ta utgångspunkt i den vidareutvecklade Garbage-Can-teorins begrepp; problem, lösningar, tid, engagemang och möjligheternas fönster. Samtliga delar inriktas på målstyrda kommunorganisationers förutsättningar, genom att de beskrivs med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning kring NPM, målstyrning samt individers roller och egenskaper. Ett praktikteoretiskt perspektiv används för att länka samman delarna till en förklarande helhet. Metod:                                           Arbetet har genomförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie och empiriinsamlingen har i första hand gjorts genom direkta observationer under mötestillfällen i en kommunal målprocess. Slutsatser:                                    Studien har visat att individer i målstyrda kommunorganisationer påverkar beslut om mål och delmål genom att argumentera för olika problem och lösningar och agera med skiftande tidsinsats och engagemang. Detta i sin påverkan av målförslagen, arbetsfördelningen och beslutsprocessen. Att påverkan ser ut på detta sätt beror enligt vår studie på att den, tillsammans med den sociala värld där den ägt rum, är en del av en ömsesidigt grundläggande helhet. Den sociala verkligheten är formad av flera strukturella och politiska förutsättningar som både påverkas av individerna och som påverkar dem. / Background and problems:   Management by objectives was developed in the private sector and became, with the help of New Public Management (NPM), a commonly used mode of control in Swedish municipalities in the early 1990s. Different prerequisites between private and public organizations have made the implementation problematic all from the beginning. Previous research has identified problems with goal inflation, goal writing, measurability and monitoring. Studies of decision making in municipal organizations has focused on the roles of officials and politicians and the characteristics of these individuals. This study brings the two areas together by focusing on decisions during municipal goal processes and the impact of the individuals on the decisions made in these processes. Research question:                   How do the individuals in a municipal organization, in practice, affect the decisions of objectives that occur during work managed by objectives? And why does the affect appear this way? Purpose:                                        The purpose of this study is to explain the individual’s impact on objectives set for a municipal work managed by objectives; this will help to create an overall picture that increases the understanding of goal processes in this kind of organizations. Frame of reference:                 The study concentrates on individual’s impact on decisions by starting off from the concepts of the extended Garbage Can theory; problems, solutions, time, dedication and windows of opportunity. By being described in relation to previous research of NPM, MBO and the roles and characteristics of individuals, these components where oriented towards the conditions of a municipal organization managed by objectives. Practice Theory has been used to link the concepts together to a holistic explanation. Method:                                        This study was made as a qualitative case study where the empirical data collection where made primarily through direct observations during meetings in a municipal goal process. Conclusions    The study has shown that individuals in municipal organizations managed by objectives affect decisions of objectives by arguing in favor of different problems and solutions and acting with shifting time effort and dedication. This in their effect on the suggested objectives, the division of labor and the decision process. According to this study, the affect appears this way because it is, together with the social world that surrounds it, a part of a mutual constitution. The social world is formed by both structural and political conditions that are being affected by the individuals as well as they affect them.

The aim of this thesis was to monitor the school community's awareness about the issue Syndrome CAN and the ability and willingness of teachers to solve such situations. The theoretical part was focused on the characteristics of the CAN syndrome, its forms, manifestations and causes. This part was also given to the legislation and prevention. The research was attended by a total of 148 teachers of kindergartens and elementary schools situated in South Bohemia and Highland. Four hypotheses were defined for the research purposes, three of them: 1/"the educational community admits that the availability of information about the syndrome CAN should be improved",2/"if the teachers knew about incidents of violence, neglect or abuse of a child they would be willing to solve this situation and not 3/"the teachers are not fully confident that they could recognize the symptoms of the syndrome CAN", were confirmed. The hypothesis that the teachers know how to deal with the situation when the violence, neglect or child abuse is revealed wasn´t confirmed. According to the research the teachers are not convinced or do not know how to deal with the situation when they are confronted with abused or neglected child. The data were statistically processed and evaluated.