This study provides a precise definition of the term 'Kafkaesque' by enriching literary criticism with scientific theory and practice, including an experiment on readers' responses to Kafka. Dictionary definitions justify taking the term back to its textual origins in Kafka's works, and the works can fruitfully be analysed by investigating how readers engage with them through cognitive processes of imagination. Modern scientific developments posit that vision, imagination, and consciousness should be conceived of not in terms of static pictorialism – reducible to the notion of 'pictures in the head' – but in terms of enaction, i.e. as an ongoing interaction with the external world around us. Most traditional nineteenth-century Realist texts are based on pictorialist assumptions, while Kafka's texts evoke perception non-pictorially and are therefore more cognitively realistic. In his personal writings, Kafka wrestles with problems entailed by pictorialist conceptions of vision, imagination, and the function of language, and comes to enactivist solutions: evocation of perception that does not result in painting static tableaux with words. In his fictional works, Kafka correspondingly evolves a cognitively realistic way of writing to evoke fictional worlds that directly engage the cognitive processes of their readers; Der Proceß is a prime example of the 'Kafkaesque' text and reading experience, defined by being compelling yet simultaneously unsettling. Modulations in narrative perspective and evocation of emotion as enactive also contribute to the experience of the 'Kafkaesque' as compelling; yet Kafka's texts simultaneously unsettle by preventing straightforward emotional identification with the protagonists, and destabilising deep-rooted concepts of selfhood as singular and unified. The theoretical discussion of the 'Kafkaesque' experience as compelling yet unsettling is complemented and refined by an experiment testing readers' responses to a short story by Kafka. The term 'Kafkaesque realism' denotes Kafka's compelling yet unsettling non-pictorial evocation of perception of the fictional world. Kafkaesque realism falls into the broader category of 'cognitive realism', which provides a framework for analysing fictional texts more generally.

Text in German / In dieser empirischen Untersuchung wird die Lebens- und Arbeitsgemeinschaft von Missio-nar/-innen auf dem Missionsfeld erforscht. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist die Frage, wie der Status (Single oder verheiratet, Frau oder Mann) die Lebens- und Arbeitsgemein-schaft von Missionar/-innen beeinflusst. Mit welchen heterosexuell erotisierten Situationen werden Missionar/-innen konfrontiert? Ziel ist es, die verschiedenen Erotisierungen zu erken-nen, deren Einfluss auf die Missionsarbeit zu verstehen und herauszuarbeiten, welche Präven-tion für die Missionar/-innen hilfreich ist. Nach der Begriffsklärung wird im ersten Schritt die aktuelle Genderdebatte beleuchtet, um den Denkrahmen der Erotisierung zwischen Frau und Mann zu skizzieren und um die Notwendigkeit feministischer Ansätze zu erkennen. Dann werden in einer biblisch-theologischen Untersuchung zu Geschlecht und Erotik die biblisch-theologische Wesensmä-ßigkeit von Frauen und Männern, die Authentizität des Ehelebens, sowie sexuelle Versuchung und Versuchlichkeit dargestellt. Ebenso wird die Anziehung durch die Schönheit nach dem Hohelied dargestellt. In einer missionswissenschaftlichen Literaturstudie wird Leiterschaft und Mitarbeiterführung, sowie der Wahrnehmung von Frau- und Mannsein im Missionskon-text gesichtet. Die empirische Forschung begann mit einer Prästudie, in der die im Arbeitskreis Evan-gelikale Mission (AEM) zusammengeschlossenen Missionsgesellschaften zu ihrem aktuellen Umgang mit Erotisierungen im missionarischen Beziehungsgeflecht befragt wurden. In der dann folgenden empirischen Forschung wurden Missionar/-innen narrativ interviewt. Sie be-richteten von Erotisierungen, die sie in ihrer aktiven Missionar/-innenzeit erlebt hatten. Dabei wurden Erotisierungen mit und ohne Erotik festgestellt. Ebenso wurden die Folgen der Eroti-sierungen für die Mission und hilfreiche Präventionen thematisiert. Die Auswertung geschah mittels Grounded Theory in der Software MAXQDA. Die Ergebnisse werden interpretiert und münden in Konsequenzen für die Praxis. / This empirical study investigates the living and working community of missionaries, male and female, on the missions field. The basis of this study is the question, how does the status of the missionary (single or married, man or woman) influence the community of missionar-ies. What kind of heterosexual eroticising situations are missionaries confronted with? The goal is to identify these eroticisations, attempt to understand their impact on missionary work and to find preventative measures that could be helpful for missionaries. After explaining key terms, the first step is to look at the gender debate in order to sketch out the various ways of understanding eroticisations between man and woman and to emphasise the necessity of feministic approaches. Then a biblical-theological investigation on gender and eroticism displays the biblical-theological perspective on the essential being of man and woman, the authenticity of marriage, as well as sexual temptation and the suscepti-bility to sexual temptation. The attraction of beauty in Solomon’s Song of Songs is also de-scribed. Finally, the role of leadership as well as the perception of what it means to be a man or woman in the context of missions is evaluated in a missiological literature review. The empirical research began with a pre-study in which mission societies who are member of the Arbeitskreis evangelikaler Missionen (AEM) were asked how they deal with eroticisations within the context of missions. The empirical research which followed was based on narrative interviews with missionaries. They described eroticisations that were ex-perienced during their time as active missionaries. It became apparent that there were erotici-sations with and without involving erotism. Furthermore, they addressed the consequences of eroticisations for missions itself and suggested helpful preventative measures. The interviews are analysed using Grounded Theory and the software MAXQDA. The results were interpret-ed and led to consequences for praxis. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

近年來有關醫療法律糾紛案件有逐漸增加之趨勢，本文嘗試藉由實證分析，剖析目前實務與學理上之不同見解，簡要提出個人淺見。於實證分析前，本論文先就文獻理論作簡略之論述，首要說明醫療行為與醫療糾紛之相關概念，以界定醫師或醫療機構對其醫療行為應負之責任。並從實體法上論述醫療過失民事責任之基礎及其內涵，如醫療契約責任、醫療侵權責任、消保法與醫療法之適用，以及醫療過失之因果關係等。次就程序法上探討民事醫療訴訟舉證責任分配之基本原則，同時就美國法與德國法有關醫療過失舉證責任分配的調整於我國實務上之運用，作概略分析及探討。再者，鑑於法官於具體個案中判斷醫療糾紛之相關要件，往往需將訴訟資料送請醫療專業機構加以鑑定，因此，本文亦加以說明我國醫療鑑定制度運作之現況，並據此指出現行醫療糾紛鑑定問題之所在。 最後，本文就最高法院民事案件，分別從醫療糾紛判決背景資料之「年度」、「醫療機構層級」、「科別」、「上訴人」與「上訴結果」，以及醫療糾紛審判實務，如「醫療過失」、「因果關係的認定」、「民事責任請求權基礎及舉證責任之分配情況」、「告知義務」、「醫療鑑定在醫療糾紛應用」，進行實證分析，並依實證數據成果，提出「醫療科別屬性與醫療糾紛案件量多寡密切攸關」、「法院對於醫師在個案是否盡注意義務，應以理性醫師之注意標準綜合評價」、「針對醫療訴訟特性，適度分配醫病雙方之舉證責任」、「宜建立醫療傷害補償基金制度」、「醫事人員確切履行告知說明義務」、「健全現行病歷表之相關問題」、「關於醫療糾紛鑑定實務」暨「透過消保法填補醫療（院）組織疏失之責任」等八項結論及建議，以供實務與學術研究者未來對於醫療糾紛訴訟案件研析時之參考。 / Recently, legal cases concerning medical dispute have a tendency to increase gradually. This article tries to explore different viewpoints between practice and academic theory by empirical analysis and then briefly indicates some of my humble views. Before doing the empirical analysis, this article will briefly introduce the related literatures and theories. Firstly, explains related concepts between medical behavior and medical dispute to define the liability that doctor and medical institution should bear because of their medical behaviors. Then, discuss the basis and connotation of the civil liability for medical malpractice from the substantive law viewpoint, such as the liability for medical contract, medical tort liability, the implementation of the Consumer Protection Law and the Medical Care Act and the causality from the medical malpractice etc. Secondly, this article will discuss the basic principles of allocation of burden of proof for civil medical dispute from the procedural law viewpoint and in the same time, briefly analyze and research that whether it is appropriate to adopt the allocation of burden of proof for medical malpractice from American and German law in our own practice. Furthermore, respecting the fact that for judges to make their decisions in particular medical dispute cases, they always have to send action materials to professional medical institutes for identification, thus, this article also wants to explain the current situation of implementation of our medical identification system, and points out the problems of current medical dispute identification system accordingly. Lastly, this article will proceed empirical analysis according to the Year, Levels of the medical institutions, Divisions, Appellant, Result of Appeal from the background of the verdicts of the civil medical dispute cases awarded by the Supreme Court and according to the medical malpractice, the determination of the causality, the condition of basis of civil title of claiming and allocation of burden of proof, obligation of informing, medical identification in the medical dispute from the medical dispute trial practice. Base upon these results, this article indicates eight conclusions and suggestions for reference for the active participants and academic researchers in future medical dispute lawsuits: the attribution of the medical care division and the number of the medical dispute cases are closely related, court should do omnibus assessment using the standard of due diligence as a rational doctor to determine whether a doctor fulfill his duty of care in a specific case, with the particularity of medical actions in mind, appropriately allocate the burden of proof between doctor and patient, it is better to establish the compensation foundation system for medical damage, medical personnel should literally perform their obligation of informing, to refine the problems of current medical record, things concerning medical dispute identification practice and using the Consumer Protection Act to fill the vacancy that caused by the negligence of the medical institutions.

Effective knowledge sharing within project teams is critical to knowledge-intensive professional service firms. Prior research studies indicate a positive association between trust, social-cognitive factors, and effective knowledge sharing among co-workers. The conceptual framework proposed here builds on these studies, and draws from theoretical foundations from the organizational behavior, psychology, information studies, sociology, and management literature on organizational trust and knowledge sharing, and identifies the most significant factors found to influence organizational knowledge sharing directly and indirectly through trust. The study makes methodological contributions in the form of conceptualizations for knowledge sharing behavior, trust, and tie strength. Also, it provides a more nuanced and focused analysis, by factoring for knowledge type and co-worker working relationship. Data were collected from 275 knowledge workers (‘legal professionals’ and paralegals) engaged in shared legal project work, at one of Canada’s largest multijurisdictional law firms. The nature of their work required a significant reliance on co-workers, for both explicit and tacit knowledge. Multiple regression analysis, among other statistical techniques, was used to test the hypotheses and determine significant relationships. Of the factors examined in the study, the three found to have the strongest effect on respondents’ trust in their co-workers were shared vision, shared language, and tie strength. Furthermore, the two factors found to have the strongest effect on organizational knowledge sharing behavior were trust and shared vision. Overall trust was also found to have a mediating effect between shared vision and knowledge sharing behavior, and between shared language and knowledge sharing behavior. A significant implication for practitioners is that effective knowledge sharing among co-workers requires a nurturing manager to work on developing co-worker trust and shared vision. Furthermore, a manager wanting to promote trust between co-workers must nurture shared language and shared vision.

Effective knowledge sharing within project teams is critical to knowledge-intensive professional service firms. Prior research studies indicate a positive association between trust, social-cognitive factors, and effective knowledge sharing among co-workers. The conceptual framework proposed here builds on these studies, and draws from theoretical foundations from the organizational behavior, psychology, information studies, sociology, and management literature on organizational trust and knowledge sharing, and identifies the most significant factors found to influence organizational knowledge sharing directly and indirectly through trust. The study makes methodological contributions in the form of conceptualizations for knowledge sharing behavior, trust, and tie strength. Also, it provides a more nuanced and focused analysis, by factoring for knowledge type and co-worker working relationship. Data were collected from 275 knowledge workers (‘legal professionals’ and paralegals) engaged in shared legal project work, at one of Canada’s largest multijurisdictional law firms. The nature of their work required a significant reliance on co-workers, for both explicit and tacit knowledge. Multiple regression analysis, among other statistical techniques, was used to test the hypotheses and determine significant relationships. Of the factors examined in the study, the three found to have the strongest effect on respondents’ trust in their co-workers were shared vision, shared language, and tie strength. Furthermore, the two factors found to have the strongest effect on organizational knowledge sharing behavior were trust and shared vision. Overall trust was also found to have a mediating effect between shared vision and knowledge sharing behavior, and between shared language and knowledge sharing behavior. A significant implication for practitioners is that effective knowledge sharing among co-workers requires a nurturing manager to work on developing co-worker trust and shared vision. Furthermore, a manager wanting to promote trust between co-workers must nurture shared language and shared vision.

Submitted by Arthur Sodré Prado (arthurprado@gmail.com) on 2017-04-28T01:23:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação.pdf: 1534989 bytes, checksum: 1b6a97b7575ab02982a348774ca888e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2017-04-28T18:18:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação.pdf: 1534989 bytes, checksum: 1b6a97b7575ab02982a348774ca888e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T12:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação.pdf: 1534989 bytes, checksum: 1b6a97b7575ab02982a348774ca888e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-05 / This work examines the Prosecutorial discretion in corruption cases through a case study. Using a qualitative approach, I have observed a group of criminal procedures since their common beginning until the Judge’s appraisal of several indictments of São Paulo’s city hall public agents, their family members and colleagues accused for public extortion, conspiracy and money laundering (called by me as 'The ISS agents case'). The idea was to understand how the Public Prosecutors, in the Brazilian practice, chooses the investigation targets and selects individuals to be considered liable for corruption events. I observed the results under three main theoretical models frequently used to explain the Prosecutorial discretion: The mandatory model, the opportunity model and a model in their middle, the legally bounded opportunity model. I also have adopted a cross-cut view to see how the differences between public extortion and bribery are considered in both criminal and criminal procedure angles. The conclusion was that the ISS agents case shows a trend to enlarge the prosecutorial discretion with no clear indicia of how to control their choices. The prosecutors work in an institutional multiplicity environment; they choose corruption crimes to investigate 'following the money'. The need of evidences of the quid pro quos and about new facts, however, stimulates the Prosecutors to settle with suspects. In the ISS agents case, the use of an unclear distinction between bribery and public extortion reveals a way to bypass the Brazilian criminal plea agreement statutes by the exchange of immunity to the companies for evidences of bribe payments and data about new facts. This trend is not necessarily sign of an evolution. Brazil is dealing with a dilemma: Massive corruption scandals are being revealed, but the civil rights can be affected and seriously harmed by the guidance of the criminal procedure just for the increase of the social control without considering the respect for the due process clauses and the right for a fair trial. / Por meio de um estudo de caso, este trabalho investiga como, na prática, o Ministério Público seleciona quem serão os investigados e denunciados por crimes contra a Administração Pública. A amostra selecionada para um estudo qualitativo foi o que chamei de 'caso dos fiscais do ISS'. Adotei como estratégia de pesquisa o exame documental e a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As unidades de análise foram um procedimento interno de investigação, denúncias e decisões que as apreciaram, relativas a acusações de pertinência a organização criminosa, concussão e lavagem de dinheiro, imputadas a um grupo de funcionários públicos do Município de São Paulo, seus colegas e familiares. Os resultados foram observados sob o ponto de vista das diferentes concepções sobre o funcionamento do sistema de justiça criminal, no que toca à liberdade do Ministério Público para decidir quem será denunciado em determinado caso. Foram considerados os modelos teóricos da obrigatoriedade da ação penal, da oportunidade pura e da oportunidade regrada (ou obrigatoriedade mitigada). Também adotei uma abordagem transversal entre o direito penal material e adjetivo, para investigar como exigências processuais, relacionadas à estratégia de coleta de provas, podem influenciar os critérios diferenciadores de crimes contra a Administração Pública. Foi possível observar uma tendência de aumento nas margens de discrição dos Promotores em casos de corrupção, sem que se possa notar claros indícios de um controle das seleções ministeriais. O Ministério Público atua em um ambiente de multiplicidade institucional; a instituição prioriza os casos de corrupção investigar seguindo o caminho do dinheiro, no âmbito de procedimentos internos. A necessidade de obter provas de que a incompatibilidade patrimonial de funcionários públicos decorria do recebimento de propinas, entretanto, estimulou os Promotores a celebrar acordos com envolvidos. O caso dos fiscais do ISS indica que a falta de clareza na distinção entre corrupção e concussão pode ser um meio para celebrar acordos informais em que a imunidade criminal é concedida mediante a confissão dos fatos, a entrega de provas e a regularização tributária. Essa tendência não necessariamente indica uma evolução, mas expõe um dilema atual: Diversos escândalos envolvendo corrupção estão sendo revelados, mas os direitos fundamentais podem ser letras mortas se o Processo Penal estiver unicamente orientado para o aumento o controle social, sem considerar as garantias e formalidades inerentes ao exercício do direito de defesa.

Assessment is an integral component of outcomes-based education which requires a paradigm shift in assessment processes. Outcomes-based assessment is more intense than traditional assessment since it reports on many dimensions of performance. Performance is analysed in relation to outcomes and the learning demonstrated and record-keeping is more complex. This study explored the experiences of the Senior Management Team and Foundation Phase educators of a selected primary school regarding outcomes-based education, outcomes-based assessment and its management. A literature review of outcomes-based education, outcomes-based assessment and instructional leadership and an empirical study using a qualitative approach were conducted. Document analysis and semi-structured interviews with educators and school management were used for data-gathering. Findings indicated that the initial implementation of outcomes-based education was problematic, however, effective instructional leadership had improved educators' understanding and implementation of assessment. Thereafter recommendations were made for the improvement of practice. / Educational Studies / Thesis (M.Ed.)

Quelle relation lie un élu à son parti ? Cette thèse se propose d’analyser le phénomène de dépendance au parti des députés en comparant le PS et l’UMP durant la XIIIe et la XIVe législature. La relation de dépendance au parti influence, avec une intensité variable, le comportement du député, dans de nombreuses sphères d’action du mandat et tout au long de sa carrière politique. La thèse d’un cycle de la dépendance est ainsi confrontée empiriquement, en croisant méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. Plusieurs profils de dépendance au parti chez les députés ont été dégagés : l’utilitariste, le fataliste, le fidèle, et l’éléphant du parti. Ceux-ci sont déterminés par l’appartenance à un des deux partis, ainsi que par un effet fort de la carrière. Une analyse séquentielle de la carrière du député permet ensuite de souligner la multidimensionnalité du phénomène qui varie à la fois selon les temps de la carrière (conquérir, exercer et conserver son mandat) et les caractéristiques du député. / What kind of relationship binds an elected official to his party ? This study aims to analyse French Deputies' Party dependency by comparing the Socialist Party and the Union for a Popular Movement during the XIIIth and the XIVth legislature. The party dependency affects MPs behaviour with a varying intensity over time and space. The thesis of a party dependency cycle is tested empirically, by using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Different types of party dependency among MPs has been found : the utilitarian, the fatalistic, the believer and the grandee. These profiles are determined by party membership and political longevity. A sequential study of MPs’ careers underlines the multidimensionality of party dependency in relation to career-stage (whether it be conquering, exercising, or keeping one’s mandate) as well as MP’s individual characteristics.

The goal of this dissertation was to conduct an analysis of domain name accounting according to HGB and IFRS, based on generic, qualified and personal domain names and in consideration of the effect of the relationship to brands and websites as related assets on their recognition, measurement and presentation in the balance sheet. In this regard, the focus of interest lied in clarifying the differences and similarities in domain name accounting, between the rather creditor-oriented HGB and the more capital market-oriented IFRS, between the major types of domain names and between theory and practice.

No description available.