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Guided by Sonja Foss' (2005) theory of visual rhetoric, this thesis is an exploration of political cartoons from Bangladesh, published between October 2016 - October 2020. The study is framed by the Digital Security Act (DSA), an anti-freedom of speech law enacted by the ruling Awami League government in October 2018. The cartoons analyzed in this study are divided into two sets – 16 published in a two-year period prior to the enactment of the DSA, and 16 published within two years after the enactment of the law. A criterion-based sampling technique was used to select cartoons published online by two Bangladeshi cartoonists' – Mehedi Haque and Sadatuddin Ahmed Amil. A thematic analysis of the cartoons revealed that corruption and threats to freedom of expression are recurring themes in both sets of data, while cartoons published pre-DSA also contain commentary on the prime minister and the government's feelings of contentment. Declining democratic practices is a major theme in cartoons published post-DSA. By utilizing the method of visual rhetorical analysis on six cartoons, the study delved deeper into the cartoons' construction of visual arguments for each theme. Finally, a comparative analysis of the themes and visual arguments in cartoons from each data set revealed that cartoons published after October 2018 are differentiated by disappearing characters and storylines, the use of indirect language, and implicit visual arguments, as well as increased usage of metaphors. Cartoons published post-DSA also have a sharper focus on specific news events as indicators of national issues. This study contributes to a growing body of research on the DSA, highlights how a specific medium of expression can be affected by anti-freedom of speech laws, and provides implications for media industries facing legal challenges. / MACOM / Bangladesh, a country in South Asia, is currently following a democratic parliamentary system where Prime Minister (PM) Sheikh Hasina is the leader of the government. Her party, Awami League (AL) has been in power since 2008. Since AL's enactment of the draconian Digital Security Act (DSA) in October 2018, a culture of fear has persisted within the country's media industry as well as the public, as the law's vague wording allows people to be charged for the mildest criticism of the government and the PM. Guided by the theory of visual rhetoric (Foss, 2005), this study is framed by the DSA in its analysis of editorial cartoons published online by cartoonists Mehedi Haque and Sadatuddin Ahmed Amil between October 2016 – October 2020. A thematic analysis of cartoons published before and after the enactment of the law shows the major topics that emerge from Bangladeshi political cartoons, such as corruption, threats to freedom of expression, contentment of the government, and declining democratic practices. Visual rhetorical analysis performed on one cartoon that best represents each theme explains in detail how the cartoons use visual arguments to convey their message. Finally, a comparison between the pre- and post-DSA data sets shows that cartoons published after October 2018 are marked by disappearing characters and storylines, the use of indirect language, and implicit visual arguments, as well as increased usage of metaphors. Cartoons published post-DSA also have a sharper focus on specific news events as indicators of national issues. This study adds to developing scholarship on the DSA, highlights how editorial cartoons are affected by anti-free speech laws, and offers insights on the media sector encountering legal challenges.

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Editorial

Editorial

Editorial

Os estudos acerca dos modos de ação discursiva especialmente, no que se refere aos gêneros discursivos são marcados por uma grande pluralidade de abordagens, que tendem a enfatizar ora a polarização, ora a integração das noções de estabilidade, dinamicidade, produto e processo como princípios fundamentais de sua constituição. Nesta tese por meio de um diálogo entre a Teoria da Estruturação (GIDDENS, 2009), a proposta crítico-discursiva (FAIRCLOUGH, 2007), a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004) e o conceito de Tradição Discursiva (KABATEK, 2004) , concebe-se e analisa-se a ação discursiva a partir de seus processos de construção, apresentando uma proposta teórico-metodológica calcada em procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos que enfocam a depreensão de padrões semântico-discursivos de recursos linguísticos socialmente motivados e funcionalmente coesos, orientados em termos teleológicos e negociativos que busca fornecer bases para o exame do embate fundamental, intrínseco às práticas discursivas, entre os processos de estabilização geridos, principalmente, pelas coerções estruturais das distintas esferas dos sistemas sociais, que, por meio de sua deontologia, hierarquizam os padrões preferenciais de recursos linguísticos associados à realização de determinadas teleologias socialmente motivadas e dinamização promovidos pelos atores sociais em relação às instituições e das organizações diante da esfera, em uma atividade negociativa constante que atua na tensão entre padronização e inovação, entre resistência e complacência, entre hegemonia e alternatividade. Nessa perspectiva, tornou-se possível examinar o processo de negociação intersubjetiva empreendido nos editoriais da imprensa paulistana de bairro, o que permitiu depreender tanto suas idiossincrasias institucionais e identitárias, quanto as preferências deontológicas relativas à esfera e aos imperativos de comunicação contemporâneos, associados ao mercado simbólico. Desse modo, pôde-se constatar que a imprensa paulistana de bairro constitui-se em uma esfera multifacetada, cujos editoriais apresentam padrões preferenciais variados de construção discursiva, tanto em termos sintagmáticos quanto paradigmáticos, cumprindo diversas teleologias centrais criticar, exortar, exaltar e informar , de modo a perpassar múltiplas estratégias de construção de autoridade, credibilidade, intimidade e comprometimento, atualizadas segundo uma combinatória complexa de recursos interpessoais de avaliatividade, envolvimento e exortatividade. / The studies about the discursive ways of acting specially, the ones which focus the notion of genre are marked by a vast plurality of approaches, stressing either the polarization, either the integration of the notions of stability, dynamicity, product and process as fundamental principles of their constitution. This thesis through a convergence between the Structuration Theory (GIDDENS, 2009), the critical discursive approach (FAIRCLOUGH, 2007), the Systemic-Functional Linguistics (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and the concept of Discourse Tradition (KABATEK, 2004) conceives and analyzes the discursive action considering its process of construction, proposing a methodological and theoretical approach based on quantitative and qualitative procedures that emphasize the detection of discursivesemantic patterns of socially motivated and functionally cohesive linguistic resources, oriented in terms of teleology and intersubjective negotiation which aims to provide basis for the investigation of the fundamental conflict between processes of stability governed, mainly, by the structural coercions of distinct fields in the social systems, which, by means of their deontology, hierarchize the preferential patterns of linguistic resources associated with the execution of certain socially motivated functionalities and dynamicity promoted by social actors in interaction with institutions and by organizations towards their fields of activity, in a constant negotiative development that operates in the tension between standardization and innovation, resistance and compliance, hegemony and alternativity. Thus, it became possible to examine the process of intersubjective negotiation undertaken in São Paulo citys local press editorials, allowing the detection of not only institutional and identificational idiosyncrasies, but also of the deontological preferences associated with the field of activity and the contemporary imperatives of communication, which are intrinsically connected to the developments in the symbolic market. Hence, we could establish that the local press constitute itself as a multifaceted field, with editorials that hold several preferential patterns of discursive construction, encompassing both paradigmatic and syntagmatic compositionality, and fulfill diverse central functionalities criticizing, exhorting, praising and informing , achieved by the actualization of multiple strategies of authority, credibility, intimacy and commitment construal, allowed by a complex combination of interpersonal resources of appraisal, involvement and exhortation.

O presente estudo procurará examinar a relação entre o livro e seus principais atores sociais, o leitor, o autor e o editor, no âmbito da popularização dos ereaders, através da investigação sobre as circunstâncias em que a introdução do livro digital pode afetar as estruturas de produção, circulação e apropriação da informação bibliográfica. Utilizamos, para isso, um extenso levantamento de obras e documentos sobre a história editorial e do livro no Brasil, além de referencial teórico concernente ao livro digital, editoria, práticas de leitura e direitos autorais, corroborado por dados estatísticos de mercado, sob a perspectiva de sua produção e circulação, e da penetração social da leitura e dos dispositivos. Compreendemos, como resultado, que os papéis dos agentes da cadeia produtiva do livro podem ser dinamizados através dos recursos proporcionados pelo livro e redes digitais. / This study aims to examine the relationship between the book and its main social actors, the reader, the author and the publisher, in scope of the popularization of ereaders, by research on the circumstances in which the introduction of the digital book can affect the structures of production, circulation and appropriation of biographical information. We used to do this, an extensive survey of works and documents about the story of book publishing in Brazil, as well as theoretical references for the digital book publishing, reading practices and copyright, supported by statistical data market, about the perspective of its production and circulation, and social penetration of reading and devices. We understand, as a result, that the roles of the productive circuit of the book can be streamlined by the resources provided by the book and digital networks.

Nos anos 1990, o mercado editorial brasileiro observou a ascensão dos livros de autoajuda entre eles os livros de autoajuda voltada a negócios às listas de livros mais vendidos. Fortemente criticados no início de sua ascensão pela grande mídia, esses livros não só enxamearam as listas de mais vendidos nos anos 1990, como conquistaram o status de nicho editorial no Brasil, com sucesso até os dias de hoje. O sucesso e a emergência desse nicho foram compreendidos, nesse trabalho, através da teoria dos campos. Com base nessa teoria, analisaram-se as posições dos atores incumbentes (autores e editores), suas estratégias para obter e manter as posições dominantes no campo, bem como as relações por eles travadas com outros campos, pertinentes para o desenvolvimento do nicho editorial. A agência de certos autores de autoajuda, os gurus, constitui-se como elemento-chave para entender o triunfo desses livros no mercado editorial brasileiro. Gurus são atores socialmente hábeis que tornaram possível a emergência desse novo mercado. Eles são autores de livros de autoajuda, consultores e palestrantes que têm em seus livros apenas um dos meios para legitimar suas ideias perante o seu público. Através do estudo da trajetória de um guru brasileiro conhecido (Roberto Shinyashiki), percebe-se que a conjunção de suas estratégias, atividades e maneiras de apresentar a si mesmo lhe permitiram construir sua reputação como guru, o que, combinado com seu trânsito contínuo entre o mundo editorial e corporativo, e suas atuações na mídia, tiveram papel chave na emergência deste nicho editorial no Brasil dos nos 1990. / On the 1990s, Brazilians editorial market watched the rise of self help books including light business to the best sellers book charts. Initially harshly criticized by the main press, these books not only pullulated in the charts on the 1990s, but have gathered the status of an editorial niche in Brazil, successful to this day. The success and the emergency of this editorial niche were understood in this research through field theory. Based on this theory, the positions of the incumbents actors (authors and editors), as well as their strategies to gain and maintain dominants positions on the field and their relations to other fields pertinent to its development were analyzed. Certain self-help books authors agency was perceived as a key element to understand the triumph of these books on Brazilians editorial market. Gurus are social skilled actors that made possible the emergence of this new market. They are the authors of self-help books, consultants and speakers, whom use their books as only one of their means to legitimate their ideas to their audience. Through the study of one well-known Brazilian guru trajectory (Roberto Shinyashiki), it is shown how the conjunction of their strategies, activities and self-presentation has acquired him his reputation as a guru, which, combined with his continuous transit throughout editorial and corporative worlds and his performances on media, play key roles to the emergence of a new editorial niche in the 1990s on Brazil.