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No. of bitstreams: 1 traficante_dp_dr_bot.pdf: 5997602 bytes, checksum: ea9909299260c59527c5b837c91b4a69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A intensificação do uso agrícola e pecuário desrespeitando a aptidão do solo bem como a inadequação do planejamento urbano, e os impactos da poluição difusa em áreas de alta vulnerabilidade natural tem ocasionado relevante mudança na dinâmica funcional de uma bacia hidrográfica, interferindo na qualidade hídrica dos mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos, demonstrando sua fragilidade mediante a exploração desordenada dos recursos naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a fragilidade ambiental da APA Corumbataí-Botucatu-Tejupá (Perímetro Botucatu) na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Capivara inserida em área de afloramento do Sistema Aquífero Guarani adotou-se a metodologia baseada no uso de geotecnologias utilizando planos de informação como o uso da terra, solos, declividade e geologia, no intuito de atestar a hipótese se a bacia está protegida pela APA. Estes atributos foram combinados utilizando álgebra de mapas através da técnica da combinação linear ponderada em que cada um deles foi considerado um fator condicionante à fragilidade ambiental. A normalização dos fatores se deu através das classes de fragilidade com notas variando de um a cinco, de muito baixa à muito alta, respectivamente, e a determinação dos pesos pelo método do Processo Hierárquico Analítico. Os resultados indicaram que a BHRC apresentou altos índices de fragilidade, em 90,4% de sua área total, tendo o uso da terra ocupado pelas áreas de pastagens degradadas como o maior vetor de pressão para estes elevados índices. Somente 9,6% da área total da bacia foram classificadas com baixos índices de fragilidade onde estão as áreas com cobertura florestal (Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Cerradão, transição Floresta Estacional Semidecidual/Cerradão, Cerrado, mata ciliares, eucalipto e as áreas de várzea) fragmentadas por toda a extensão da bacia. Estes índices acompanham a Zona de Conservação Hídrica 1, Zona de Conservação do Patrimônio Natural e a Zona Agrosilvopastoril da APA proporcionando alta fragilidade e aumentando a vulnerabilidade ao Sistema Aquífero Guarani em detrimento ao escoamento superficial provocado por processos erosivos. A análise da fragilidade ambiental representou um importante instrumento ao planejamento ambiental, pois identificaram-se vetores que fornecerão subsídios ao fortalecimento das delimitações propostas pelo plano de manejo da APA. De fato, a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Capivara, em área de afloramento do Sistema Aquífero Guarani, não está protegida pela APA. Porém, o desafio sugere que lidar com instrumentos ecossistêmicos significa enfrentar inúmeros níveis de complexidade na análise integrada de uma bacia hidrográfica resultando em contribuições ambientais mais efetivas para o incremento da gestão de áreas protegidas e recursos hídricos. / The intensification of agricultural and livestock use disrespecting soil fitness and inadequate urban planning, and the impacts of diffuse pollution in high natural vulnerability areas has caused significant change in the functional dynamics of a watershed, affecting the water quality of surface and groundwater sources, showing its fragility by uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. The aimed of this study was identify the environmental fragility of the protected area Corumbataí-Botucatu-Tejupá (Botucatu perimeter) in Capivara River Watershed inserted in the outcrop area of the Guarani Aquifer System adopted the methodology based on the geotechnologies using information layers as land use, soil, slope and geology, in order to test the hypothesis that this watershed is protected by the protected area. These attributes are combined using algebra maps through weighted linear combination technique in which each of them a conditioning factor to the environmental fragility. The standardization factors was given through the fragility classes with notes ranging from one to five, very low to very high, respectively, and the determination of weights by the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. The results indicated that the Capivara River Watershed showed high levels of fragility, in 90.4% of total area, and the land use occupied by degraded pastures as the greatest pressure vector for these high rates. Only 9.6% of the basin total area were classified as low fragility indices, which are the areas with forest cover (Semideciduous Forest, transition by Semideciduous Forest/ Savana Forest, Brazilian Savana, Riparian Forest, Eucalyptus Forest and Lowland Areas) fragmented throughout the basin. These indices follow the Hydric Conservation Zone 1, Natural Heritage Conservation Zone and the Agricultural Forestry and Pasture Zone of the protected area providing high fragility and increasing vulnerability to the Guarani Aquifer System over the runoff caused by erosion. The analysis of environmental fragility represented an important tool in environmental planning, as identified vectors that provide grants to strengthen the boundaries proposed by the protected area management plan. Indeed, the protected area does not protected the watershed. The challenge suggests that dealing with ecosystem instruments means facing many levels of complexity in the integrated analysis of a watershed resulting in effective environmental contributions to increase the management of protected areas and water resources.

Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att skapa ett informationsmaterial för nyinflyttade i Västerås kommun som så många som möjligt ska kunna ta del av. Vårt mål är att både lässvaga och lässtarka människor ska känna sig lika betydelsefulla när de läser informationsmaterialet. Vår forskningsfråga är därför: Går det att kombinera principerna för informationsdesign och principerna för lättläst för att nå både en lässvag och en lässtark grupp så att båda känner sig lika viktiga och tar till sig budskapet? Och om det går, hur kan man då gå tillväga? Vår uppdragsgivare är Centrum för lättläst som arbetar med att göra information tillgänglig för dem som har svårt att läsa. De behöver ett utprovat referensmaterial av ett lättillgängligt informationsmaterial som de kan visa upp för olika kommuner i sitt arbete mot ett tillgängligt samhälle. För att besvara vår forskningsfråga använder vi oss av litteraturstudier, samt kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier i form av utprovningar. Resultaten från utprovningarna är avgörande för hur informationsmaterialet bearbetas och färdigställs. Vår slutsats för examensarbetet är att principerna för informationsdesign och principerna för lättläst är en bra kombination för att göra ett informationsmaterial tillgängligt. För att veta hur tillgängligt ett material är krävs utprovningar på olika målgrupper. Varje målgrupp har sina egna behov och det är omöjligt att tillfredställa alla med ett och samma informationsmaterial. Våra utprovningar visar däremot att det går att nå flera olika målgrupper med ett och samma informationsmaterial.

This diploma thesis focuses on the issue of implementation of ERP system for small company, and proposes a solution to create a custom enterprise system for e-commerce, which is integrated with the ERP system. Author´s proposals are conceived in the form of a project, including definition of goals, definition of the logical framework, time analysis, risk analysis and economic evaluation.

No description available.

I denna studie analyseras nyheter på lättläst finska för att ta reda på hur texterna kvantitativt präglas av riktlinjer kring lättläst finska. Korpusarna samlades av nyhetsartiklar skrivna på standardfinska respektive lättläst finska och den komparativa analysen syftade till att fastställa vissa kvantitativa parametrar, bl.a. genomsnittlig meningslängd och genomsnittlig ordlängd samt lexikal densitet, som tillsammans med lexikala särdrag kan karakterisera lättläst skrivning. Analysen av materialet visade att både meningslängden och längden på själva texterna i enlighet med tidigare forskning var betydlig kortare i lättlästa texter än i texter på standardfinska, men meningslängden också var ännu kortare än den övre gränsen som angetts i riktlinjerna om lättläst finska. Ett överraskande resultat var att båda korpusarna hade ungefär den samma genomsnittliga ordlängden. Även lexikal densitet låg på ungefär samma nivå mellan korpusarna. Denna studies resultat stödjer tidigare slutsatser om meningslängd men avslöjar oväntade likheter angående ordlängd och lexikon. / In this study, news in easy-to-read Finnish is analyzed to find out how the texts are quantitatively characterized by guidelines for easy-to-read Finnish. The corpora were collected from news articles written in standard Finnish and easy-to-read Finnish, and the comparative analysis was aimed at establishing certain quantitative parameters, including average sentence length and average word length as well as lexical density, which together with lexical features can characterize easy-to-read writing. The analysis of the material showed that both the sentence length and the length of the texts themselves, consistent with previous research, were considerably shorter in easy-to- read texts than in standard Finnish texts, but the sentence length was also shorter than the upper limit specified in the guidelines for easy-to-read Finnish. A surprising result was that both corpora had about the same average word length. Also, lexical density was at approximately the same level between the corpora. The results of this study support previous conclusions on sentence length but reveal unexpected similarities regarding word length and lexicons.

Är lättläst skönlitteratur till hjälp för elever och lärare i dagens klassrum på högstadiet? Med PISA-undersökningarnas försämrade resultat i åtanke undersöker den systematiska litteraturstudien 15 olika forskningar samt uttalanden från bland annat förlag och författare bakom lättläst skönlitteratur. I underlaget för litteraturstudien undersöks vad forskningen säger om läsundervisning och studierna försöker finna hur det påverkar elevernas läsutveckling. Litteraturstudien resulterar i att det finns forskning som definierar lättläst skönlitteratur som fenomen och även om hur lärare kan arbeta didaktiskt med läsning i klassrummet. Det finns även forskningar i resultatet som visar på hur lättläst skönlitteratur påverkar elever på högstadiet. Litteraturstudiens slutsats är att forskning angående definitionen av lättläst finns, men dess påverkan på ungas läsutveckling är ett desto mindre beforskat ämne. Lättläst skönlitteratur anses vara totalt nödvändigt för elever i behov av det. Den här gruppen elever identifieras som elever med ett annars modersmål än svenska, omotiverade läsare samt elever med faktiska lässvårigheter. Många elever anses dock vara ”läslata” då att de har förmågan att läsa svårare texter. Bibliotekarier samt lärare finner det svårt att avgöra vilka elever som ska ges lättläst skönlitteratur. De kan ge lässtarka elever lättläst skönlitteratur trots att de har en utvecklad läsförmåga, då att det faktum att eleven då läser över huvud taget väger tyngre än vad de läser. Nackdelen med ett sådant resonemang blir att den ”läslata” eleven inte utmanas av den lättlästa skönlitteraturen och således inte utvecklas i sitt läsande. Väljer bibliotekarien eller läraren att neka den lässtarka eleven lättläst skönlitteratur på grund av detta, riskerar man att eleven väljer att avstå från läsningen helt och hållet. Lärarens didaktiska val påverkar således elevernas läsutveckling. Lättläst kan hjälpa vissa elever att utveckla sin läsförmåga, men lättläst skönlitteratur kan även hämma redan läskunniga elever att utvecklas. / Does easy read literature have a positive effect for students and teachers in contemporary classrooms in Swedish high schools today? PISA-results shows a down going spiral when it comes to reading comprehension in Swedish. This Systematic literature study focuses on 15 different studies, and statements from writers behind easy read literature. Our study tries to discover what researchers say about easy read and how it may affect the students’ reading ability. The result shows that researchers define the genre easy read as a phenomenon, and it tell us about how teachers can work through a didactic point of view. In addition, there are studies that show how easy read literature affect student in the age 13-15 years old. The literature study concludes that there is research that takes on easy read as a genre, but there is a lack of studies that shows the direct effect on the reading comprehension on students. Easy read literature is considered a necessity to the students who are in need. This group of students identifies as those who have Swedish as their second language, unmotivated students and the student who have difficult with reading due to medical conditions. A lot of students today ar econsidered as “lazy readers” because they choose not to read the most challenging text compared to their ability. Librarians and teachers find it hard to decide which students that should read easy read literature and may give a student with a higher reading ability easy read material because it's better that students read something than nothing at all. A negative effect of that would be that you don’t challenge the “lazy reader”, and therefore their reading ability will stay the same as before. On the other hand, there might be no reading at all if the student is denied easy read literature, which isn’t what neither teachers nor librarians wish. The didactic choice of teachers does influence students reading development. If it’s given to the students who need it, there can be a positive development, but if given to the students who are bette readers the effect will be on the contrary.

aus der Einführung: „Infolge des stetigen Bevölkerungswachstums und zunehmender Migrationsbewegungen wird die Baubranche zukünftig mit einer hohen zu bewältigenden Bautätigkeit konfrontiert sein. Dies geht einher mit einer Verknappung endlicher Ressourcen. In Anbetracht dieser Situation werden neue Technologien, die auf ein möglichst leichtes Bauen, die Minimierung des Verbrauchs an fossil erzeugter Energie sowie die vollständige Rezyklierbarkeit der Bauteile abzielen, zwingend notwendig [1]. Insbesondere beim Bauen mit Beton, der neben Wasser der meistverbrauchte Stoff weltweit ist [2], besteht ein dringender Handlungsbedarf, gewichtsreduzierte, emissionsminimierte und sortenrein rezyklierbare Bauteile zu entwickeln....” / from the introduction: „Owing to the steady population growth and increasing migration, the construction industry will be faced with the need to deal with a high level of construction activity coinciding with a global scarcity of fi nite resources. In view of this situation, new construction methods will become imperative in order to make construction as light as possible, while minimizing the consumption of fossil based energy and ensuring the fully recyclability of the components [1]. Most of all, when the construction material being used is concrete – which, together with water, is the material most frequently used around the globe [2] – an urgent need for action exists with regard to the development of components that are weight-reduced, energy-minimized and recyclable....”

<i>Bacchus, Vulcan and Metis walk into a bar . . .</i> The following dialogues took place beginning in January of this year. In a series of investigations through drawing, physical constucts and research, the project began to take shape. With the help of Bacchus, Vulcan and Metis, the building was given a body of its own. Ideas of the way a building ages, as well as the way the parts of the building relate to the whole, are the basis of the thesis. The building is a sort of beast with two heads: the foundry, and the speak-easy [with cunning navigating the straits]. / Master of Architecture

When assessing the readability of a text it is helpful to consider all its interacting elements. This includes its syntactic complexity, but other aspects, such as that of cohesion, are no less important. The thesis explores how these are reflected in each other and in the readability of books in a dataset provided by the publisher Nypon och Vilja, which consists of easy-to-read books divided into six levels of readability. To provide additional nuance, the interrelated concepts of epistemic stance and narrativity are introduced for the purpose of deepening the analysis of the statistical findings. They also prove useful in further discussion surrounding complexity and cohesion as they relate to reading skill and knowledge asymmetries. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to uncover these statistical relationships on a broader scale, though more specific in-depth analysis are performed relating to certain metrics. While the findings have some support in literature, re-affirming the importance of narrativity for contextualizing cohesion, the clear link between higher complexity and less narrative text was not expected. Furthermore, the PCA indicates a more nuanced picture of referential cohesion and the use of its constituent metrics, depending both on narrativity and complexity.

Durch den zunehmenden Einsatz fahrdynamischer Regelsysteme und der Fahrzeugauslegung im Grenzbereich gewinnt die Modellierung des Reifenübertragungsverhaltens bei transienten und extremen Fahrmanövern signifikant an Bedeutung. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neu entwickelten Messverfahren zur Analyse und Charakterisierung des transienten Reifenseitenkraftverhaltens zeigen, dass die bisher gewählten Verzögerungsansätze erster Ordnung, beschrieben durch die Einlauflänge, keine ausreichende Abbildungsgenauigkeit liefern. Folglich wird ein neuer Verzögerungsansatz zweiter Ordnung eingeführt und durch den Parameter Einlaufdämpfung zweckmäßig beschrieben. Weiterhin wird nachgewiesen, dass die allgemein gebräuchliche Schätzung der Einlauflänge aus Schräglaufsteifigkeit und Lateralsteifigkeit vor allem bei hohen Radlasten deutlich zu geringe Werte liefert. Zur Abdeckung eines möglichst breiten Anwendungsbereichs werden die Parametereinflüsse Radlast, Fülldruck, Sturz, Vorspur und Geschwindigkeit messtechnisch ermittelt und im neuen Modellansatz berücksichtigt. Auch für die quasistatische Schräglaufsteifigkeit wird ein neues Bestimmungsverfahren mit entsprechenden Einflussanalysen vorgestellt. Bei extremen Fahrmanövern spielt die Fahrzeugstabilität, welche hochsensitiv auf das Reifenverhalten unter Extrembelastungen reagiert, eine entscheidende Rolle. Auch für diesen Anwendungsfall werden neue Mess‐ und Parametrisierungsverfahren eingeführt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeiten wird auf den gesamten Entstehungsprozess von Reifenmodelldatensätzen eingegangen. Dieser besteht im Wesentlichen aus Reifenmessung, Signalverarbeitung, Auswahl charakteristischer Kennlinien, methodischer Reifenmodellauswahl, automatischer Parameteridentifikation und qualitativem sowie quantitativem Nachweis der Abbildungsgüte des entstandenen Datensatzes. In diesem Prozess werden Schwachstellen aufgezeigt und durch neue Methoden beseitigt. Die drei Reifenmodelle MF-Tyre, FTire und TM-Easy werden analysiert, parametrisiert und unter transienten und extremen Randbedingungen in Kombination mit MKS-Modellen validiert und getestet. Somit kann die Qualität der erzielten Ergebnisse im Verhältnis zum Parametrisierungsaufwand und der Prozesssicherheit für eine Einsatzempfehlung der verschiedenen Reifenmodelle herangeführt werden. Die Qualität der neuen Reifenmodelldatensätze in Verbindung mit der Radaufhängung wird anhand eines neu entwickelten hochdynamischen Achsprüfstandes durch den Vergleich von Messung und MKS-Simulation validiert. Dazu werden sowohl transiente als auch extreme Manöver mit deren realistischen Belastungssituationen nachgestellt. Auch der Einfluss auf die Gesamtfahrzeugsimulation wird anhand entsprechender Manöver nachgewiesen. Darüber hinaus erfolgt die Herleitung eines linearen Einspurmodells mit transientem Reifenseitenkraftverhalten im Zustandsraum, anhand dessen der dominante Reifeneinfluss auf die Gierreaktion von Fahrzeugen nachgewiesen wird. / Due to the growing influence of vehicle dynamic control systems and suspension dimensioning in stability regions, transient and extreme tyre transfer behaviour gains importance significantly. Two new measurement procedures are introduced to analyze and characterize this tyre behaviour. The results show that the commonly used estimation of the relaxation length by the quotient of cornering and lateral stiffness yields far too small values and that the first order transfer model is insufficient to describe the transient tyre lateral force behaviour. Consequently, a new second order approach is introduced and described by the new parameter relaxation damping. The performed parameter study regarding wheel load, inflation pressure, camber angle, toe angle and driving velocity covers a wide application range of tyres. Moreover, the quasi‐static cornering stiffness is measured and evaluated in an extended range with reduced temperature and wear influences. Extreme manoeuvres are utilized to examine the stability of vehicles, which is dominated by the tyre transfer behaviour under extreme conditions. A new measurement and parameter identification procedure for those conditions is portrayed, as well. This thesis depicts the entire process to obtain a tyre model dataset, namely tyre measurements, signal processing, selection of characteristic curves, methodical selection of a tyre model, automatic parameter identification and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the final dataset. The tyre models MF‐Tyre, FTire, and TM‐Easy are analysed, parameterized and validated under transient and extreme conditions. A comparison of the results in relation to the complexity of the parameter identification and the process stability leads to global recommendations of applications for different tyre models. The quality of the created tyre model datasets in combination with a vehicle suspension is assessed by a comparison of measurements from the newly developed highly dynamical suspension test rig and equivalent multi‐body simulations. That is, transient and extreme manoeuvres are performed and analysed. Additionally, a linear single‐track model with transient tyre behaviour is been derived, that shows the dominant tyre influence on the vehicle’s yaw behaviour. Finally, the influence of the created tyre model datasets and the additional lateral transfer behaviour on full‐vehicle simulations is verified.