A variety of new features have been added in the present-day vehicles like a pre-crash warning, the vehicle to vehicle communication, semi-autonomous driving systems, telematics, drive by wire. They demand very high bandwidth from in-vehicle networks. Various electronic control units present inside the automotive transmit useful information via automotive multiplexing. Automotive multiplexing allows sharing information among various intelligent modules inside an automotive electronic system. Optimum functionality is achieved by transmitting this data in real time. The high bandwidth and high-speed requirement can be achieved either by using multiple buses or by implementing higher bandwidth. But, by doing so the cost of the network and the complexity of the wiring in the vehicle increases. Another option is to implement higher layer protocol which can reduce the amount of data transferred by using data reduction (DR) techniques, thus reducing the bandwidth usage. The implementation cost is minimal as only the changes are required in the software and not in hardware. In our work, we present a new data reduction algorithm termed as “Comprehensive Data Reduction (CDR)” algorithm. The proposed algorithm is used for minimization of the bus utilization of CAN bus for a future vehicle. The reduction in the busload was efficiently made by compressing the parameters; thus, more number of messages and lower priority messages can be efficiently sent on the CAN bus. The proposed work also presents a performance analysis of proposed algorithm with the boundary of fifteen compression algorithm, and Compression area selection algorithms (Existing Data Reduction Algorithm). The results of the analysis show that proposed CDR algorithm provides better data reduction compared to earlier proposed algorithms. The promising results were obtained in terms of reduction in bus utilization, compression efficiency, and percent peak load of CAN bus. This Reduction in the bus utilization permits to utilize a larger number of network nodes (ECU’s) in the existing system without increasing the overall cost of the system. The proposed algorithm has been developed for automotive environment, but it can also be utilized in any applications where extensive information transmission among various control units is carried out via a multiplexing bus.

Den här rapporten beskriver ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörsexamen i datorteknik vid Växjö universitet. Vid företaget BSR i Växjö pågår utvecklingen av ett diagnosverktyg benämt BSR Diagnostic Tool. Syftet med projektet är att kunna använda en hårdvaruklass som kommunikationsdel istället för diagnosverktyg från de olika biltillverkarna. Inom objektorienterad programmering är en klass ett avsnitt programkod som samlar en mängd relaterade attributer och funktioner för ett objekt. I rapporten beskrivs implementeringen av hårdvaruklassen samt tillhörande teori för kommunikationsbussen som används, nämligen CAN. BSR har redovisat vilka funktioner som bör finnas med i klassen genom att göra ett diagram med dessa. Målet i första hand var att få en fungerande kommunikation med styrenheter i en Saab. Testning har skett genom ett enkelt testprogram som ger möjlighet att skicka en fråga och få tillbaka ett svar från en styrenhet i fordonet genom hårdvaruklassen. Utvecklingen av systemet har skett med hjälp av programspråket C# och utvecklingsmiljön .NET. Företagets representanter var nöjda med resultatet då det utgör en bra grund för vidareutvecklingen av BSR Diagnostic Tool. / This abstract describes the bachelor degree thesis in computer technology at Växjö University. At the company BSR in Växjö, Sweden there is a new project under development called BSR Diagnostic Tool. The main idea is to use a hardware class for communication instead of the diagnostic tools that are provided by the car manufactures. In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct that is used as a blueprint to create objects. The task was to implement this hardware class which will handle the communication between a computer and the control units in the vehicles. The report also includes a big theoretical part about the communication bus that is used, CAN. The objective was to create the class and make it communicate successfully with a Saab. The testing of the class was done with a simple program. The program can send a question to the vehicle and retrieve an answer with help of the hardware class. BSR provided a diagram with functions that should be present. The development of the system was done using C# and .NET Environment. The company was satisfied with the results since they provided a good basis to further development of BSR Diagnostic Tool.

I många organisationer är minskade utbildningskostnader ett av de viktiga skälen för att använda e-learning. En av de metoder som används för detta är att dela inlärningsmaterial och information mellan olika system. På så sätt behöver samma material inte skapas om på nytt och analys av insamlad information blir mycket enklare. Sharable Object Reference Model (SCORM) har länge varit en standard för att återanvända inlärningsmaterial, men har med tiden blivit förlegad. E-learning utvecklas tillsammans med teknik och interaktions-möjligheter. Surfplattor och smartphones blir allt vanligare och interaktion för inlärning kan idag ske via flera olika medier som exempelvis film, virtuella världar och sociala nätverk. För att möjliggöra och förenkla insamling av information från nya tekniker och interaktioner har en ny standard utvecklats kallad Tin Can API som lyfter flera restriktioner från SCORM. I detta projekt undersöks Tin Can API för att ta reda på hur den fungerar och hur standarden kan användas för att komplettera SCORM. En implementation har gjorts i ett befintligt e-learningsystem vid namn esTracer för att möjliggöra insamling och sändning av inlärningsinformation till externa system. Projektet visar hur man kan implementera Tin Can API i ett existerande e-learningsystem samt hur problemet för inställningar kan lösas. Ett antal användargränssnitt skapades för att låta esTracer-kunder bestämma var och när i svarflödet information ska skickas samt vad som ska skickas. Möjlighet för insamling av bestämd information implementerades sedan i svarsflödet samt en schemalagd applikation för att skicka insamlad information. / In many organizations, reduced training costs are one of the important reasons for using e-learning. One of the methods used for this is to share learning materials and information between different e-learning systems. This way, the same material does not have to be recreated over and over again and analysis of collected information becomes much easier. Sharable Object Reference Model (SCORM) has long been a standard for reusing learning materials, but has gradually become obsolete. E-learning has evolved with modern technology and interaction. Tablets and smartphones are becoming more common and learning interactions today can, for example, consist of films, virtual worlds and social networks. To enable and simplify collection of information from new technologies and interactions, a new standard was developed called Tin Can API. This new standard lifts many restrictions from SCORM. In this project the Tin Can API is investigated to find out how it works and how the standard can be used to supplement SCORM. An implementation has been made to an existing e-learning system called esTracer to enable the collection and transmission of learning information to external systems. The project shows a way to implement the Tin Can API into an existing e-learning system, and how the problem of settings can be solved. A number of user interfaces were created to allow esTracer customers to decide where and when information should be sent and what to send. Ability to collect this information and send it via a scheduled application was also implemented.

The thesis deals with the design, realisation and functional verification of an electronic cruise control unit. Required inputs, outputs and controller of the control unit are identified first. The design and layout of the electronical components, including the processor, power supply and other necessary hardware is discussed. The algorithm for the control unit is developed in C/C++ and thoroughly analysed. The functionality of the cruise control unit equipped with the algorithm is verified through a case study performed on a combustion engine.

Presented Diploma thesis is aimed on design and implementation of car diagnostic interface of engine control units EDC. Diagnostic interface provide communication between car and computer by USB interface. User will be able to task commands by developed computer application. For developing application is necessary to get information about used protocols and basic knowledge in car’s hardware. Understanding OBD2 standard and communication protocol CAN, eventually KWP is necessary for design the solution. Main purpose of this thesis is to store enough usable information about car diagnostic for future continuation.

In this thesis, an analysis of CAN-bus physical layer implementation in Volvo Wheel Loaders is made. The study addresses questions on how to achieve modular and scalable bus designs from a harness installation viewpoint. Strategies for designing systems to work for a variety of different machine configurations while minimizing part numbers and manual work in factory plants are investigated. Special consideration was taken to the regulating CAN standards to find feasible solutions that fulfills the design requirements in the standards. It was identified that modularity and scalability can be achieved in many ways. As a result of this, different solutions are presented that can be used to promote modularity and scalability of CAN-buses. The solutions are divided into sub solutions and are categorized into topology strategies and termination strategies. By combining different sub solutions when designing a CAN-bus, one can achieve different levels of modularity and scalability in their system.

Inspired by the idea of vision zero, there is a lot of work that needs to be done in the field of advance driver assistance systems to develop more safer systems. Driver intention detection with a prediction of upcoming behavior of the driver is one possible solution to reduce the fatalities in road traffic. Driver intention detection provides an early warning of the driver's behavior to an Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and at the same time reduces the risk of non-essential warnings. This will significantly reduce the problem of warning dilemma and the system will become more safer. A driving maneuver prediction can be regarded as an implementation of driver's behavior. So the aim of this thesis is to determine the driver's intention by early prediction of a driving maneuver using Controller Area Network (CAN) bus data. The focus of this thesis is to optimize and further develop an algorithm for driver intention detection with fuzzy logic and edit distance method. At first the basics concerning driver's intention detection are described as there exists different ways to determine it. This work basically uses CAN bus data to determine a driver's intention. The algorithm overview with the design parameters are described next to have an idea about the functioning of the algorithm. Then different implementation tasks are explained for optimization and further development of the algorithm. The main aim to execute these implementation tasks is to improve the overall performance of the algorithm concerning True Positive Rate (TPR), False Positive Rate (FPR) and earliness values. At the end, the results are validated to check the algorithm performance with different possibilities and a test drive is performed to evaluate the real time capability of the algorithm. Lastly the use of driver intention detection algorithm for an ADAS to make it more safer is described in details. The early warning information can be feed to an ADAS, for example, an automatic collision avoidance or a lane change assistance ADAS to further improve safety for these systems.

A ship’s communication system serves as a vital infrastructure to host real-time applications,facilitating the transmission of crucial data, including sensor readings and control commands. Theexpansive dimensions of a ship necessitate a complex network of cables in an analogue hardwiredsetup, stretching from the bridge to the machinery. However, this reliance on multiple cables introduces logistical challenges and vulnerabilities within the system architecture. This thesis establishesa systematic approach for transitioning ship control systems from traditional analogue hardwiredconfigurations to more efficient Controller Area Network (CAN) bus-based systems. CAN is amulti-master communication protocol that enables multiple controllers to communicate with eachother without a host computer, making it particularly suitable for complex environments. While alternative networking options such as Ethernet or wireless networks are available, CAN emerges as acost-effective and robust communication solution suited for maritime environments. The transitionto CAN-based systems not only prolongs the ship’s operational lifespan but can also enhance fuelefficiency and reduce environmental impact. Ensuring a seamless transition requires careful consideration of safety and functionality equivalent to legacy systems. Extensive research into suitablecommunication buses, CAN protocols, and scheduling algorithms is essential. By exploring Controller Area Network with Flexible Data-Rate (CAN FD) as a complement to CAN 2.0, the tool offersmultiple solutions, with the optimal choice contingent upon various parameters. A comprehensive tool has been developed to facilitate the safe migration from hardwired systems to CAN-basedsolutions. This tool enables the mapping of signals to messages, priority assignment using various algorithms, including Audsley’s optimal priority assignment algorithm, and real-time analysis.This work will assist in the transition by presenting diverse solutions, clearly outlining deadlines,identifying potential misses, and recommending the most effective combination of methods.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική αναπτύσσεται συσκευή ανάγνωσης των δεδομένων του διαύλου CAN (CAN - controller area network - bus) με σκοπό τη λήψη δεδομένων για την τεχνική διάγνωση βλαβών και τη λήψη δεδομένων τηλεμετρίας σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Η διεπαφή μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την εξαγωγή δεδομένων που βοηθούν στην έγκαιρη διάγνωση βλαβών πριν αυτές εξελιχθούν σε κοστοβόρες, στη μελέτη της λειτουργίας του αυτοκινήτου σε πραγματικό χρόνο για την επιβεβαίωση της καλής λειτουργίας του ή για τη συγκέντρωση στοιχείων για τη βελτίωση των επιδόσεών του κλπ. Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής, υλοποιείται συσκευή ανάγνωσης η οποία χρησιμοποιεί τα πρωτόκολλα επικοινωνίας που υποστηρίζονται από τη διεπαφή OBD-II ώστε να συλλέγει δεδομένα από τους διαύλους αυτοκινήτων και να τα αποστέλλει σε συνοδευτικό λογισμικό το οποίο αναλαμβάνει την παρουσίασή τους και την περαιτέρω επεξεργασία τους για την εξαγωγή χρήσιμων πληροφοριών και συμπερασμάτων. / In this thesis a scan tool is developed for vehicles' CAN buses (CAN - controller area network - bus) in order to obtain data for fault diagnosis and receiving telemetry data in real time. The interface can be used to export data to help in diagnosing faults before they become costly, to study the function of the car in real time, to confirm proper operation or to gather data for improving performance etc. In this thesis an OBD scanner is developed that uses the communication protocols supported by OBD-II interface in order to collect data from car buses and sends it to a bundled software for presentation and further processing for extracting useful information and draw further conclusions.

É apresentada uma metodologia para descrever o mapa de desempenho (ou mapa de consumo de combustível) de um motor de combustão interna como função de suas condições de operação (rotação e torque) baseados em medições embarcadas. É utilizada para este levantamento a combinação de medições via GPS (para a velocidade longitudinal e inclinação de pista) e OBD-II para aquisição de sinais da rede CAN, como rotação do motor e consumo de combustível. É desenvolvida uma metodologia para o cálculo do torque líquido do motor baseado na medição de velocidade e aceleração longitudinal do veículo com uma margem de incerteza de 2% a 5% no cálculo do torque em condições normais de operações. É realizado um detalhamento da origem das incertezas para avaliar a contribuição individual de cada parâmetro. Um modelo de regressão polinomial é utilizado para descrever o mapa de consume de combustível do motor cujos coeficientes característicos são determinados experimentalmente através da metodologia proposta para cinco veículos diferentes a fim de comprovar a eficácia da metodologia. Os coeficientes de correlação variam de 0.797 a 0.997, sendo que em três de cinco veículos o coeficiente de correlação é maior que 0.910, comprovando a robustez da metodologia. / It is presented a methodology to describe the engine performance map (or the engine fuel map) for an internal combustion engine as a function of its operating conditions (engine speed and torque) based on on-board measurements. It is used a combination of GPS measurements for vehicle speed and road grade together with a OBD-II acquisition system in order to acquire information provided by CAN network, such as engine speed and fuel consumption. A methodology to calculate the engine torque based on speed and acceleration measurements is shown with an average uncertainty in the range of 2% to 5% for torque calculation in normal operating conditions. It is presented a detailed breakdown of the contribution of individual parameters in torque calculation uncertainty. A polynomial regression model to describe the engine fuel map is presented and the coefficients for this model is calculated based on on-road measurements for 5 different vehicles to prove the accuracy of the proposed methodology. The correlation coefficients obtained for these measurements are within the range of 0.797 to 0.997 and three out of five vehicles with correlation coefficient higher than 0.910, proving the methodology robust.