Objective: Eating disturbances are common in children placing a vulnerable group of them at risk for full-syndrome eating disorders and adverse health outcomes. In order to provide a valid self-report assessment of eating disorder psychopathology in children, a short form of the child version of the Eating Disorder Examination (ChEDE-Q) was psychometrically evaluated. Similar to the EDE-Q, the ChEDE-Q provides assessment of eating disorder psychopathology related to anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. However, it does not assess symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, pica, or rumination disorder. Method: In 1836 participants ages 7 to 18 years, recruited from two independent population-based samples, the factor structure of the recently established 8-item short form EDE-Q8 for adults was examined, including measurement invariance analyses on age, gender, and weight status derived from objectively measured weight and height. For convergent validity, the ChEDE-Q global score, Body Esteem Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and sociodemographic characteristics were used. Item characteristics and age- and gender-specific norms were calculated. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good model fit for the 8-item ChEDE-Q. Measurement invariance analyses indicated strict invariance for all analyzed subgroups. Convergent validity was provided through associations with well-established questionnaires and age, gender, and weight status, in expected directions. Discussion: The newly developed ChEDE-Q8 proved to be a psychometrically sound and economical self-report assessment tool of eating disorder psychopathology in children. Further validation studies are needed, particularly concerning discriminant and predictive validity.

Objective: Binge-eating disorder (BED) in adults is associated with alterations in executive functions (EF) and obesity. Much less is known about these relationships in adolescents, including whether poor EF are associated with eating disorder psychopathology and/or elevated body mass index. The present study examined EF in response to neutral stimuli in youth with BED. Method: Adolescents with BED and obesity (n=22), individually matched adolescents with obesity (n=22), and normal weight (n=22) completed neuropsychological tests targeting inhibition (Color-Word Interference Test), sustained attention (D2 Concentration Endurance Test), cognitive flexibility (Comprehensive Trail Making Test), and decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task). Results: Adolescents with BED and obesity displayed significantly poorer inhibitory control compared to normal-weight adolescents. This effect persisted after controlling for the level of secondary education. However, initial differences between adolescents with obesity and normal-weight controls regarding inhibitory control and sustained attention vanished after controlling for education. The three groups did not differ regarding cognitive flexibility and decision-making. Moreover, adolescents with BED and obesity did not perform worse than adolescents with obesity on any of the neuropsychological tests. Discussion: Overall, our results indicate adolescent BED is associated with only a few alterations in general EF, specifically inhibitory control, and underline BED and educational level as confounding factors in neuropsychological research on obesity. To further delineate EF profiles of adolescents with BED, future research should focus on EF in response to disorder-related stimuli and experimental settings with high ecological validity.

Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by excessive evening and/or nocturnal eating episodes. Studies indicate an attentional bias towards food in other eating disorders. For NES, however, evidence of attentional food processing is lacking. Attention towards food and non-food stimuli was compared using eye-tracking in 19 participants with NES and 19 matched controls without eating disorders during a free exploration paradigm and a visual search task. In the free exploration paradigm, groups did not differ in initial fixation position or gaze duration. However, a significant orienting bias to food compared to non-food was found within the NES group, but not in controls. A significant attentional maintenance bias to non-food compared to food was found in both groups. Detection times did not differ between groups in the search task. Only in NES, attention to and faster detection of non-food stimuli were related to higher BMI and more evening eating episodes. The results might indicate an attentional approach-avoidance pattern towards food in NES. However, further studies should clarify the implications of attentional mechanisms for the etiology and maintenance of NES.

Bakgrund: Ätstörningar är komplexa och allvarliga sjukdomar som innefattar anorexia nervosa, hetsätningsstörning, bulimia nervosa och ospecificerade ätstörningar. Riskfaktorer och symtombilden till ätstörningar utvecklas vanligtvis under grundskolan, men själva sjukdomen gör sig tydlig under tonåren. Därför har skolsköterskor som kontinuerligt möter elever i skolmiljön en viktig position för att identifiera och möta elever med ätstörning. Syfte: Att få en fördjupad kunskap kring skolsköterskans erfarenheter av att möta elever med ätstörning. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats används i studien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta skolsköterskor verksamma i grundskolan utfördes. Resultatet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys i syfte att presentera och analysera data. Resultat: Skolsköterskor som intervjuades har uppgett att de sällan kom i kontakt med elever med ätstörningar, de var svåra att upptäcka. Detta blev problematiskt då de ansågatt tidig identifiering var betydelsefullt för att arbeta förebyggande och hälsofrämjande. Dessutom upplevde skolsköterskorna sig som begränsade på grund av bristande samtalsteknik och organisatoriska förutsättningar. Slutsats: Elever med ätstörningar kan vara svåra att identifiera. Skolsköterskor är beroende av sin kompetens samt samtalsteknik för att kunna hantera och stötta eleverna. Skolsköterskorna upplevde sig dessutom begränsade av organisatoriska skäl som resursbrist, avsaknad av stöd från övriga professioner inom elevhälsan, tidsbrist samt sekretess. / Background: Eating disorders are complex and serious diseases that include anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa and unspecified eating disorders. Risk factors and the symptom of eating disorders usually develop during primary school, but the disease itself becomes apparent during adolescence. Therefore, school nurses who continuously meet students in the school environment have an important position to identify and meet students with an eating disorder. Aim: To gain an in-depth knowledge of the school nurse's experience of meeting students with an eating disorder. Method: A qualitative interview study with an inductive approach is used in the study. Semi-structured interviews with eight school nurses active in primary school were conducted. The results was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis in order to present and analyze data. Results: School nurses who were interviewed stated that they rarely came into contact with students with eating disorders, they were difficult to detect. This became problematic as they considered early identification as important for working on prevention and health promotion. School nurses felt limited due to a lack of conversational techniques and organizational conditions. Conclusion: Students with eating disorders can be difficult to identify. School nurses are dependent on their skills and conversational techniques to be able to handle and support the students. The school nurses also felt limited for organizational reasons such as lack of resources, lack of support from other professions in student health, lack of time and confidentiality.

Background: Two hundred thousand individuals suffer from eating disorders at some point in their lives, but the hidden statistics are large as many of the victims never seek care. Eating disorders are a public health problem and a group of diseases that are psychiatric where the focus is on food intake and body. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe individuals´ experience of recovery from an eating disorder. Method: A description of a literature study of 10 scientific articles with a qualitative approach. Only the Pubmed database was used to search for articles. A thematic analysis method was used to analyze the articles. Mainresult: The results presented two main themes: Understanding the disease and Breaking patterns. Under the theme Understanding the disease, two sub-themes were presented: insight and challenging one's identity. Under the theme Breaking patterns, three sub-themes were presented: strategies, shifting focus and experiencing change. The results report that recovery is an individual process whose definition can be experienced differently from individual to individual. Conclusion: The results of this study was to show that a recovery process looks different for all individuals, and as a nurse it is important to have an understanding of this and be able to respond to individuals in different ways and based on their needs. The results show how individuals with an eating disorder, with various aids, have either gone through the recovery process or are in it now. Then finding strategies to break patterns and experience change has proven to be very helpful in achieving recovery and eventually getting rid of an eating disorder. Keywords: Experience, Individuals, Recovery, Eating disorder / Bakgrund: Tvåhundratusen individer drabbas av en ätstörning någon gång i livet, men mörkertalet är stort då många av de drabbade aldrig söker vård. Ätstörningar är ett folkhälsoproblem och en grupp sjukdomar som är psykiatriska där fokus ligger på matintag och kropp. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva individers erfarenheter av återhämtning vid ätstörning. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. För att söka artiklar användes enbart databasen Pubmed. För att analysera artiklarna användes en tematisk analysmetod. Huvudresultat: I resultatet presenterades två huvudteman: Förståelse för sjukdomen och Bryta mönster. Under temat Förståelse för sjukdomen presenterades två subteman: insikt och utmana sin identitet. Under temat Bryta mönster presenterades tre subteman: strategier, skifta fokus och uppleva förändring. Resultatet redovisar att återhämtning är en individuell process vars definition kan upplevas olika från individ till individ. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna litteraturstudie visar att en återhämtningsprocess ser olika ut för alla individer och som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att ha förståelse för detta och kunna bemöta individer på olika sätt och utifrån deras behov. Resultatet visar på hur individer med en ätstörning, med olika hjälpmedel antingen tagit sig igenom återhämtningsprocessen eller befinner sig i denna nu. Att hitta strategier för att bryta mönster och uppleva förändringar har visat sig vara till stor hjälp för att uppnå återhämtning och så småningom bli fri från en ätstörning.

Introduction: Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia) have been increasing worldwide and nationally. Prior to the development of this disorder, adolescents' present body dissatisfaction, whose study through the ¨Tripartite Influence Model¨ gives us three main pressures: Pressure from parents, media and peers. Factors that are studied through SATAQ-4. We conduct a study to validate the Peruvian version of SATAQ-4 "Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-4". Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2015. It was started by culturally adapting the test. Subsequently, validity was determined through the validity of the construct, and reliability through internal consistency assessment and intra-observer reliability (test-retest). Results: We obtained a culturally adapted instrument which presented a mean greater than 3 in the Delphi method, an intraclass correlation equal to 0.83 and an internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) of 0.90. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the original five-factor structure and the convergent validity analysis (r Pearson) when compared with BSQ a correlation of 0.70. Conclusions: The instrument adequately measures the construct for which it was created and can be applied in the Peruvian university environment. / National Institutes of Health / Revisión por pares

Eating disorder clients show low motivation, poor follow-through, and inordinate premature dropout rates in treatment. Earlier studies support the use of pretherapy training to help clients understand the tasks and challenges of therapy. However, a pretherapy intervention, such as showing prospective clients a video that outlines recovery issues and themes, had not yet been developed specifically for the prevalent, recalcitrant problem of eating disorders. Thus, of particular interest to clinicians who treat eating disorders may be the development of a theoretically sound, pretherapy videotape that outlines recovery issues. One of the purposes of this study was to review prior investigations of the 111 effects of pretherapy films/videos on therapy outcomes. However, the central focus of this dissertation was to develop a pretherapy video for use with eating disorder clients, and using quantitative methods, assess the quality and likely therapeutic utility of the pretherapy video. The video was developed to be theoretically consistent with Bandura' s modeling paradigm, social learning theory. Eating disorder clients, a comparison group of college women, and professional clinicians who are experienced at treating women with eating disorders were asked to view and evaluate the video (developed to orient prospective clients to recovery issues during treatment for eating disorders). All three groups reportedly found the recovering women portrayed in the video credible, believable, and persuasive. All groups of observers indicated that the video presented an understandable and hopeful message possessing emotional impact, and they avowed that the video created expectations for improvement. Also, the viewers believed the pretherapy video would likely increase knowledge of eating disorder recovery, and that future eating disorder clients viewing the video would likely learn new information that would facilitate their recovery. Additionally, the three groups indicated the video seemed to be of general relevance and therapeutic utility to women with eating disorders.

Ätstörningsproblematik hos barn/ungdomar är  ett väl utforskat område, anhörigperspektivet är inte lika beforskat. Den forskning som finns förespråkar ofta familjebehandling där hela familjen inkluderas. Graden av psykisk belastning på föräldrar har visats ha påverkan på barnets tillfrisknande. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka upplevelsen hos föräldrar till ett barn med anorexia nervosa, kopplat till upplevda emotioner samt stöd från vården. Åtta intervjuer analyserades med tematisk analys. Här identifierades frustration kring sjukdomssituationen, oro, rädsla och att sjukdomen drabbar andra relationer. Upplevelserna av stöd visade en upplevd kamp för att få rätt vård och att stort ansvar läggs på föräldrarna. Föräldrarna uttryckte en önskan om att erbjudas stödgrupper för anhöriga. Resultaten överenstämmer med tidigare forskning och pekar på den utsatta situation som föräldrar till barn med anorexia nervosa lever under. En slutsats är att vården behöver bli bättre på stötta dessa sjukdomsdrabbade familjer, till exempel genom ökad delaktighet i vårdplaneringen.

Bakgrund: Ätstörningar är ett folkhälsoproblem som drabbar många personer runt om i världen. Det är en sjukdom som många förknippar till unga tjejer men drabbar personer oavsett ålder och kön. Det finns flera sorters ätstörningar som har olika symtom, de vanligaste är anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa och hetsätningstörning. Vårdpersonalen har en stor roll i patienternas återhämtning och bör därför vårda om patientrelationen. Ju mer kunskap vårdpersonalen har desto mer sannolikt är det att fånga in de personer som lider av ätstörning. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda personer med ätstörning. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på åtta empiriska studier. Cinahl, Pubmed och APA Psykinfo användes för artikelsökningen. Studierna är kvalitetsgranskade och har analyserats med hjälp av Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: Samtliga studier visar på vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda personer med ätstörning. I resultatet visas två huvudteman och fem subteman. Huvudteman är att vårda mot patientens vilja och tydliga strategier skapar förståelse i vårdmötet. Konklusion: Utifrån denna litteraturstudies resultat kan vårdpersonalen öka medvetenhet om de olika utmaningarna som kommer med att vårda personer med ätstörning. Genom att utveckla kunskaperna inom ätstörning kan vårdpersonalen ge en mer optimal vård till personer med ätstörning. / Background: Eating disorders are a public health problem that affects many people around the world. It’s a disease that many associate with young girls but it affects people regardless of age and gender. There are several different types of eating disorders that have different symptoms, the most common ones are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Health care professionals has a major role in the patient’s recovery and should therefore take care of the patient relationship. The more knowledge the health care staff has, the more likely it is to capture the person who suffer from an eating disorder. Aim: To describe healthcare professionals experiences of caring for people with an eating disorder. Methods: A qualitative literature study based on eight empirical studies. Cinahl, Pubmed and APA psykinfo has been used when searching for articles. The studies are quality reviewed and analyzed with the help of Friberg’s analysis model. Results: Every study shows healthcare professionals experiences of caring for people with an eating disorder. The result shows two main themes and five subthemes. The main themes are to care against the patients will and clear strategies creates understanding in the care meeting. Conclusion: Based on the results of this literature study, healthcare professionals can raise awareness of the different challenges that comes with caring for people with an eating disorder. By developing knowledge about eating disorders, healthcare professionals can provide more optimal care for people with eating disorders.

To provide a basis for electroencephalography (EEG) neurofeedback protocols for bulimianervosa (BN), binge-eating disorder (BED), and obesity, this systematic review investigates alterations in EEG-measured brain activity, specifically frequency bands. A systematic literature search with pre-defined search terms yielded N = 7 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed for all studies. In resting-state EEG, the beta activity was elevated in fronto-central regions in individuals with obesity and comorbid BED. In food-cue conditions, both obese individuals with and without BED showed increased beta activity, suggesting increased awareness of food cues and a heightened attentional focus towards food stimuli. The level of beta activity was positively correlated with eating disorder psychopathology in resting and food-cue conditions. In individuals with BN, there was no evidence for altered EEG spectral power. The results indicate specific alterations in EEGbased brain activity in individuals with BED and obesity. More high-quality studies are needed to further confirm these findings and to transfer them into EEG-based interventions.