<p>In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000.</p><p>Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas.</p><p>Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods. </p><p>Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically <i>and</i> ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person.</p><p>Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.</p>

Among the ever-growing studies on globalization and economic development, research studies focused on specific women's issues are few and far between. An increasing concentration of immigrant women in the ethnic markets across the United States has raised interest into the motivation and rationality behind these women in choosing this entrepreneurial niche as a main venue to enter the labor market in the North American economy. The implications of this phenomenon, both for the women involved and for the local economy, need to be ascertained and analyzed. This dissertation is a case study that uses the ethnographic method and several ethnographic techniques, such as archival research, focus groups, participant observation, and in-depth interviews, as means of exploring this research problem. The main goal of this study is to investigate the socio-economic relationship between immigrant women from Latin America and the Caribbean and The Redland Harvest Market Village in South Dade County, Florida. It seeks to understand why these immigrant women choose this ethnic market as a venue to enter the local labor market. This study examines the impact upon these women's livelihoods caused by their participation in the ethnic market as well as the ethnic market itself as a modifier of both immigrant women's relations of class, ethnicity and gender; and of the local economy framed within the Cuban economic enclave. This case study is guided by the following research questions. Do immigrant women improve their socio-economic status via incorporation into the ethnic market? Do immigrant women increase their sense of "empowerment" and "well-being" via incorporation into the ethnic market? Employing primary data, including 36 in-depth interviews of immigrant women working in The Redland Harvest Market Village in South Dade County, Florida, this case study identifies a variety of socio-economic elements that allowed for the separation of the findings into two conclusion sets: analytical and theoretical. Within the analytical conclusions, this case study points out several socio-economic variables. Immigrant women's livelihood is identified as the unit of analysis and its components are the main independent variables. Income is identified as the main dependent variable to modify the independent variables. At The Redland Harvest Market Village, immigrant women participate under certain conditions that limit their production value. Only Cash transactions and the low market value of the commodities offered in this ethnic market, yield a very limited income that constrains these women to a marginal and alternative subdivision of the informal sector within the local economy. However, this participation allows them to acquire some retailing skills useful in future entrepreneur ventures. In their private sphere, these women experience a perceivable gain in decision-making power within their family structure, despite obtaining limited financial independence. Within the theoretical conclusions, this study reveals similar levels of variation consistent with previous studies of female immigrants groups in the U.S. These women's socio-economic livelihood categories of ethnicity, class, educational level, labor skills and family structure hold patterns of similitude with women involved in zones of mass production in Southeast Asia and those working in the Maquiladora model of mass production on the U.S. Mexican border. The benefits obtained by these women from their participation in The Redland Harvest Market Village can be measured in terms of their gains in the degree of financial independence, decision-making, spatial mobility, and voice. The process of empowerment is completed through the creation of agency in these women livelihoods; an inventory of their capabilities or potentialities to live their life; and the actual funtionings or achievements of their capabilities. The sense of well-being and empowerment achieved through the introduction of a socio-economic modifier, such as earned income, is noticeable in the change in these women's disposition toward their role as individuals, wives, and mothers living within the community.

La Grande-Comore est la plus grande île d'un archipel localisé dans le canal de Mozambique sur une croûte dont la littérature permet de suggérer une nature océanique. Le Karthala est le principal volcan bouclier de l'île, il est le seul dont on connaisse l'activité historique, qui se localise essentiellement le long de deux rifts zones et à leur intersection dans la caldeira sommitale. Un volcanisme ancien forme le massif du Badjini situé à son extrémité sud. Le faible degré de sous-saturation en silice et les compositions de ses laves nous indiquent qu'elles sont essentiellement le produit d'un degré de fusion partielle identique affectant une source unique où le phlogopite et le grenat sont plus ou moins résiduels. Un modèle géophysique basé sur les taux de production magmatique des panaches mantelliques, ainsi que l'utilisation de résultats expérimentaux à hautes pressions, confirment une pression de fusion partielle élevée comprise entre 24 et 33 kbar. Les laves faiblement alcalines à transitionnelles des différents stades d'édification du Karthala ont des paragenèses variées : basaltes à olivine, océanites, ankaramites et basaltes à phénocristaux de plagioclase, qui témoignent de la diversité des processus de différenciation en jeu. L'évolution des compositions de ces laves nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de deux chambres magmatiques distinctes. L'une profonde localisée à une profondeur d'environ 30 km (10 kbar), où les liquides basaltiques subissent un fractionnement wehrlitique plus ou moins important à l'origine d'un enrichissement précoce en incompatibles. L'autre plus superficielle, localisée à la base de l'édifice volcanique, où des fractionnements principalement océanitique et clinopyroxénitique, ainsi que gabbroïque à moindre échelle, ne leur font atteindre qu'un faible stade de différenciation (hawaiites et trachy-basaltes).

In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000. Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas. Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods. Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically and ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person. Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.

Mon travail de thèse s'est attaché à caractériser le manteau supérieur Patagonien à travers l'étude pétrologique et géochimique d'enclaves mantelliques échantillonnées par des basaltes alcalins mise en place au Cénozoïque en contexte d'arrière arc. Les enclaves du Nord de la Patagonie conservent d'importants stigmates de processus de fusion partielle alors que dans celles du Sud, les circulations de liquide ont oblitérées, partiellement voire totalement, les empreintes de fusion partielle. Finalement, cette étude permet de proposer que les liquides qui ont métasomatisés à grande échelle le manteau patagonien, principalement au Sud, sont essentiellement de type silicaté mafique d'affinité alcaline. Ces liquides sont certainement à relier aux différentes phases magmatiques associés à des processus de remontées asthénosphériques et non pas à des processus de déshydratation de slab.

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Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) manage critical infrastructures such as water treatment facilities, petroleum refineries, and power plants. ICSs are networked through Information Technology (IT) infrastructure for remote monitoring and control of physical processes. As ICSs integrate with IT infrastructure, IT vulnerabilities are carried over to the ICS environment. Previously proposed process controller security architectures maintain safe and stable plant operation even in the presence of attacks that exploit ICS vulnerabilities. Security architectures are process control system-level solutions that leverage isolated and trusted hardware (secure enclaves) for ICS security. Upon detecting an intrusion, the secure enclave switches control of the physical process to a high assurance controller, making a fail-safe plant operation. The process control loop components have an average lifespan of several decades. During this time, electromechanical components of process control loop may undergo aging that alters their characteristics and affects control loop performance. To deal with component aging and to improve control algorithm flexibility, updates to control loop parameters are required. Plant model, process control loop system specifications, and control algorithm-based security mechanisms at the secure enclave require parameter updates. ICSs have hundreds of process control components that may need be installed in hazardous environments and distributed across hundreds of square kilometers. Updating each component physically may lead to accidents, expensive travel, and increased downtime. Some ICS have allowable downtime of only 5 minutes per year. Hence, remote updates are desirable. A proposed dedicated and isolated hardware module at the secure enclave provides authentication of the update and ensures safe storage in a non-volatile memory. A protocol designed for update transmission through an untrusted ICS network provides resilience against network integrity attacks such as replay attacks. Encryption and authentication of the updates maintain integrity and confidentiality. During the normal plant operation, the hardware module is invisible to the other modules of the process control loop. The proposed solution is implemented on Xilinx Zynq-7000 programmable System-on-Chip to provide secure enclave updates. / Master of Science / Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) manage critical infrastructures such as water treatment facilities, petroleum refineries, and power plants. ICS process controllers interpret sensor output and depending on the set point, generate input signals for the actuator to control physical processes. The process controllers receive set points and periodically send process state to the supervisory network. For remote monitoring and control of physical processes, ICSs are networked through Information Technology (IT) infrastructure. As ICSs integrate with IT infrastructure, IT vulnerabilities are carried over to the ICS environment. Previously proposed process controller security architectures maintain safe and stable plant operation even in the presence of attacks that exploit ICS vulnerabilities. Security architectures are process control system-level solutions that leverage isolated and trusted hardware (secure enclaves) for ICS security. Upon detecting an intrusion, the secure enclave switches control of the physical process to a high assurance controller, making a fail-safe plant operation. The process control loop components have an average lifespan of several decades. During this time, electromechanical components of process control loop may undergo aging that alters their characteristics and affects control loop performance. To deal with component aging and to improve control algorithm flexibility, updates to control loop parameters are required. Plant model, process control loop system specifications, and control algorithm-based security mechanisms at the secure enclave require parameter updates. ICSs have hundreds of process control components that may need be installed in hazardous environments and distributed across hundreds of square kilometers. Updating each component physically may lead to accidents, expensive travel, and increased downtime. Some ICS have allowable downtime of only 5 minutes per year. Hence, remote updates are desirable. A proposed dedicated and isolated hardware module at the secure enclave provides authentication of the update and ensures safe storage in a non-volatile memory. A protocol designed for update transmission through an untrusted ICS network provides resilience against network integrity attacks such as replay attacks. Encryption and authentication of the updates maintain integrity and confidentiality. During the normal plant operation, the hardware module is invisible to the other modules of the process control loop. The proposed solution is implemented on Xilinx Zynq-7000 programmable System-on-Chip to provide secure enclave updates.

Australia is home for immigrants from more than a hundred countries and in total almost a quarter of all Australians are overseas-born. A high proportion of immigrants in a society raises question about socioeconomic equality. The purpose of the thesis is to study the differences in socioeconomic attainments between immigrants and native-born workers. Using data collected from the Issues in Multicultural Australia Survey, conducted in 1988, and the ABS Census of Population and Housing, 1986 and 1991, the study finds that human capital variables such as education, language proficiency and experience largely explain the socioeconomic attainments of Australian-born workers. Among immigrant workers, however, these human capital variables have little or no effect on status attainments. The data also show that the lower socioeconomic status of immigrants may not be due only to the lower investment in human capital. Even second generation NESB immigrants are unable to obtain comparable rewards compared to longer established Australians with similar education and skills. The study indicates that there may be barriers in the Australian labour market operating against NESB immigrants. The study concludes that there are birthplace variations in workers??? socioeconomic attainments. When employers can hire Australian-born workers from a large pool of unemployed workers, immigrant workers will be excluded from employment. Immigrant workers will only be hired if the rewards for these workers are lower compared to Australian-born workers. In situations of high unemployment, especially, immigrant workers will find it difficult to be treated equally in the labour market.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate segregation from an accommodation perspective. The essay questions how the residents of Ronna feel about their neighborhood and what they think of other people's views of their area. Our purpose is to conduct a qualitative study of whether or not individuals experience residential segregation in Ronna. The essay is based on qualitative interviews, which were conducted with five people who have lived in Ronna for at least five years and who define themselves as Assyrians/Syrians. To analyze our empirical data, we have used two theoretical perspectives. One by Westin and Elias &amp; Scotson, which is the theory about social groups - established and outsiders. The second theory explains how ethnic boundaries and enclaves occur. With the support of previous research, we highlight and define the fundamental factors causing segregation. After analyzing our empirical data, we concluded that residential segregation is a broad concept and that there are several factors that lead to segregation. The result of the study indicates that all informants thrive in their neighborhood and feel a solidarity and cohesion with each other. In Ronna the Assyrian/Syrian is a dominant ethnic community which has formed a strong “We” – group in their neighborhood. / Syfte med denna studie är att belysa boendesegregationen i Ronna ur de boendes perspektiv. Med stöd av några teoretiska perspektiv besvaras frågan om hur invånare i Ronna upplever sitt bostadsområde, samt hur de förhåller sig till andras uppfattningar och föreställningar om sitt område.Studiens syfte uppnås genom en kvalitativ studie om individers upplevelser kring boendesegregationen i Ronna. Uppsatsen är uppbyggd utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer, vilka har genomförts med fem personer i åldrarna 30-45 som för närvarande bor i Ronna sedan minst fem år tillbaka, alla dessa individer definierar sig som assyrier/syrianer. För att analysera intervjumaterialet har vi använt oss av två teoretiska perspektiv. Den ena av dessa är det samhällsvetenskapliga forskningsinriktning som studerar sociala grupper - etablerade och outsiders, därefter har denna teori kompletterats med ett ytterligare teoretiskt perspektiv som redogör för hur etniska gränser och enklaver uppstår. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning belysas och definieras olika bakomliggande faktorer som kan orsaka boendesegregation inom ett bostadsområde. Analysen av intervjumaterialet visar att boendesegregation är ett omfattande fenomen där flera faktorer ger upphov till att segregation uppstår. Studieresultatet påvisar att i Ronna är assyrier/syrianer en dominerande folkgrupp som har skapat en stark vi-grupp i sitt bostadsområde. Samtliga informanter trivs bra i sitt bostadsområde, samt känner en stark gemenskap och tillhörighet.

Australia is home for immigrants from more than a hundred countries and in total almost a quarter of all Australians are overseas-born. A high proportion of immigrants in a society raises question about socioeconomic equality. The purpose of the thesis is to study the differences in socioeconomic attainments between immigrants and native-born workers. Using data collected from the Issues in Multicultural Australia Survey, conducted in 1988, and the ABS Census of Population and Housing, 1986 and 1991, the study finds that human capital variables such as education, language proficiency and experience largely explain the socioeconomic attainments of Australian-born workers. Among immigrant workers, however, these human capital variables have little or no effect on status attainments. The data also show that the lower socioeconomic status of immigrants may not be due only to the lower investment in human capital. Even second generation NESB immigrants are unable to obtain comparable rewards compared to longer established Australians with similar education and skills. The study indicates that there may be barriers in the Australian labour market operating against NESB immigrants. The study concludes that there are birthplace variations in workers??? socioeconomic attainments. When employers can hire Australian-born workers from a large pool of unemployed workers, immigrant workers will be excluded from employment. Immigrant workers will only be hired if the rewards for these workers are lower compared to Australian-born workers. In situations of high unemployment, especially, immigrant workers will find it difficult to be treated equally in the labour market.