La connaissance de l’exposition des personnes aux champs électromagnétiques radiofréquences, pour le public ou pour les professionnels, est encore aujourd’hui très parcellaire. Deux problématiques sont encore mal connues:• La connaissance des usages des objets communicants, en évolution constante et rapide,• L'estimation de l'impact potentiel que pourraient avoir ces nouvelles technologies sur l'environnement.Ce document est une synthèse des travaux de recherche conduits pour affiner les questions de compatibilité électromagnétique et d’exposition des personnes. Dans ce contexte, il a fallu évaluer, caractériser et définir les paramètres les plus importants des signaux rayonnés ou des niveaux des champs électromagnétiques émis par les dispositifs mettant en œuvre les technologies émergentes. Dans cette étude, on s’est également intéressé à des problématiques connexes comme l’exposition des personnes aux champs électromagnétiques de très basses fréquences induits par des lignes à très haute tension ou aux émissions rayonnées par des équipements domestiques intégrant des dispositifs électroniques potentiellement rayonnants. Il comprend également, une synthèse de tous les résultats obtenus à partir d'études de cas concrets, tant sur le plan des connaissances détaillées de la compatibilité électromagnétique des systèmes nouveaux ou émergents que sur la problématique de l’exposition des personnes. Enfin, des solutions ont été proposées, pouvant permettre d’améliorer les connaissances des signaux et des impacts potentiels par des modifications de normes, par la prise en compte de nouveaux paramètres plus pertinents, ou par la modification de procédures d’étalonnage de systèmes utilisés pour caractériser l’exposition. / The knowledge of human exposure, either general public or occupational, to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, is still incomplete. Two issues are yet to be addressed:• Knowledge of the uses of communicating objects that are ever changing,• The evaluation of the potential impact that these new technologies could have on the environment.This document provides a synthesis of studies conducted to address the issues of electromagnetic compatibility and human exposure. In this context, it was necessary to evaluate, to characterize and to define the most relevant parameters of the radiated signals or the levels of electromagnetic fields emitted by devices that implement these emerging technologies. We additionally examined related issues such as exposure to electromagnetic fields at very low frequencies induced by high-voltage lines or emissions from domestic equipment integrating potentially radiating electronic devices. It also includes a summary of all results obtained from actual case studies, in terms of the knowledge of both the detailed electromagnetic compatibility of new or emerging systems and human exposure. Finally, solutions have been proposed that can help to improve the knowledge of signals and potential impacts, through updates of either current standards by taking into account more relevant new parameters or modification of calibration procedures of the instrumentation employed to characterize the exposure.

Le Bisphénol A (BPA) est un perturbateur endocrinien dont les effets développementaux observés chez les rongeurs soulèvent la question du risque pour la santé humaine relatif à une exposition fœtale au BPA. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les mécanismes toxicocinétiques impliqués dans l’exposition fœtale au BPA. La caractérisation in vivo dans un modèle intégratif ovin des expositions maternelles et fœtales au BPA et à ses métabolites ont permis d’identifier le transfert placentaire et le métabolisme fœto-placentaire comme les déterminants majeurs de l’exposition fœtale au BPA. Le transfert bidirectionnel du BPA à travers le placenta humain se fait par diffusion passive conduisant à un rapport maximal des concentrations plasmatiques de BPA libre entre le fœtus et sa mère de 1. En revanche, la perméabilité placentaire du BPA-G est très limitée, en particulier dans le sens materno-fœtal. Les activités de conjugaison hépatique du BPA ont été faibles chez le fœtus ovin à un stade précoce de gestation et ont augmenté au cours du développement. Par ailleurs la réactivation des conjugués du BPA mise en évidence ex vivo dans les gonades fœtales ovines pourrait conduire à une exposition locale au BPA actif. L’ensemble de ces données suggère que le début de la gestation pourrait représenter une fenêtre critique d’exposition au BPA / Bisphenol A (BPA) an endocrine disruptor interfering with developmental processes in rodents, raises the question of risk for human health related to fetal exposure to BPA. The goal of this work was to determine the toxicokinetic mechanisms involved in fetal exposure to BPA. The disposition of BPA and its metabolites in the maternal-placental-fetal unit in an in vivo ovine model enabled us to identify the placental transfer and the fetal-placental metabolism as the major determining factors of fetal exposure to BPA. Bidirectional placental transfer of BPA occurs by passive diffusion leading to a ratio of free BPA between the fetal and maternal plasma concentrations of about 1. By contrast, the permeability of BPA-G is very limited, particularly in materno-to-fetal direction. The hepatic conjugation activities were very low in ovine fetus at an early stage of development and increased throughout pregnancy. Hydrolysis of BPA conjugates observed ex vivo into fetal ovine gonads could lead to local exposure to native BPA. Altogether, these results suggest that the early stage of pregnancy is a critical window of exposure for the developing fetus

La relation entre exposition sonore environnementale et performance scolaire a été étudiée auprès des 900 élèves scolarisés en CE2 en 2006-2007 dans les écoles publiques de la ville de Besançon (120 000 habitants). Un questionnaire, complété par les familles de 724 élèves a permis de localiser les habitations et recueillir les facteurs associés à leur réussite ou échec scolaire.L'exposition sonore de cette population a été évaluée par deux approches complémentaires : une campagne de mesure, conduite au domicile de 44 enfants pendant 8 jours consécutifs (niveaux sonores intra- et extra-domiciliaires) ; une carte stratégique de bruit, à l'échelle de la ville (niveaux sonores en façade des écoles et du domicile de chacun des élèves). Ces niveaux sonores ont été confrontés aux résultats obtenus lors des évaluations diagnostiques de l'Education nationale, organisées à l'entrée en CE2, à l'aide de modèles de régressions linéaires multi-niveaux. Un lien significatif entre niveau d'exposition sonore en façade de l'école et baisse des scores obtenus en français et mathématiques a été mis en évidence, y compris après ajustement sur les facteurs de confusion. La tendance est similaire entre niveau sonore en façade du domicile et score en français, bien qu'en limite de signification après ajustement sur les cofacteurs.Ce travail s'inscrit dans une démarche pluridisciplinaire d'évaluation du risque environnemental, avec un accent particulier porté sur l'évaluation de l'exposition. L'évaluation de l'impact des nuisances sonores sur la santé est d'autant plus importante que l'exposition sonore environnementale concerne une large part de la population, en Europe et dans le monde / The aim of this thesis was to quantify children's exposure to environmental ambient noise at home and at school and to assess the relation between noise exposure and school performance of 8-9 year-old-schoolchildren. This study was conducted among the 900 children living in a 120, 000 inhabitants city and attending one of the 35 public primary schools in key stage 2, year 4 in 2006-2007. Questionnaires were distributed to the families to locate the children's home and collect data on potential confounding factors associated with school achievement or failure. These questionnaires were completed by 724 families living in the city.A noise measurement campaign was performed at the residence of 44 randomly sampled schoolchildren (outdoor and indoor noise levels during one week) and a strategic noise map was built at the city scale to calculate the outdoor environmental ambient noise levels at home and at school. These noise levels were compared with the children's school performance at the national standardised assessment test in French and mathematics. A linear exposure-effect relation between noise exposure at school and impaired Mathematics score was found after adjustment for confounding factors. Furthermore, both the ambient noise exposure at school and at home individually considered were found to be associated with an impaired children French performance.This study mainly focused on the assessment of the noise exposure in an urban area. The magnitude of the effect we observed on school performance may seem to be modest, but, when considering the number of people potentially chronically exposed to similar environmental noise levels, this effect may be of importance.

O foco dessa dissertação é a Exposição Histórica do Brasil organizada no interior da Exposição do Mundo Português, em Lisboa, no ano de 1940, quando Oliveira Salazar decidiu comemorar os centenários da fundação de Portugal (1139) e o da Restauração (1640). A Exposição brasileira foi orientada e executada sob a direção de Gustavo Barroso, enviado a Portugal como um dos delegados do Brasil à Exposição do Mundo Português e como Diretor do Museu Histórico Nacional. Ao propor a Exposição Histórica do Brasil como tema, pretendeu-se compreendê-la como expressão de uma forma específica de reconstituir o passado do Brasil, tentando inseri-la no contexto cultural e político do período, contribuindo para o entendimento do modo pelo qual se configurou, na época, uma escrita da História do Brasil, simultaneamente, incrustada no Museu Histórico Nacional e no espaço dos eventos ocorridos em Portugal. / The focus of this essay is the Historical Exposition of Brazil organized inside the Exhibition of the Portuguese World, in Lisbon, in 1940, when Oliveira Salazar decided to celebrate the centenary of Portugal foundation (1139) and of the Restoration (1640). The Brazilian Exposition was guided and carried out by the lead of Gustavo Barroso, who was sent to Portugal as one of the Brazilian representatives in the Exhibition of the Portuguese World and as the Curator of the National Historical Museum. In proposing the Historical Exposition of Brazil as a theme, the intention was to understand it as an expression of a specific way of reconstituting the past of Brazil, trying to insert it in the political and cultural context of the time, contributing to the understanding of how it configured, at the time, a writing of the History of Brazil, simultaneously, incrusted in the National Historical Museum and in the area where the events took place in Portugal.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-21T13:55:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joaquim Neto de Sousa Santos.pdf: 1864983 bytes, checksum: e70ed9f5ee68c8f365819e496dbb0176 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joaquim Neto de Sousa Santos.pdf: 1864983 bytes, checksum: e70ed9f5ee68c8f365819e496dbb0176 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq, Brasil. / Morphodynamism, extratification and seasonality are among the main factor to influence the composition and abundance of the macroinfauna in sandy beaches. The macroinfauna of two sandy beaches were sampled between winter-2005 and summer-2006 during low tide; one beach was protected (Flamengo beach) located in Guanabara bay, and the other was exposed to waves in the oceanic zone (Grumari beach). The hypothesis that the physical characteristics of the beaches determine the difference in composition and relative abundance of the macroinfauna was tested. Flamengo beach was characterized as dissipative and had comparatively higher t?xon richenes and lower biomass, when compared with Grumari beach that was classsified as reflective. In Flamengo beaches, higher abundance was recordded for Enoploides sp, and Emerita brasiliensis, whereas in Grumari beach Sacocirrus sp and E. brasiliensis were the most abundant taxons. The beaches showed highe dissimilarity in composition and relative abundance of the taxons (91.75%). Sacocirrus sp, Enoploides sp, Dispio uncinata, Scolelepis goodbobyi and E. brasiliensis explained 63.70% of the dissimilarity between the two beaches. In both beaches, we observed extratification in occurence and abundance of the macroinfauna in two seasons. Emerita brasiliensis occurred mainly in Grumary beach in the extrate 1 and Sacocirrus sp in extrate 2, while in Flamengo beach E. brasiliensis and Enoploides sp had the highest abundance in extrate 1 and S. goodbody and D. uncinata in extrate 3. The hypothesis that the macrofauna differs among extrate and beaches was accepted and the differences in composition and relative abundance of the macroinfauna were attributed to morphodynamism, althought other environmental factores can be influencing such differences. / O morfodinamismo, estratifica??o e a sazonalidade s?o os fatores mais importantes na determina??o da composi??o e abund?ncia da macroinfauna em praias arenosas. A macroinfauna de duas praias foi amostrada no inverno/2005 e ver?o/2006 durante a mar? baixa, sendo uma praia protegida (Flamengo) localizada na ba?a de Guanabara, e outra praia exposta localizada na zona oce?nica (Grumari). Foi testada a hip?tese que as caracter?sticas f?sicas das praias determinam diferen?as na composi??o e abund?ncia da macroinfauna. A praia do Flamengo foi caracterizada como dissipativa e apresentou maior riqueza de t?xons, e menor biomassa, quando comparada com a praia de Grumari classificada como refletiva. Na praia do Flamengo as maiores abund?ncias foram registradas para Enoploides sp, e Emerita brasiliensis, enquanto em Grumari foram Sacocirrus sp e E. brasiliensis. As praias apresentaram elevada dissimilaridade na composi??o e abund?ncia relativa dos t?xons (91.75%), Sacocirrus sp, Enoploides sp, Dispio uncinata, Scolelepis goodbobyi e E. brasiliensis explicaram 63.70% das diferen?as entre as praias. Em ambas as praias foram observadas estratifica??es na ocorr?ncia e abund?ncia da macroinfauna nas duas esta??es analisadas. Na praia de Grumari, E. brasiliensis ocorreu principalmente no estrato 1 e Sacocirrus sp no estrato 2, enquanto na praia do Flamengo E. brasiliensis e Enoploides sp apresentaram as maiores abund?ncias no estrato 1 e S. goodbodyi e D. uncinata no estrato 3. A hip?tese da varia??o na composi??o da macroinfauna entre os extratos foi aceita, e as diferen?as observadas na composi??o e abund?ncia da macroinfauna foram atribu?das ao morfodinamismo; no entanto, outros fatores ambientais podem estar relacionados com tais diferen?as.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’estimation des risques radio-induits aux faibles débits de dose. Ce travail s’appuie sur la cohorte des travailleurs du nucléaire CEA-AREVA NC après prolongation du suivi jusqu’en 2004. Une revue études épidémiologiques chez les travailleurs du nucléaire a été réalisée durant la première année de thèse. Une quantification de la relation dose réponse a été effectuée pour le risque de pathologies cancéreuses et non cancéreuses par différentes méthodes statistiques. Les facteurs modifiants la relation dose-réponse pour le risque de leucémie associé à la dose ont été étudiés. Combinée à d’autres cohortes de travailleurs du nucléaire, cette étude permettra de quantifier plus précisément les risques associés à de faibles doses chroniques, afin de valider les hypothèses actuelles du système de radioprotection. / The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the health effects of chronic extern allow doses of ionizing radiation. This work is based on the French cohort of CEA-AREVA NC nuclear workers. A review of epidemiological studies on nuclear workers was conducted during the first yearof the PhD thesis. The quantification of the dose-response relationship has been carried out by different statistical methods. Modifying factors of the leukaemia dose-response relationship were studied. A combined analysis including the present cohort together with other nuclear cohorts could quantify more precisely the risks associated to low doses at low dose rates, in order to validate current underlying hypotheses of the radiation protection system

Orientador: Diana Rodrigues Pina / Resumo: A Radiologia Intervencionista (RI) é a área da medicina que proporciona as maiores exposições ocupacionais. Os valores de dose aos quais os intervencionistas são expostos são difíceis de padronizar. Nesta pesquisa apresentamos uma avaliação completa das exposições ocupacionais e determinamos a eficiência de distintos métodos de dosimetria pessoal utilizados na RI. Essa pesquisa foi abordada em 2 etapas, conforme descrito a seguir: A primeira etapa se baseou em caracterizar as exposições ocupacionais em diferentes modalidades de procedimentos de RI vascular para duas categorias de profissionais e estimar o número de procedimentos anuais que cada profissional pode realizar sem exceder os limites de dose. Foi avaliada a exposição ocupacional, através de dosimetria termoluminescente, em diferentes partes do corpo (cristalino, tireoide, tórax, abdômen, pés e mãos) de duas categorias de intervencionistas (principais e assistentes) em três modalidades diferentes de procedimentos de RI vascular. As maiores doses equivalentes foram encontradas para as mão de ambos os profissionais, podendo chegar a aproximadamente 9 mSv em um único procedimento. Algumas regiões dos profissionais em alguns procedimentos podem receber, durante o ano, níveis de doses perigosamente perto dos limites anuais. Dosímetros posicionados no tórax podem subestimar as doses para outras regiões do corpo, especialmente abdômen, extremidades e cristalinos. Na segunda etapa foram avaliadas as eficiências de 6 diferent... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Interventional Radiology (IR) is the area of medicine that provides the largest occupational exposures. The dose values to which interventionists are exposed are difficult to standardize. In this research we present a complete evaluation of occupational exposures and determine the efficiency of different personal dosimetry methods used in IR. This research was performed in 2 stages, as described below: The first step was to characterize the occupational exposures in different modalities of vascular IR procedures for two categories of professionals. We also estimated the number of annual procedures that each professional can perform without exceeding the dose limits. Occupational exposures were evaluated in different body parts (crystalline, thyroid, thorax, abdomen, feet and hands) by two interventional categories (primary and assistants) in three different modalities of vascular IR procedures. The highest equivalent doses were found for the hands of both professionals, reaching approximately 9 mSv in a single procedure. Some regions of professionals in some procedures may receive dose levels during the year dangerously close to annual limits. Dosimeters positioned in the chest may underestimate the doses to other regions of the body, especially the abdomen, extremities and crystalline. The second stage, we evaluated the efficiencies of 6 different personal dosimetry methodologies used internationally to estimate the effective dose received by interventional professionals. An... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La réalité que recouvre la notion d’œuvre d'art est complexe et plurielle. Maintes fois remise en question, on lui préfère fréquemment aujourd'hui les termes de "production", "travail", "pièce", "situation". Néanmoins, et malgré les transformations de l'art à l'heure actuelle, peut-on se passer de l’œuvre sans que cet abandon ne relève d'un "extrême artifice"? Nous proposons de l'analyser sous l'angle d'une précarité à la fois intrinsèque et conjoncturelle. L’œuvre est précaire, d'une part, parce qu'elle est un objet de pensée voué à la critique et à la réflexivité depuis son apparition à la Renaissance et sa réception esthétique au dix-huitième siècle. D'autre part, parce qu'elle s'expose aux risques et aux transformations liés aux évolutions de la modernité et de la postmodernité. Une autre forme de précarité, propre à la société contemporaine dans ses fondements capitalistes et technologiques, est interrogée notamment au travers de la production de trois artistes - Pierre Huyghe, Ryan Trecartin et Camille Henrot - dont les œuvres consistent davantage en des champs de relations aux variations multiples qu'en des objets. Quel type d'expérience accompagne la traversée, contingente et fugitive, latérale et fragmentaire, des expositions et des espaces discursifs de ces "œuvres précaires"? / The definition of the artwork is complex and plural. Repeatedly called into question, the terms of "production", "work", "piece", "situation", are frequently preferred nowadays. Nonetheless, and in spite of the current transformations of art, could we do without this notion? Our thesis analyses the work of art from the angle of an intrinsic and temporary precariousness. It is precarious, on one hand, because the work is an object devoted to criticism and reflexiveness ever since its appearance during the Renaissance and its aesthetic reception in the eighteenth century, and on the other hand, because it is exposed to the risks and disruptions of modernity and postmodernity's developments. Another form of precariousness, specific to the capitalist and technological age, is examined through the production of three contemporary artists - Pierre Huyghe, Ryan Trecartin and Camille Henrot. Their works consist more in a field of relations with multiples variations than in objects. What sort of experience should we expect from those exhibitions and discursive spaces of the "precarious work"?

Blood coagulation is a series of biochemical reactions that take place to form a blood clot. Abnormalities in coagulation, such as under-clotting or over- clotting, can lead to significant blood loss, cardiac arrest, damage to vital organs, or even death. Thus, understanding quantitatively how blood coagulation works is important in informing clinical decisions about treating deficiencies and disorders. Quantifying blood coagulation is possible through mathematical modeling. This review presents different mathematical models that have been developed in the past 30 years to describe the biochemistry, biophysics, and clinical applications of blood coagulation research. This review includes the strengths and limitations of models, as well as suggestions for future work.

Cette thèse explore l’espace communicationnel contemporain à partir de la forme installative. L’enjeu est d’envisager comment dans une société médiatisée où l’exposition est devenue la norme du visible, l’installation parvient à créer ou renégocier dans l’espace social des formes de visibilités. Ces reformulations sensibles proviennent du geste scénographique, tout à la fois processus de création et de représentation, à travers lequel peuvent être circonscrites des « scénographies communicationnelles ». L’installation artistique est l’espace archétypal servant à entreprendre cette réflexion. À partir d’un corpus d’installations artistiques contemporaines, nous analysons les processus par lesquels l’installation conduit à une expérience hétérogène de l’espace tendant favoriser l’immersion du visiteur et le renversement des cadres qui servent à intelligibiliser le réel. Ces processus font de l’installation un espace permettant d’expérimenter le sensible à l’aune d’agencements spatiaux qui en redéfinissent le partage. L’installation peut être conçue comme une forme scénographique constitutive de pratiques et de processus communicationnels tendant s’intercaler entre l’expérience esthétique et l’expérimentation sociale de l’espace. La « communication anthropologique du sensible » favorisée par des dispositifs artistiques de toutes sortes, permet justement d’illustrer comment l’installation, devenue une scène sociale, transforme tout à la fois notre perception et nos modes d’êtres communicationnels. Pour saisir et mettre en perspective ces enjeux à cheval entre les disciplines de la communication et de l’esthétique, cette réflexion prend comme point d’appui l’espace muséal. Le musée, espace scénographié et régime d’exposition matérialisé, permet d’observer comment le paradigme communicationnel intervient dans les pratiques culturelles à travers le rôle que joue l’espace, alors conçu comme une « scène ». L’installation d’abord envisagée dans le milieu typique de l’hétérotopie muséale, sera observée au fil de ses déterritorialisations dans l’espace social, mais aussi à travers des processus circulaires et réflexifs qu’elle provoque sur notre regard. Il s’agit finalement de se demander comment l’installation non plus seulement artistique peut faire lieu de support ou de modèle pour analyser l’espace communicationnel contemporain et plus loin, une hypothétique « société de l’installation ». / This thesis explores the contemporary communicational space on the basis of the installation form. The challenge is to consider how installation manages to create or renegotiate forms of visibilities in a media-orientated society in which exhibitions have become the norm of what is visible. These sensitive reformulations result from the scenography movement, defined as a process of creation and representation through which “communicational scenography” may be contained. The artistic installation is the archetypal space that will be used to undertake this reflection. Using a corpus of contemporary art installations, we will analyse the processes by which installation leads to a heterogeneous experience of space, which typically favours the immersion of the visitor and the reversal of frameworks which serve to make the real world intelligible. These processes make installation a space which allows for experimentation with the sensory experience in relation to spatial layouts which redefine its division. Installation may be appreciated as a form of scenography constituting of communicational processes and practices which tend to insert themselves in between the aesthetic experience and the social experiment of space. The “anthropological communication of the sensible”, promoted by all sorts of artistic devices, illustrates precisely the way in which installation, as a social stage, transforms both our perception and methods of communication. To grasp and put into perspective these issues, which criss-cross between the disciplines of communication and aesthetic, this reflection will focus upon space specifically within the museum. The museum, acting as both a set designed space and a stage of materialised exhibition, makes it possible to observe how the communicational paradigm intervenes in cultural practices through the role played by space, here defined as a “scene”. Initially considered in the typical environment of museum heterotopia, installation will be observed over the course of its derritorialisation in social space, but also through circular and reflexive processes that it may have on our perspective. In the end, it is a question of whether installation, a not only an artistic practice, can act as a medium or a template to analyse the contemporary communicational space and, further still, as a hypothetical “society of installation”.