This study analyzes the semiotic resources in two versions of Vårdguiden's web text about tick bites: one longer version and one in easy Swedish. The aim is to identify and compare the prior knowledge and information need of each versions' model reader. This study is theoretically grounded in social semiotics and health literacy. The method consists of three multimodal text analyzes with ideational, interpersonal and textual sub-analyses.  Both versions presupposing several actual, practical and mental prior knowledge of the model reader. The information need of the versions' model reader is both common and separate. Both versions also presupposing that the model reader needs informing, explanatory, instructive and reassuring messages with a multimodal and multi-sequential presentation. The longer version presupposes more comprehensive prior knowledge and larger information needs. The version in easy Swedish though presupposes some prior knowledge which is not assumed in the longer version. For example, it is prior knowledge of how a tick bite looks like and the prior knowledges which is required when photographic close-ups should be interpreted. The version in easy Swedish also and presupposes larger needs for explanations and instructions. The results hinting what the versions presuppose of the empirical reader and prompting a discussion about how the versions high demands for health literacy can impede the reader friendliness. However, the results show that the versions' design creates possibilities for broad groups to assimilate the content. The study highlights some important challenges which are relevant when texts should be adapted to broad groups. / I studien analyseras två versioner av 1177 Vårdguidens text om fästingbett: en längre version och en version på lätt svenska. Syftet är att identifiera och jämföra de förkunskaper och behov av information som förutsätts hos versionernas modelläsare. Studien är teoretiskt grundad i sociosemiotik och hälsolitteracitet. Metoden består av tre multimodala textanalyser med ideationella, interpersonella och textuella delanalyser. Båda versionerna förutsätter flera faktiska, praktiska och mentala förkunskaper hos modelläsaren. Behoven av information hos versionernas modelläsare är dels gemensamma, dels skilda. Båda versionerna förutsätter att modelläsaren behöver informerande, förklarande, instruerande och lugnande budskap som presenteras multimodalt och multisekventiellt. Den längre versionen förutsätter mer omfattande förkunskaper och större behov av information. Versionen på lätt svenska förutsätter dock några förkunskaper som inte förutsätts i den längre versionen. Det är till exempel förkunskaper om hur ett fästingbett ser ut och de förkunskaper som krävs för att kunna tolka fotografiska närbilder. Versionen på lätt svenska förutsätter även att modelläsaren behöver fler förklaringar och instruerande budskap. Resultaten antyder vad versionerna förutsätter hos de empiriska mottagarna och föranleder en diskussion om hur versionernas höga krav på hälsolitteracitet kan hindra brukarvänligheten. Resultaten visar dock att versionernas utformning ger möjligheter för breda grupper att tillgodogöra sig innehållet. Studien belyser några viktiga utmaningar som är relevanta när texter ska mottagaranpassas till breda grupper. / <p>Uppsatsen ingår i kursen språkrådgivning och textvård magisterkurs, 30 hp.</p>

En ”lätt-att-rengöra” yta definieras som en yta som stöter bort vatten och smuts. I detta projekt har klarlack med olika sammansättningar studerats i syfte att introducera egenskapen ”lätt-att-rengöra”. För att uppnå denna egenskap måste beläggningen vara superhydrofob och oleofob. Detta innebär att kontaktvinklarna för både vatten (WCA) och dijodmetan (DMCA) måste vara över 150°. En hybrid sol-gel-metod valdes för detta projekt på grund av dess många fördelar som kontroll av ytmorfologi, enkel inkorporering av nanopartiklar och organiska komponenter i nätverket samt förmåga att bilda ett antal kompositioner. Hybrid sol-gelfilmerna, som innehåller både organiska och oorganiska komponenter, ger mekanisk beständighet, flexibilitet och förmåga att härda vid låga temperaturer. De organiska komponenterna fyller porerna i den oorganiska oxidkedjan, vilket gör att det hybridorganiskt-oorganiska materialet når slutlig densitet vid lägre temperatur. Både hydrofoba och hydrofila kiselnanopartiklar studerades för att undersöka vilken av dem som bäst inkorporeras i filmen. Den högsta uppnådda hydrofobiciteten och oleofobiciteten var av ett prov med 133° WCA och 152° DMCA. Provet bestod av en organisk och oorganisk komponent såväl som hydrofoba kiselnanopartiklar. / An easy-to-clean surface is defined as a surface that repels water and dirt. In this project, clearcoats with different composition have been studied in the process of introducing easy-to-clean properties in the coating. To achieve these properties the coating needs to be both superhydrophobic and oleophobic. This means that the contact angles against both water (WCA) and diiodomethane contact angle (DMCA) should be above 150 °. A hybrid sol-gel approach was chosen for this project due to the several advantages it provides such as, control of surface morphology, easy incorporation of nanoparticles and organic components into the network and ability to form a range of compositions. The hybrid sol-gel films, which contain both organic and inorganic components, provide mechanical resistance, flexibility, and ability to cure at low temperatures. The organic compounds fill the pores between the inorganic oxide chain; hence, the hybrid organic-inorganic material reaches final density at lower temperature. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles were studied to analyze which of them would be best incorporated into the film. The highest hydrophobicity and oleophobicity achieved were by a sample with 133° WCA and 152° DMCA. The sample consisted of an organic and inorganic component as well as hydrophobic silica nanoparticles.

Not everyone can understand the regular news reports that are broadcast on television. The Swedish public service television company (SVT) therefore produces the newscast News in easy Swedish (Nyheter på lätt svenska), where the language is simplified. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the comprehensibility of the audiovisual language in News in easy Swedish. Another purpose is to compare the level of comprehension in the audiovisual language in News in easy Swedish with that in SVT's regular newscast Aktuellt and Rapport. The foundation point is what content can be considered understandable for an audience who needs more time and more straightforward information than others in order to understand. The target audience could be, for example, people with cognitive disabilities. No individuals from the target group have been interviewed. Instead, knowledge of what is understandable to them has been obtained from projects where the target group is represented: Inclusion Europe (no date), Comprehensive text (Begriplig text) (2019) and EASIT (2021).  A total of seven news units have been transcribed, analyzed and compared. Five of these come from News in easy Swedish, one from Rapport and one from Aktuellt. The analytical methods utilized have been both quantitative and qualitative. The verbal auditory language has been analyzed using traditional readability methods, such as LIX and nominal ratio. Speech rate has been considered, but not inflection. The exposure time of images has been estimated and the presence of environmental noise has been noted. Subsequently, a qualitative analysis was made of how different semiotic resources interact. Finally, the results from the different news items were compared with each other.  The readability analysis illustrates that in the analyzed material there are no major differences in the level of verbal difficulty between News in easy Swedish, Rapport and Aktuellt. One of the news items on News in easy Swedish has the highest LIX and nominal ratio results, which indicates that it is the most difficult. At the same time, another news item from News in easy Swedish results in the lowest values, indicating that it is the easiest to comprehend.  No example was found in the material regarding how the semiotic resources counteract each other and thus affect information to becoming more difficult to understand. On the other hand, there are examples of news items where an improved collaboration between the semiotic elements could enable enhanced comprehension, for example through a more concise description of what is seen and heard. News in easy Swedish does not have its own film team but reworks material produced for other news programs. The program News in easy Swedish is just under five minutes long and is broadcast five days a week. The lack of own material and the short duration of newscasts are two factors that limit the prospect of creating comprehensible news for an audience who requires more time to be able to understand.

All pupils have an individual reading development and need different forms of support. The aim of this study is to investigate teachers’ experiences of and ideas about the use of easy-reading books when teaching children to read. Data collection was done through four interviews with active teachers representing three schools in a municipality in southern Sweden. The interviewed teachers’ experiences turned out to agree with previous findings: the teachers were favourably disposed towards easy-reading books and considered them important for learning to read. The teachers also thought that it is essential to aim the teaching at the pupils’ own level so that they will develop in their acquisition of literacy. With the help of easy-reading books, pupils who find it hard to learn to read can also be given a chance to develop.

The purpose of the paper is to explain the relation between motivations of intention to shareon social media and hedonic value. There has been a deductive approach to the research ofthe paper. The data which have been gathered has been done in a quantitative manner, bymaking use of a survey. The theoretical concepts which have been operationalized for thesurvey are the following, social conversation, social presence, easy-connection, intention toshare and hedonic value. There are four different hypotheses that have been developed andtested in the project. Social conversation has a positive impact on the intent to share contenton social media. Social presence has a positive impact on the intent to share content on socialmedia. Easy-connection has a positive impact on intent to share on social media and intentionto share has a positive impact on the hedonic value of social media use. The findings arefollowing, the first three hypotheses got rejected therefore, motivations of intention to shareon social media are connected with easy-connection, social conversation, and social presence.Additionally, intention to share on social media is accepted as having a positive impact on thehedonic value of social media use.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-25T19:46:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Lobato de Lima Souza.pdf: 5418008 bytes, checksum: c56f1f27af44cc4d855a18bd01809569 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T19:46:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Lobato de Lima Souza.pdf: 5418008 bytes, checksum: c56f1f27af44cc4d855a18bd01809569 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia / A crescente produção de resíduos sólidos de origem doméstica, frente à escassez de áreas que possibilitem uma destinação final técnica e ambientalmente adequadas torna imprescindível a busca de alternativas de tratamento ou gerenciamento desses resíduos de forma a minimizar a parcela a ser destinada para os Aterros Sanitários. Sendo os resíduos de origem orgânica predominantes na composição dos Resíduos Sólidos Domésticos nas cidades brasileiras essa pesquisa visa empregar o processo de compostagem para estabilizar a parcela facilmente degradável dos resíduos rejeitados da Central de Triagem de resíduos sólidos domésticos de São Leopoldo, RS. Nesse estudo foram montadas seis pilhas de compostagem compostas por uma mistura de resíduos sólidos domésticos e resíduos de podas, sendo que em três pilhas os resíduos sólidos domésticos passaram por um processo de trituração prévia. Os controles externos de temperatura e umidade foram realizados via aeração mecanizada. Foram realizadas análises periódicas durante o processo de compostagem, e no composto final. A qualidade sanitária do composto foi avaliada pela eliminação de patógenos e pelo potencial de utilização deste através de testes de germinação. Também foi testada a potencialidade do uso do composto final puro e em proporções de misturas com resíduos de pó de mármore e rochas ornamentais como corretivo de acidez de solo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ao final do processo a matéria orgânica mostrou-se com características físicas de estabilizada. As pilhas onde os resíduos sólidos domésticos não foram triturados apresentaram melhor desempenho em redução de volume, rentabilidade do processo e tempo de maturação do composto. Quimicamente, todas as pilhas geraram produtos em conformidade com a legislação aplicável, porém os resultados referentes a quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes ficaram acima do limite estabelecido. O potencial de uso dos fertilizantes como corretivos de acidez de solo é viável a partir da mistura destes com pelo menos 50% de resíduos oriundos do corte de mármore e de rochas ornamentais. Os testes de germinação confirmaram a boa maturação e a ausência da fitotoxicidade dos produtos avaliados. / The increasing production of solid domestic waste and shortage of areas where you can make a disposal in an environmentally and technically correct form necessitates the search for alternative treatment or management of such wastes so as to minimize the portion being destined for landfills. In Brazilian cities, the waste of organic origin are predominate in the composition of Domestic Solid Waste, thus, this research aims to employ the composting processes to stabilize the biodegradable portion of waste rejected in waste sorting central located on landfill of São Leopoldo city, RS. In this research were made six compost piles with mixtures of domestic waste and green waste. In three piles domestic waste was previously triturated. The external control of temperature and humidity were made by mechanical aeration. Analyzes were conducted during the composting process and final compost. The sanitary quality of the compost was evaluated by the elimination of pathogens and their potential use by germination testing. In addition was tested potential of using the final compost in a pure form and proportions of mixtures with marble powder and ornamental rocks as corrective of soil acidity. At the end of the process, the physical characteristics of organic matter show that she was stabilized. The piles where domestic waste is not triturated performed better in volume reduction, process profitability and compost maturation time. In the chemical assay, all piles generated products in accordance with applicable legislation, but the results for the quantification of fecal coliform were above the limit. The use of the compounds as a corrective of soil acidity is possible from the mixture with at least 50% of marble powder and ornamental rocks. Germination tests confirmed the good maturity and the absence of phytotoxicity of product reviews.

I arbetet för Vikan AB var uppgiften att undersöka två olika delningsmetoder för mikrofibrer. Vikan AB är ett företag som utvecklar och framställer textila rengöringsredskap i mikrofibrer och tror sig ha kommit på en ny delningsmetod som förhoppningsvis ger en rad fördelar mot den nuvarande metoden. Den nya framställningsmetoden går under arbetsnamnet Easy Split och har ännu inte introducerats på marknaden.Studien har gått ut på att i fyra olika avseenden utvärdera de olika metodernas för- och nackdelar. De olika aspekterna har således varit processgång, utseende, hållbarhet och funktion. Utvärderingen utfördes med hjälp av en rad undersökningar där bland annat tester i absorption, kvadratmetervikt och fläckreduktion ingick.Många av egenskaperna undersöktes med hjälp av befintliga standarder medan undersökningen av fläckreduktionen skedde med en egenutvecklad testmetod. Till denna metod användes en Martindale vars rörelsemönster och tryck är valdes utifrån att göra testmetoden så verklighetstrogen som möjligt. Resultaten visar att det finns en skillnad på de olika metoderna och att de önskvärda egenskaperna finns starkast representerade hos den Easy split- baserade mikrofiberdelningen. De besparingar Vikan kan göra i och med att byta delningsmetod kan ha inverkan på energi- och vattenförbrukningen vilket resulterar i tidsbesparingar och minskade kostnader. / <p>In collaboration with Vikan AB the task has been to examine the different splitting types for microfibers. The company Vikan AB develops and produces textile cleaning products in microfibers and they now seem to have come up with a new splitting method that hopefully will give a range of advantages compared to the present method. The new method goes under the name Easy split and has not yet been introduced to the market.The study consisted of an analysis of the pros and cons of the methods in four different aspects. The different points of view were processing, appearance, durability and function. The investigation was made with a variety of tests including absorption, weight per square meter and stain reduction. Many of the properties were examined with help of existing standard tests while the stain reduction was analyzed with a method developed for this specific purpose. To represent the real environment a Martindale was used because of its uniform moving pattern. The conclusion indicates that the new splitting method not only results in advantages in adsorption, weight and stain reduction but also in water and energy consumption as well as time and expenses.</p><p>Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen</p>

In today’s society, textile producers and manufacturers strive to use as little harmful chemicals as possible in their finishing of textiles. Though, producing a completely chemical free fabric is nearly impossible, many companies work actively to scan and evaluate alternatives to chemical substances that have a negative effect on the environment and the human health.Prior preparations for the practical part of this project were conducted in a literature study, which entailed studying articles based on similar projects. Practical information was attained from the mentors at IKEA and from contact with the suppliers of the tested resins. A study of alternative methods of testing the resistance to creasing of textiles was conducted to the benefit of IKEA. A practical evaluation of the smoothness appearance of the test specimens resulted in a development of this existing method.To reassure the quality of the scan, obtained resins weretreated on cellulosic weaves, and later on evaluated based on demands IKEA has for easy care treated textiles. The demands concerning the content of formaldehyde and the grade of smoothness appearance retained after ten washes where followed throughout the whole project. The evaluation was conducted based on several quality tests made on the treated weave. This resulted in a recommendation of four different resins for IKEA to further investigate. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

The use of banking automated teller machine (ATM) technological innovations have significant importance and benefits in Nigeria, but numerous investigations have shown that illiterate and semiliterate Nigerians do not perceive them as useful or easy-to-use. Developing easy-to-use banking ATM system interfaces is essential to accommodate over 40% illiterate and semiliterate Nigerians, who are potential users of banking ATM systems. The purpose of this study was to identify strategies software developers of banking ATM systems in Nigeria use to create easy-to-use banking ATM system interfaces for a variety of people with varying abilities and literacy levels. The technology acceptance model was adopted as the conceptual framework. The study's population consisted of qualified and experienced developers of banking ATM system interfaces chosen from 1 organization in Enugu, Nigeria. The data collection process included semistructured, in-depth face-to-face interviews with 9 banking ATM system interface developers and the analysis of 11 documents: 5 from participant case organizations and 6 from nonparticipant case organizations. Member checking was used to increase the validity of the findings from the participants. Through methodological triangulation, 4 major themes emerged from the study: importance of user-centered design strategies, importance of user feedback as essential interface design, value of pictorial images and voice prompts, and importance of well-defined interface development process. The findings in this study may be beneficial for the future development of strategies to create easy-to-use ATM system interfaces for a variety of people with varying abilities and literacy levels and for other information technology systems that are user interface technology dependent.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about the comprehensibility of the easy-to-read civic information. In the study I present my analysis of the content of four easy-to-read texts from four government authorities. The analysis constitutes the starting point for interviews with the target group – people with a minor mental retardation –, but it also reveals some possible difficulties for the intended readers. In the empirical study ten persons from the target group were asked to read a text and the comprehension was tested by oral questions about facts in the text. The empirical findings indicate that the main message was often understood. Still, the target group had some difficulties understanding the texts, although they are easy-to-read and intended for people with a minor mental retardation. The difficulties seem to be caused by the choice of words, abstract explanations and unclear content. Therefore I suggest further research to find out how to prevent such difficulties.</p> / <p>I dag ställs det krav på att myndigheter ska ge ut viss information på lättläst svenska till grupper som har svårt för att läsa och förstå annan information. En av de målgrupper som denna information riktar sig till är personer med en begåvningsnedsättning. Det ställer särskilt höga krav på att texten är enkelt skriven och skribenten kan t.ex. inte utgå från att läsaren har förkunskaper eller kan förstå bildspråk.</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om hur myndigheternas lättlästa samhällsinformation kan göras begripligare för målgruppen personer med en begåvningsnedsättning. I studien undersöks fyra texter, med information som vi behöver i vardagslivet, från fyra statliga myndigheter. Studien försöker dels utröna hur begriplig den lättlästa samhällsinformationen är för målgruppen, dels vad det är som gör en text svår. Med utgångspunkt från svaren på dessa frågor förs en diskussion om hur texterna skulle kunna bli lättare att förstå för målgruppen.</p><p>Undersökningen har en explorativ karaktär och forskningsansatsen är hermeneutisk. Studien utgår inte från någon vedertagen teori om lättläst samhällsinformation, men däremot utgör teorier inom språk-, kognitions- och handikappvetenskap en viktig bas.</p><p>Studien består av en analys av innehållet i texterna. Textanalysen är framförallt avsedd att vara ett underlag för intervjuer och tolkningar av dessa. Analysen lyfter dock även fram tänkbara svårigheter i texterna. Studiens empiriska och viktigaste del består av intervjuer med tio personer ur texternas målgrupp. Samtliga personer hämtades från en skola för vuxna med en begåvningsnedsättning. Varje intervjuperson har fått läsa en text och därefter svarat på frågor om textens innehåll. Slutligen har jag jämfört om intervjupersonens svar stämmer överens med den tolkning jag gjort av textens budskap.</p><p>Resultatet visar att texterna oftast lyckades förmedla sitt övergripande budskap, men att enstaka eller flera detaljer orsakade svårigheter för läsarna. Svårigheterna verkade bero på ordval, abstrakta förklaringar och innehållsliga otydligheter samt att texten krävde förkunskaper som läsaren inte hade. Att dessa faktorer kan leda till att förståelsen av en text försvåras är i sig inte nytt inom språkvetenskapen och kognitionsvetenskapen, men det intressanta är att svårigheter kvarstår även i texter som bearbetats till lättläst. Därför bör ytterligare forskning om lättläst samhällsinformation uppmuntras.</p>