Genom detta examensarbete har vi valt att ta reda på lärares syn på och syfte med hemläxan i matematik. Ges hemläxan, vill vi ta reda på hur hemläxan är kopplad till undervisningen genom utformning och uppföljning. För att få svar på våra frågeställningar har vi använt oss av kvalitativa intervjuer med elva lärare som undervisar i matematik i grundskolans tidigare år. Vårt resultat visar att nio av lärarna väljer att ge hemläxa och syftena var hemmet, där föräldrar skulle vara medvetna om sina barns skolarbete, repetition, där eleverna fick möjlighet att repetera det som arbetats med under lektionerna, och ansvar, där elevernas ansvarstagande sätts i fokus. Hemläxan avspeglar undervisningen och den bygger på moment som eleverna är bekanta med och lektionstid avsätts till uppföljning av hemläxan. Två av lärarna anser att de inte ger hemläxa. Hemläxan bidrar till oönskade konflikter i hemmet, ett minskat elevansvar samt att det finns elever som inte utför de uppgifter de fått i hemläxan.

Uppsatsen behandlar uppkomsten, utvecklingen och tillämpningen av "klassens timme" i den svenska skolan. Den redogör för vilka influenser och faktorer som bidragit till skolans förändrade arbetssätt och arbetsformer och för hur dessa kan ha bidragit till införandet av "klassens timme". Genom studier av läroplaner och andra officiella dokument följs utvecklingen och tillämpningen från år 1940 fram till och med år 1994. För att få svar på hur "klassens timme" genom åren har används i skolan, samt hur den används idag, har tretton lärare i olika åldrar fått skriva ner sina synpunkter och erfarenheter. Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion kring hur timmen har nyttjats och för hur den idag, och i framtiden, bäst bör tillämpas för att engagera så många elever som möjligt.

<p>Uppsatsen behandlar uppkomsten, utvecklingen och tillämpningen av "klassens timme" i den svenska skolan. Den redogör för vilka influenser och faktorer som bidragit till skolans förändrade arbetssätt och arbetsformer och för hur dessa kan ha bidragit till införandet av "klassens timme". Genom studier av läroplaner och andra officiella dokument följs utvecklingen och tillämpningen från år 1940 fram till och med år 1994. </p><p>För att få svar på hur "klassens timme" genom åren har används i skolan, samt hur den används idag, har tretton lärare i olika åldrar fått skriva ner sina synpunkter och erfarenheter. </p><p>Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion kring hur timmen har nyttjats och för hur den idag, och i framtiden, bäst bör tillämpas för att engagera så många elever som möjligt.</p>

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elever och lärares syn på hur arbetsmetoden Flippat klassrum påverkar elevernas möjlighet till stöd och stimulans i matematikämnet. Skolverket (2011:10) har satt upp ambitiösa mål och skriver i Lgy11 att alla de anställda i skolan ska ”ge stöd och stimulans till alla elever så att de utvecklas så långt som möjligt”. Studien bygger på intervjuer med tre lärare och fyra elever och resultatet visar på både stor potential hos arbetsmetoden, men också på en tungrodd verklighet i behov av tydlig struktur. I studien deltar både lärare som aktivt flippar sitt klassrum men också lärare som valt att lämna arbetsmetoden vilket innebär att studien får en intressant dynamik.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse pupils’ and teachers’ views on pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork and how this relates to a more comprehensive ideology of school and today’s high modern society. The analysis is inspired by Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory and the concepts of discursive consciousness, practical consciousness, rules, routines and resources.</p><p>At school level pupils’ and teachers’ views of pupils’ responsibility is shown in their practical and discursive consciousness. To capture this consciousness, observations were made during fifteen lessons in school year 9 (15-16 years of age). These lessons - “study times” - were introduced to increase freedom of choice, flexibility and responsibility. Sixty-eight pupils and twenty-two teachers were interviewed. The ideology expressed in pupils’ and teachers’ views on pupils’ responsibility was related to the official school ideology expressed in the national curriculum. Finally, an analysis was carried out inspired by Anthony Giddens’ and Ulrich Beck´s concepts used in their descriptions of the high modern society, individualism and value-relativism.</p><p>The results showed a discursive consensus between teachers and pupils concerning their views pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork. The meaning of responsibility was taken for granted and implied doing the school tasks and to complete them in time. Both teachers and pupils expressed that many pupils’ have difficulties in taking this responsibility. A discrepancy between the pupils’ discursive and practical consciousness was found.</p><p>Rules and routines were created by the teachers to control the freedom of space offered during the “study times”. The pupils legitimated the teachers’ controlling function but in practice they offer resistance against the demand for responsibility.</p><p>The overall analysis identified three issues that are important for further discussions in research and educational practice. Responsibility and learning: Responsibility was observed as a part of a “culture of doing” separated from learning as such. Also, responsibility was linked to individual work. The freedom offered during the “study times” was used by both pupils, and teachers, to build relationships. This means that relationships were not created through work but rather despite it. Responsibility and the view of the pupils’: In pupils’ and teachers’ view of responsibility pupils were easy going, ruled by lust and/or responsible but not always according to the conditions stipulated by the school. The pupils were offered a freedom to choose but they were also held responsible for the consequences. While they could make the choice not to work, this would influence the evaluation of the achievements, and in reality make it a “non-choice”. The freedom was limited and conditioned. Responsibility as a democratic principle: The connection between responsibility and pupil participation expressed in the national curriculum was not to be found in pupils’ and teachers’ views of responsibility. While the pupils were offered participation in relation to which assignments to choose to work with during the “study times”. They were not invited to shape the rules and the routines for the schoolwork or to have influence on the contents of the work or the working environment. The pupils’ did not ask for more participation, but rather feared it would lead to chaos. The separation between participation and responsibility indicated in the study is suggested to weaken the idea of responsibility as one of the democratic principles.</p><p>In conclusion: The view of pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork was built upon an individualistic ideology. known from Giddens and Becks description of high modernity. In contrast to their description, however my results show no signs of value-relativism</p>

<p>For most pupils homework is a natural part of school and their education and there are several providers of homework assistance: the pupil's parents, sibblings, friends, Internet forums, hired private tutoring, non-profit organisations and at times even the pupil's school. This study has investigated the use of the school-based homework assistance programme at the Upper Secondary School of Psychology in Stockholm and why the programme is not more frequently used by its pupils. The school offers homework assistance two hours each Thursday afternoon, with at least two teachers being present to tender for the school's 127 pupils. The cost of the programme has been estimated to approximately 12 500 Swedish kronor per week. Through the main use of a questionnaire given to both the school's students and teachers, as well as an interview with the school's headmaster, this study will show that despite receiving the opportunity few pupils take part of the programme on a regular basis. Although approximately seventy percent of all pupils claim to have attended the program at least once during the springterm, the main reason has been to re-take tests and not to receive help with their schoolwork. The school's main purpose with the homework assistance programme is to give all its pupils the same opportunity to receive help with their studies and thus reach the national goals. However, some pupils find both the programme and homework in general to be a waste of their leisure time. This study shows that the pupils. use of the homework assistance programme most often is connected not only to individuals' needs for extra assistance with schoolwork, but also with their own maturity and insight of the responsibilities they have towards their studies.<strong> </strong></p>

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse pupils’ and teachers’ views on pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork and how this relates to a more comprehensive ideology of school and today’s high modern society. The analysis is inspired by Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory and the concepts of discursive consciousness, practical consciousness, rules, routines and resources. At school level pupils’ and teachers’ views of pupils’ responsibility is shown in their practical and discursive consciousness. To capture this consciousness, observations were made during fifteen lessons in school year 9 (15-16 years of age). These lessons - “study times” - were introduced to increase freedom of choice, flexibility and responsibility. Sixty-eight pupils and twenty-two teachers were interviewed. The ideology expressed in pupils’ and teachers’ views on pupils’ responsibility was related to the official school ideology expressed in the national curriculum. Finally, an analysis was carried out inspired by Anthony Giddens’ and Ulrich Beck´s concepts used in their descriptions of the high modern society, individualism and value-relativism. The results showed a discursive consensus between teachers and pupils concerning their views pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork. The meaning of responsibility was taken for granted and implied doing the school tasks and to complete them in time. Both teachers and pupils expressed that many pupils’ have difficulties in taking this responsibility. A discrepancy between the pupils’ discursive and practical consciousness was found. Rules and routines were created by the teachers to control the freedom of space offered during the “study times”. The pupils legitimated the teachers’ controlling function but in practice they offer resistance against the demand for responsibility. The overall analysis identified three issues that are important for further discussions in research and educational practice. Responsibility and learning: Responsibility was observed as a part of a “culture of doing” separated from learning as such. Also, responsibility was linked to individual work. The freedom offered during the “study times” was used by both pupils, and teachers, to build relationships. This means that relationships were not created through work but rather despite it. Responsibility and the view of the pupils’: In pupils’ and teachers’ view of responsibility pupils were easy going, ruled by lust and/or responsible but not always according to the conditions stipulated by the school. The pupils were offered a freedom to choose but they were also held responsible for the consequences. While they could make the choice not to work, this would influence the evaluation of the achievements, and in reality make it a “non-choice”. The freedom was limited and conditioned. Responsibility as a democratic principle: The connection between responsibility and pupil participation expressed in the national curriculum was not to be found in pupils’ and teachers’ views of responsibility. While the pupils were offered participation in relation to which assignments to choose to work with during the “study times”. They were not invited to shape the rules and the routines for the schoolwork or to have influence on the contents of the work or the working environment. The pupils’ did not ask for more participation, but rather feared it would lead to chaos. The separation between participation and responsibility indicated in the study is suggested to weaken the idea of responsibility as one of the democratic principles. In conclusion: The view of pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork was built upon an individualistic ideology. known from Giddens and Becks description of high modernity. In contrast to their description, however my results show no signs of value-relativism

For most pupils homework is a natural part of school and their education and there are several providers of homework assistance: the pupil's parents, sibblings, friends, Internet forums, hired private tutoring, non-profit organisations and at times even the pupil's school. This study has investigated the use of the school-based homework assistance programme at the Upper Secondary School of Psychology in Stockholm and why the programme is not more frequently used by its pupils. The school offers homework assistance two hours each Thursday afternoon, with at least two teachers being present to tender for the school's 127 pupils. The cost of the programme has been estimated to approximately 12 500 Swedish kronor per week. Through the main use of a questionnaire given to both the school's students and teachers, as well as an interview with the school's headmaster, this study will show that despite receiving the opportunity few pupils take part of the programme on a regular basis. Although approximately seventy percent of all pupils claim to have attended the program at least once during the springterm, the main reason has been to re-take tests and not to receive help with their schoolwork. The school's main purpose with the homework assistance programme is to give all its pupils the same opportunity to receive help with their studies and thus reach the national goals. However, some pupils find both the programme and homework in general to be a waste of their leisure time. This study shows that the pupils. use of the homework assistance programme most often is connected not only to individuals' needs for extra assistance with schoolwork, but also with their own maturity and insight of the responsibilities they have towards their studies.

Huvudsyftet med denna undersökning har varit att undersöka och jämföra lärares och elevers uppfattningar av lärares arbete med elevinflytande i engelska A-undervisningen på gymnasiet. Det andra syftet har varit att beskriva hur den nya ämnesplanen för engelska (Gy 2011) förändrats vis-a-vis ämnesplanen och kursplanerna för engelska (Gy 2000) och vad dessa förändringar kan få för effekt på lärares fortsatta arbete med elevinflytande i engelskundervisningen. Undersökningen genomfördes med utgångspunkt i följande huvudfrågeställningar: (1) hur förhåller sig lärare respektive elever till begreppet elevinflytande samt (2) vilka förändringar återfinns i de nya styrdokumenten för engelskundervisningen i Gy 2011 och hur kan det påverka lärares arbete med elevinflytande? Metoderna som tillämpats i undersökningen har varit kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer med lärare och elever, en enkätundersökning som riktades till elever och en jämförande textanalys av ämnesplanen för engelska Gy 2011 och Gy 2000. Dessa tre metoder valdes med utgångspunkten att kunna triangulera och på så vis jämföra det insamlade datamaterialet. Analysen av datamaterialet har gjorts med koppling till styrdokument, teori och tidigare forskning med anknytning till ämnesområdet. Resultatet av undersökningen visade på att lärares och elevers uppfattningar av elevinflytande i många avseenden är lika. Både lärare och elever uppfattar att elevinflytande handlar om att påverka, vara delaktig och valmöjligheter. Vidare uppfattar lärare och elever att ett verkligt inflytande innebär att eleverna både känner och faktiskt har möjlighet att påverka undervisningen. Lärarens roll när det gäller elevinflytande i engelskundervisningen är att vara lyhörd och öppen för elevernas förslag. Elevens roll är att aktivt kunna förmedla sina förslag och synpunkter till läraren. När det gäller lärares arbete med elevinflytande i engelskundervisningen så framgick det av svaren att det till största delen är hur arbetet ska genomföras som eleverna har möjlighet att påverka medan vad arbetet ska innehålla till större delen väljs utifrån alternativ som styrs av lärarens tolkning. Textanalysen av den nya ämnesplanen (Gy 2011) visade på att styrdokumentet innehåller förändringar vad gäller struktur, kommunikation, elevperspektiv och ansvar. Under rubriken "Centralt innehåll" i kursbeskrivningarna finns ett krav som ger utrymme för ökat elevinflytande. Vissa av lärarna var dock inte säkra på att det skulle generera ett ökat elevinflytande då de menar att lärarens tolkning fortfarande är utgångspunkten. / The primary aim of this study has been to examine as well as compare teachers’ and students’ views on student influence in English teaching (English A) at upper secondary school. The secondary aim of the study focused on describing how the new English curriculum (Gy 2011) have changed vis-à-vis the previous English curriculum (Gy 2000) and what impact these changes might have on teachers approach to student influence in English teaching. The study was carried out with the following research questions in mind: (1) how does teachers and students interpret student influence and (2) what kind of changes can be found in the new English curriculum (Gy 2011) and how might these changes affect teachers’ approach to student influence? The applied methods in this study have been qualitative semi-structured interviews with teachers and students, a survey aimed at students and a comparative textual analysis of the two curricula, Gy 2011 and Gy 2000. In order to triangulate the collected data, these three methods were chosen. The data analysis is based on the two curricula, theory and previous research connected to the specific subject area. The results of the study indicated that teachers’ and students’ interpretations of student influence were in many ways similar. Teachers as well as students think of student influence as participation, being involved in the decision-making process and being able to choose between options. In addition, teachers’ and students’ definition of a veritable influence is that students both feel that they have an opportunity to shape their English education and that they actually have an opportunity to shape their English education. The role of the teacher, when it comes to student influence in English teaching, is to be perceptive and open-minded to students’ suggestions. The role of the student is to voice his or her opinions and give suggestions to the teacher. In regard to how teachers are working with student influence in their English teaching, answers from the interviews and the survey indicated that students mainly have an opportunity to influence how the classroom activity can be carried out. The content of the classroom activity is still the teacher’s prerogative. If the students are given choices, these choices have usually been framed by the teacher. The results of the textual analysis of the new English curriculum (Gy 2011) showed that changes have taken place in the new curriculum in areas such as structure, communication, student perspectives and student responsibility. A requirement in the new curriculum was found that could lead to more student influence.  However, some of the teachers were not really sure that it could generate more student influence. In this regard, they highlighted the authority of a teacher’s opinion.

Denna uppsats är en konsumtion av forskning som behandlar fältstudier. Artiklarna har valts efter relevans till samhällskunskapsämnet på gymnasial nivå för att undersöka motiv till tillämpningar, utmaningar och fördelar till denna typ av undervisning. I bakgrunden belyses behov av både mer erfarenhetsbaserad och problembaserad undervisning inom samhällskunskapsämnet vilket senare diskuteras i relation till uppsatsens resultat. I bakgrunden förklaras även denna uppsats tolkning av pragmatikernas kunskapsutveckling samt teoretisk utgångspunkt. Artiklarna som utgör materialet undersöks för att finna mönster och tendenser huruvida fältstudier kan bidra till att fylla behovet av mer erfarenhetsbaserad undervisning. Resultatet bearbetas genom en kvalitativ analys med teoretisk utgångspunkt i utveckling av kunskapsförmågor, men även andra aspekter såsom affektivt och erfarenhetsbaserat lärande. Beroende på hur fältstudier var uppstrukturerade tränades olika förmågor. Genom stort elevansvar stimulerades deltagarna till att utveckla procedurförmågor och analysförmågor. Medan ett uttryckt fokus på affektion och erfarenheter genom upplevelser tränades metakognitiva förmågor. Mer lärarstyrda fältstudier visade potentiellt effektiv begreppsundervisning genom linjära fältstudier. Däremot riskerade dessa fältstudiestrukturer orsaka bristande motivationpå grund av litet friutrymme. Skillnaderna är enfingervisning om effektiviteten i olika variationer av fältstudier men även för att utvinna särdrag och framgångsfaktorer samt utmaningar vid tillämpning. Framstående utmaningar såsom resurskrav och risk för avhopp framkom av materialet och redovisas i resultatet. I diskussionen problematiseras resultatet men även dess relevans och uppmuntrande av potentiell tillämpning och framtid inom samhällskunskapsundervisning. Avslutningsvis påvisas behov av ytterligare forskning inom både området fältstudier inom samhällskunskap men även erfarenhetsbaserad samhällskunskap för att fylla en existerande forskningslucka.