Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to compromised insulin synthesis and secretion, or decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, if not all three conditions. Endothelial dysfunction is a common complication in diabetes in which endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of TRPV4 in diabetes endothelial dysfunction. Male Charles River Wistar rats (350-450 g) were injected with 65mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. STZ-injected rats were compared with naïve rats (not injected with STZ) or control rats (injected with 10ml/kg of 20mM citrate buffer, pH 4.0-4.5), if not both. Rats with blood glucose concentrations greater than 16mmol/L were considered to be diabetic. As the results revealed, STZ-diabetic rats showed significant endothelial dysfunction characterised by impaired muscarinic-induced vasodilation, as well as significant impairment in TRPV4-induced vasodilation in aortic rings and mesenteric arteries. Furthermore, STZ-diabetic primary aortic endothelial cells (ECs) showed a significant reduction in TRPV4-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) elevation. TRPV4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and caveolin-1 (CAV-1) were also significantly downregulated in STZ-diabetic primary aortic ECs and were later significantly restored by in vitro insulin treatment. Methylglyoxal (MGO) was significantly elevated in STZ-diabetic rat serum, and nondiabetic aortic rings incubated with MGO (100μM) for 12 hours showed significant endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, nondiabetic primary aortic ECs treated with MGO (100μM) for 5 days showed significant TRPV4 downregulation and significant suppression of 4-α-PDD-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, which was later restored by L-arginine (100μM) co-incubation. Incubating nondiabetic aortic rings with MGO (100μM) for 2 hours induced a spontaneous loss of noradrenaline-induced contractility persistence. Moreover, MGO induced significant [Ca2+]i elevation in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing rat TRPM8 channels (rTRPM8), which was significantly inhibited by AMTB (1-5μM). Taken together, TRPV4, CAV-1, and eNOS can form a functional complex that is downregulated in STZ-diabetic aortic ECs and restored by insulin treatment. MGO elevation might furthermore contribute to diabetes endothelial dysfunction and TRPV4 downregulation. By contrast, MGO induced the loss of contractility persistence, possibly due to MGO's acting as a TRPM8 agonist.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Several pathophysiological mechanisms are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM), such as glucotoxicity, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which can result in DNA strand breakage and changes in the nitrogenous bases. In this manner, DNA damage biomarkers may be useful in elucidating the pathophysiology of diabetes, as well as serving as an alternative to better evaluate its chronic complications. However, a great number of pathophysiological mechanisms related to increased DNA damage in diabetes need to be clarified. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate DNA damage in type 2 diabetes and its association with inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, resistance towards insulin and the occurrence of chronic microvascular complications. The DNA damage was evaluated through the comet assay and the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) urinary, the inflammatory process through the serum levels of interleukin (IL) 1, 6 and 10 and the alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), protein oxidation through plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), endothelial dysfunction by serum levels of NOx (nitrite/nitrate) and urinary albumin and insulin resistance through the index HOMA-IR. The present study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, 32 patients with type 2 DM and 30 healthy individuals (control) were investigated. In the second phase, 54 patients with type 2 DM and 22 healthy individuals (control) were recruited from the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM). This study found that patients with type 2 diabetes showed increased DNA fragmentation, assessed by comet assay, and increased oxidative DNA damage, assessed by 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) urinary levels, compared to healthy control subjects. Additionally, increased DNA damage was observed in the type 2 DM group with inadequate glycemic control. When the areas obtained under the ROC curve were analyzed, 8-OHdG urinary presented higher diagnostic ability in identifying microvascular chronic complications compared with urinary albumin in the type 2 DM group. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications had higher levels of oxidative DNA damage compared to patients without such complications. Interestingly enough, it was observed that type 2 diabetic patients with increased DNA damage had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, and a decrease in IL-10 levels, which is considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine. An association between increased DNA damage in type 2 diabetes and the index HOMA-IR, AOPPs levels and NOx levels and urinary albumin was also verified. Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibited factors that can directly contribute to the increase of DNA damage, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and increased generation of reactive species. / Diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos estão associados ao Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2, como glicotoxicidade, resistência à insulina, inflamação, estresse oxidativo e disfunção endotelial, podendo resultar em quebras nos filamentos de DNA e modificações nas bases nitrogenadas. Desta maneira, biomarcadores de dano ao DNA podem ser úteis na elucidação da fisiopatologia do DM, bem como uma alternativa para a melhor avaliação de suas complicações crônicas. No entanto, muitos destes mecanismos fisiopatológicos relacionados ao aumento do dano ao DNA no diabetes precisam ser esclarecidos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o dano ao DNA no DM tipo 2 e sua associação com inflamação, oxidação proteica, disfunção endotelial, resistência à insulina e à ocorrência de complicações crônicas microvasculares. O dano ao DNA foi avaliado através do ensaio cometa e dos níveis de 8-hidroxi-2'-desoxiguanosina (8-OHdG) urinário, o processo inflamatório através dos níveis séricos das interleucinas (IL) 1, 6 e 10 e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) , a oxidação proteica através dos níveis plasmáticos dos produtos proteicos de oxidação avançada (AOPPs), a disfunção endotelial através dos níveis séricos de NOx (nitrito/nitrato) e albumina urinária e a resistência insulínica através do índice HOMA-IR. O presente estudo foi conduzido em duas fases. Na primeira fase 32 pacientes com DM tipo 2 e 30 controles saudáveis foram investigados. Na segunda fase 54 pacientes com DM tipo 2 e 22 indivíduos controle foram recrutados no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). Neste estudo, foi verificado que os pacientes com DM tipo 2 apresentaram aumento na fragmentação do DNA, avaliado pelo ensaio cometa, e um maior dano oxidativo ao DNA, avaliado pelos níveis urinários de 8-OHdG, comparados com indivíduos controles saudáveis. Também foi verificado no grupo DM tipo 2 com controle glicêmico inadequado um maior dano ao DNA. Quando foram analisadas as áreas sob a curva ROC obtidas, verificamos que o 8-OHdG urinário apresentou uma maior capacidade diagnóstica em identificar as complicações crônicas microvasculares, quando comparada com a albumina urinária no grupo DM tipo 2. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 com complicações microvasculares apresentaram maiores níveis de dano oxidativo ao DNA, comparado aos pacientes que não apresentavam estas complicações. Interessantemente, foi observado que os pacientes DM tipo 2 com maior dano ao DNA apresentaram maiores níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como IL-1, IL-6 e TNF-α, além de um decréscimo nos níveis de IL-10, considerada um citocina anti-inflamatória. Também foi verificada uma associação entre o aumento do dano ao DNA no DM tipo 2 e o índice HOMA-IR, os níveis de AOPPs e os níveis de NOx e albumina urinária. Desta forma, nós especulamos que os pacientes com DM tipo 2 apresentaram uma cascata de eventos como, resistência à insulina, processo inflamatório, disfunção endotelial e aumento da geração de espécies reativas, fatores que podem contribuir diretamente para o aumento do dano ao DNA.

Evidências recentes sugerem que as doenças periodontais podem desempenhar um papel relevante na etiologia e patogênese de doenças cardiovasculares e hipertensão arterial. A resposta inflamatória, com conseqüente elevação de marcadores sistêmicos como proteína C-reativa, fibrinogênio e interleucina-6, e a disfunção endotelial, podem ser os responsáveis por essa associação. Alguns estudos têm relatado maiores níveis pressóricos, maior massa ventricular esquerda e disfunção endotelial em pacientes com doenças periodontais. Ao mesmo tempo, estudos clínicos vêm mostrando que a terapia periodontal pode levar à redução dos níveis plasmáticos dos marcadores de inflamação e redução do risco cardiovascular. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da terapia periodontal não-cirúrgica em 26 pacientes (idade média de 53.68.0 anos) hipertensos refratários. Foram avaliados marcadores plasmáticos de inflamação (proteína C-reativa, fibrinogênio e interleucina-6), pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, massa ventricular esquerda e rigidez arterial. A terapia periodontal foi eficaz na redução da média de todos os marcadores de risco cardiovascular avaliados. Os níveis de proteína C-reativa baixaram 0.7mg/dl 6 meses após a terapia periodontal, os de IL-6, 1.6pg/dl e os de fibrinogênio 55.3mg/dl (p<0.01). A pressão arterial sistólica apresentou redução média de 16.7mmHg e a diastólica de 9.6mmHg. A massa ventricular esquerda diminuiu em média 12.9g e a velocidade da onda de pulso, um marcador de rigidez arterial, e consequentemente de disfunção endotelial, apresentou redução de seus valores médios de 0.9m/s (p<0.01). Dessa forma, conclui-se que a terapia periodontal foi eficaz na redução dos níveis de proteína C-reativa, interleucina-6, fibrinogênio, pressão arterial, massa ventricular esquerda e rigidez arterial. / Recent evidences suggest that periodontal diseases may play a relevant role in the etiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The inflammatory response, and the consequent elevation of systemic markers such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and interleukin-6, and endothelial dysfunction, may be responsible for this association. Some studies have reported higher blood pressure levels, left ventricle mass and endothelial dysfunction in patients presenting periodontal diseases. At the same time, clinical trials have been showing that periodontal therapy can lead to the reduction of plasmatic levels of inflammatory markers and reduction of the cardiovascular risk. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy in 26 patients (mean age: 53.68.0 years old) diagnosed as having refractory hypertension. The study measured plasmatic markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and interleukin-6), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, left ventricle mass and arterial stiffness. Periodontal therapy was effective in reducing all cardiovascular risk markers evaluated. The levels of C-reactive protein lowered 0.7mg/dl 6 months after periodontal therapy, the IL-6 levels, 1.6pg/dl and fibrinogen levels 55.3mg/dl (p<0.01). Systolic blood pressure lowered 16.7mmHg and diastolic 9.6mmHg (means). Left ventricle mass lowered 12.9g (means) and pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, and consequently endothelial dysfunction, presented reduction of 0.9m/s (means) (p<0.01). So, the study conclusion is that periodontal therapy was effective in reducing levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, blood pressure, left ventricle mass and arterial stiffness.

La dysfonction endothéliale est un problème majeur au niveau mondial du fait de son implication dans de nombreuses pathologies. Ainsi, la dysfonction endothéliale est considérée comme un facteur pronostique défavorable dans les maladies cardiovasculaires. Les principaux mécanismes impliqués dans la dysfonction endothéliale sont la réduction de la formation et/ou de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote (NO), et la présence d’un stress oxydant. Le but de ce travail était d’évaluer des traitements phytothérapeutiques pouvant prévenir et/ou améliorer la dysfonction endothéliale. Le criblage de plus de trois cent plantes en fonction de leur capacité à induire une relaxation vasculaire et une inhibition de la NADPH oxydase (données confidentielles) a conduit à s’intéresser à Lindera obtusiloba. Ensuite, la capacité d’un extrait alcoolique de Lindera obtusiloba (LOE) à améliorer in vitro et in vivo la dysfonction endothéliale en activant la eNOS et en réduisant le stress oxydant a été testée. En conclusion, ces travaux indiquent que LOE possède des effets vasoprotecteurs in vitro et in vivo dans plusieurs modèles expérimentaux comme l’hypertension artérielle induite par l’angiotensine II, le diabète de type 2, l’athérosclérose et la thrombose pulmonaire. Ces effets bénéfiques impliquent, au moins en partie, la stimulation de la formation endothéliale du NO, la réduction du stress oxydant vasculaire via l’inhibition de la NADPH oxydase et l’inhibition de l’agrégation plaquettaire. Ainsi, LOE pourrait être un excellent candidat pour la prévention et/ou le traitement phytothérapeutique des maladies cardiovasculaires associées à une dysfonction endothéliale. / Endothelial dysfunction is a major worldwide topic because it is an important component and risk factor of a number of common human diseases. Therefore, endothelial dysfunction is considered a hallmark for vascular diseases, and has also been shown to be predictive of future adverse cardiovascular events. The main characteristic is a reduced NO production and bioavailability, and an increased vascular oxidative stress. The goal of the present research was to find a candidate for cardiovascular protective herbal medicine for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction. Through measurement of changes in isometric tension of porcine coronary artery rings, Lindera obtusiloba was selected amongst three hundred plants. Thereafter, the aim of our research was to determine whether an ethanolic extract of L. obtusiloba stems (LOE) improves endothelial dysfunction via activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and reduction of oxidative stress oxidase in vitro and in several animal models of cardiovascular diseases, and, if so, to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Altogether, the present findings indicate that LOE has vasoprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo including the Ang II-induced hypertention in rats, a type 2 diabetic mice model, and an atherosclerotic mice model, and a thromboembolism mice model, which involve its ability to stimulate the formation of NO, to reduce oxidative stress in the arterial wall, and to inhibit platelet aggregation. In conclusion, our studies reveal that LOE might be an interesting candidate as a cardiovascular protective herbal medicine in pathologies with endothelial dysfunction.

La présente étude évalue la capacité de EPA:DHA 6:1, une formulation d’omega-3 capable d’induire la formation continue de monoxyde d’azote par la NO synthase endothéliale, à prévenir l’hypertension et la dysfonction endothéliale induites par l’angiotensine II (Ang II) chez le rat. L’hypertension induite par l’Ang II est associée à une dysfonction endothéliale caractérisée par une altération des composantes de la relaxation et une augmentation des réponses contractiles dépendantes de l’endothélium. L’Ang II augmente le stress oxydant vasculaire et l’expression de NADPH oxydase, COXs, eNOS, et AT1R, alors que SKCa et connexin 37 sont sous-exprimés. EPA:DHA 6:1 prévient l’hypertension, la dysfonction endothéliale et la surexpression des protéines cibles. En conclusion, la consommation chronique de EPA:DHA 6:1 prévient l’hypertension et la dysfonction endothéliale induites par l’Ang II chez le rat, probablement en prévenant le stress oxydant dû à la NADPH oxydase et aux cyclooxygénases. / EPA:DHA 6:1 has been shown to be a superior omega-3 formulation inducing a sustained endothelial NO synthase-derived formation of nitric oxide. This study examined whether chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevents hypertension and endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in rats. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with endothelial dysfunction characterized by blunted components of relaxation and increased endothelium-dependent contractile responses. Ang II increased the vascular oxidative stress, and the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, COXs, eNOS, and AT1R whereas SKCa and connexin 37 were down-regulated. Intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the Ang II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, and improved expression of target proteins. In conclusion, chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the Ang II induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats, most likely by preventing NADPH oxidase and cyclooxygenase-derived oxidative stress.

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une pathologie affectant les artères pulmonaires de petit calibre entraînant une augmentation des résistances artérielles pulmonaires aboutissant à une défaillance cardiaque droite. La vasoconstriction, le remodelage des artères pulmonaires distales, l’inflammation et le stress oxydant sont de facteurs clés de la pathogénèse de l'HTAP. Nous avons testé les potentiels de la formulation EPA:DHA 6:1 à prévenir l’hypertension pulmonaire et les altérations cardiovasculaires et pulmonaires induites par l’injection de monocrotaline chez le rat. Le traitement des rats monocrotaline avec l’EPA:DHA 6:1 (500 mg/kg/j, p.o) prévient significativement l’élévation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire moyenne, la pression systolique du ventricule droit, diminue le débit cardiaque, l’hypertrophie et la dilatation du ventricule droit. L’EPA:DHA 6:1 réduit également les résistances vasculaires pulmonaires, le remodelage des artérioles pulmonaires et les infiltrations lymphocytaires et macrophagiques. De plus, l’EPA:DHA 6:1 inhibe la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, diminue la surexpression des sous-unités p22phox et p47phox de la NADPH oxydase, des cyclooxygénases 1 et 2, des récepteurs ETA et ETB de l’endothéline-1, de la eNOS découplée et améliore la dysfonction endothéliale des artères pulmonaires. L’EPA:DHA 6:1 exercent des effets anti-inflammatoires, antioxydants et vasoprotecteurs et prévient le développement de l’HTAP induite par l’injection de monocrotaline chez le rat. / Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodeling of the small pulmonary arteries leading to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress promote the development of pulmonary hypertension. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) have been shown to protect the cardiovascular system and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study evaluate the potential of EPA:DHA 6:1 to prevent monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. EPA:DHA 6:1 treatment (500 mg/kg/d, p.o) prevented the MCT-induced mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular systolic pressure and decreased cardiac output. EPA:DHA 6:1 also attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy by reducing Fulton’s index and pulmonary arterial remodeling, decreased lymphocytes T and macrophages infiltration. EPA:DHA 6:1 treatment significantly reduced MCT-induced vascular oxidative stress and improved endothelial function in pulmonary arteries. The protective effect of EPA:DHA 6:1 was associated with the prevention of the MCT-induced upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p22phox and p47phox), COX-1 and COX-2, endothelin A and B receptors and uncoupled eNOS in pulmonary arterioles. Our studies show that the EPA:DHA 6:1 formulation exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and has a protective vascular effect in the pulmonary arteries, which may contribute to prevent and potentially cure pulmonary hypertension induced by MCT in rat.

Orientadores: Andrei Carvalho Sposito, Valéria Nasser Figueiredo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_LuizSergioFernandesde_D.pdf: 19288751 bytes, checksum: ea3c4fda36c00d542fbe2d8c4f4242e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: A resposta de fase aguda (RFA) transforma a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) em uma partícula disfuncional que pode favorecer o estresse oxidativo/inflamatório e disfunção da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS). Ao mesmo tempo, a modulação do metabolismo da HDL pela proteína de transferência de colesteril ester (CETP) parece estar associada a um potencial efeito anti-inflamatório durante a RFA relacionada a sepse. Embora esses mecanismos possam estar envolvidos na disfunção endotelial que se segue ao infarto do miocárdio com supra de ST (IMCSST), essas hipóteses nunca foram testadas em humanos. Método: Plasma foi obtido de pacientes consecutivos com IMCSST (n=116 a 180) nas primeiras 24 horas após o início dos sintomas (D1) e no 5o dia (D5), sendo utilizado para medir: proteína C reativa (PCR), nitrato/nitrito (NOx) e atividade de CETP. As lipoproteínas foram isoladas por ultracentrifugação de gradiente. A oxidabilidade de LDL co-incubada com HDL (HDLaoxLDL) e auto-oxidabilidade da HDL (HDLautox) foram medidas após a incubação com CuSO4. A atividade anti-inflamatória da HDL foi estimada pela secreção de VCAM-1 por células endoteliais da veia umbilical humana, após a incubação com TNF-?. Dilatação mediada por fluxo (FMD) foi avaliada no 30o dia (D30). Resultados: Entre os pacientes no 1o tercil de HDL-colesterol no D1 (<33mg/dL), o incremento de NOx entre D1 e D5 e a FMD ajustada para várias co-variáveis foram maiores do que naqueles no 2o (33- 42mg/dL) e 3o (>42mg/dL) tercis. Do D1 ao D5 houve redução no tamanho e no número de partículas de HDL, bem como aumento da HDLaoxLDL e HDLautox. A secreção de VCAM-1 após estímulo com TNF-? foi reduzida após co-incubação com HDL de voluntários saudáveis, de doentes com IM no D1 e D30, mas não para a HDL do D5. A oxidação da HDL foi medida pela concentração de TBARS em partículas de HDL isoladas, sendo observado aumento entre D1 e D5, e permanecendo elevado no D30. O aumento no conteúdo de TBARS na HDL foi associado com a atividade de CETP (r=0,72; p=0,014), FMD (r =-0,61; p=0,046) e HDL-C (r=0,83; p=0,004). Em paralelo, elevada atividade de CETP na admissão foi associado a menor FMD, menor biodisponibilidade de NOx e a maior incidência de morte súbita e infarto recorrente após 30 (OR=12,8; p=0,032) e 180 dias (OR=3,3; p=0,044). Conclusão: O IMCSST induz mudanças na composição química e função do HDL, bem como alterações na atividade enzimática da CETP que paralelamente contribuem para o aumento da oxidação de partículas de HDL, que se traduz em disfunção endotelial / Abstract: Introduction: Acute phase response (APR) turns high-density lipoprotein (HDL) into a dysfunctional particle that may favor oxidative/inflammatory stress and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) dysfunction. Moreover, modulation of HDL intravascular metabolism by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) action has also been implicated as a potentially anti-inflammatory and thrombotic mechanism during APR. Although these mechanisms may be involved into endothelial dysfunction that follows acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), these assumptions have never been in investigated in humans. Method: Plasma was obtained in the first 24-hours after STEMI symptoms onset (D1) and after 5 days (D5) in consecutive patients (n=116 to 180), and then used to measure C-reactive protein (CRP), nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and CETP activity. Lipoproteins were isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation. The oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein incubated with HDL (HDLaoxLDL) and the HDL self-oxidizability (HDLautox) were measured after CuSO4 co-incubation. Anti-inflammatory activity of HDL was estimated by VCAM-1 secretion by human umbilical vein endothelial cells after incubation with TNF-?. Flowmediated dilation (FMD) was assessed at the 30th day (D30) after STEMI. Results: Among patients in the first tertile of admission HDL-Cholesterol (<33mg/dL), the increment of NOx from D1 to D5 and the FMD adjusted for multiple covariates were higher than in those in the second (33-42mg/dL) or third (>42mg/dL) tertiles, respectively. From D1 to D5, there was a decrease in HDL size and particle number and increase in both HDLaoxLDL and HDLautox. VCAM-1 secretion after TNF-a stimulation was reduced after co-incubation with HDL from healthy volunteers, from MI patients at D1 and D30 but not from D5. Oxidized HDL was measured by TBARS in isolated HDL particles and increased from D1 to D5, and remaining elevated at D30. The change in TBARS content in HDL was associated with CETP activity (r=0.72;p=0.014), FMD (r=-0.61;p=0.046) and HDL-C (r=0,83,p=0,004). High CETP activity at admission was associated lower FMD, lower NOx bioavailability and with the incidence of sudden death and recurrent MI at 30 days (OR 12.8;p=0.032) and 180 days (OR 3.3;p=0.044). Conclusion: STEMI induces changes in the chemical composition and function of HDL as well as changes in the enzymatic activity of CETP that in parallel contribute to increased oxidation of HDL particles, and thus inducing endothelial dysfunction / Doutorado / Patologia Clinica / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Le syndrome métabolique est constitué d'une constellation d'anomalies métaboliques telles que l'obésité centrale, une altération de la glycémie à jeun, une hypertriglycéridémie, un faible taux de cholestérol HDL et de l'hypertension artérielle. Les maladies cardiovasculaires caractérisées par une dysfonction endothéliale sont le résultat clinique primaire du syndrome métabolique. De plus, les microparticules (MP), de petites vésicules membranaires libérées de la membrane plasmique des cellules activées et / ou apoptotiques ont été décrites comme étant impliquées dans la pathogenèse du syndrome métabolique car elles induisent une dysfonction endothéliale par la diminution du monoxyde d’azote (NO). D'autre part, des MPs générées à partir de cellules T apoptotiques sont capables induire une dysfonction endothéliale par la diminution de la production de NO. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels les MPs humaines induisent cette dysfonction endothéliale ne sont pas complétement élucidés. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier les mécanismes par lesquels les MPs humaines induisent une dysfonction endothéliale. / Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities such as central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension. Cardiovascular diseases are the primary clinical outcome of MetS whereas endothelial dysfunction represents a primary disturbance in cardiovascular events. Recently, it has been shown that microparticles (MPs), small membrane vesicles released from the plasma membrane of activated and/or apoptotic cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of MetS by inducing endothelial dysfunction through the decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production. Also, MPs from apoptotic T cells induce endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO production. However, the mechanism through which this endothelial dysfunction takes place is not completely elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study is to study the mechanisms through which human MPs induce endothelial dysfunction.

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafts are most commonly performed using saphenous vein grafts to complement the internal thoracic artery. The saphenous vein will remain popular despite its lower patency rate because it is easily accessible and lengthy enough to perform multiple bypasses. Therefore, several approaches have been studied, with the common goal of finding the optimal conditions that reduce graft failure. They include novel harvest techniques, new preservation preparations, innovative genetic therapies and experimental drugs. We believe a pharmacological pre-conditioning with an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory drug during the crucial time of harvest may spark beneficial survival response from the endothelial cells. One particular compound is Celastrol, an HSP90 inhibitor, which displays those antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were pretreated with various concentrations of Celastrol (10-10M, 10-8M and 10-6M). In order to reproduce oxidative stress found in ischemia/reperfusion, cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide for a short and extended period (1h and 24h). To mimic storage condition encountered in clinical settings, cells were also exposed in heparinized normal saline. The viability was assessed by LIVE/DEAD assay. As for migrative and proliferative properties, scratch tests were performed. Finally, various protective intracellular pathways were evaluated by Western blot. Results: This study shows that pre-treatment with Celastrol promotes survival in HUVEC submitted to oxidative stress. Notable improvement in cellular viability was detected as early as 1 hour after oxidative stress (H2O2 4 mM), 76.6% vs 66.1% (p=0.005). Significant survival benefits are also reported after prolonged oxidative stress (H2O2 0.5 mM for 24 hours); viability was 93.7% vs 76.9% (p=0.001) for Cel 10- 8 M and 96.6% vs 76.9% (p=0.002) for Celastrol 10-10M when compared to the vehicle. Celastrol, however, did not significantly affect viability of HUVEC stored in heparinized normal saline. Celastrol at 10-6 M promotes faster and more complete wound closure compared to the vehicle or to lower dosages. Celastrol triggers early activation of the RISK pathway, inducing activation of both Akt and ERK1/2 within the first 15 minutes of treatment. Celastrol also induces the expression of HSP70 and HO-1, effectors of the Heat Shock Response and the anti-oxidative response respectively. Conclusion: Pre-treatment by Celastrol provides survival benefits in endothelial cells under oxidative stress. It also stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration, promoting faster and more complete re-endothelialisation. Celastrol can potentially be used as an additive to storage solutions to limit endothelial injury and promote graft protection. / Introduction: La chirurgie de pontage coronarien requiert, dans la grande majorité des cas, l’utilisation de l’artère mammaire interne en combinaison avec un ou des greffons provenant de la grande veine saphène. Malgré le taux de perméabilité inférieur aux artères, la veine saphène reste un choix populaire de conduit en raison de son accessibilité et de sa longueur. De ce fait, le greffon veineux devient la cible de multiples approches et le sujet de nombreuses études visant à optimiser sa perméabilité. Celles-ci incluent le raffinement des techniques de prélèvement, les solutions de préservations, les agents pharmacologiques ainsi que la thérapie génique. Il est davantage intéressant de combiner les approches afin de joindre leurs bénéfices, comme, par exemple, ajouter un agent pharmacologique à une solution de préservation. Un agent potentiel serait le Celastrol, connu pour être un inhibiteur du HSP90 et possède des propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires. Méthodologie: Des cellules endothéliales humaines provenant de la veine ombilicale (HUVEC) sont pré-conditionnées à de multiples concentrations de Celastrol (10-10M, 10-8M and 10-6M) pendant une heure avant d’être soumises aux conditions de stress. Pour reproduire les conditions per-opératoires de prélèvement, les cellules endothéliales ont été préservées dans du salin (NS) héparinisé. Pour mimer le stress secondaire à l’ischémie/reperfusion, les cellules ont aussi été soumises à diverses concentrations de H2O2. Une analyse de la viabilité cellulaire fut conduite par le test de LIVE/DEAD. La capacité de ré-endothélialisation est étudiée grâce à l’épreuve de scratch test. Les voies intracellulaires de survie telles que le RISK pathway (Akt, ERK1/2), le Heat shock response (HSP70) et la réponse anti-oxydante (via l’activité de HO-1) ont été examinées par immunoblot. Résultats: Les résultats démontrent que la préservation des cellules endothéliales dans du NS héparinisé est associée à une augmentation de la mortalité comparativement au milieu de culture (20.4% vs 1.9%, p=0.004). Toutefois, un traitement au Celastrol n’affecte pas significativement la survie des cellules endothéliales dans le NS héparinisé. Le stress oxydatif induit aussi une augmentation de la mortalité, et ce à dose-dépendante. Suivant un court stress 6 oxydatif (H2O2 4 mM), un pré-traitement au Celastrol 10-10M est associé à une meilleure viabilité comparativement au véhicule (76.6% vs 66.1%, p=0.005). Lorsque soumises à un stress oxydatif prolongé (H2O2 0.5 mM pendant 24h), les HUVEC pré-traitées au Celastrol à 10-8M et 10-10M démontrent une amélioration significative de la viabilité, 93.7% vs 76.9% (p=0.001) et 93.6% vs 76.9% (p=0.002) respectivement. Quant à la ré-endothélialisation, un traitement au Celastrol 10- 6M est associé à une fermeture plus rapide et complète comparativement au véhicule. Un court traitement au Celastrol active précocement les kinases de la voie de RISK (Akt et ERK). Le traitement induit aussi l’expression de HSP70 et HO-1 qui reste soutenue jusqu’à 48 heures posttraitement. Conclusion: Le Celastrol active plusieurs voies de protection intracellulaire tels que le RISK pathway, le Heat Shock Response et la réponse antioxydante via l’activité de HO-1. En corrélation avec cette réponse, il améliore la survie des cellules endothéliales dans un milieu oxydatif. Le Celastrol promeut aussi une ré-endothélialisation plus complète et rapide. Cette étude met en valeur les bénéfices potentiels du Celastrol sur les cellules endothéliales. Afin d’optimiser la protection du greffon, le Celastrol pourrait donc être considéré comme agent adjuvant à une solution de préservation.

Le syndrome métabolique (SM) est associé avec une augmentation du risque de survenue d’évènements cardiovasculaires et plus particulièrement d’insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d’éjection préservée (ICFEp). L’ICFEp représente environ 50% des IC totales, cependant, à ce jour, aucun traitement n’a permis de diminuer significativement la mortalité. L’ICFEp associée au SM, bien que d’origine multifactorielle, est caractérisée par une activation du système endothélinergique, une surexpression du récepteur minéralocorticoïde ainsi qu’une dysfonction mitochondriale participant à l’établissement et au maintien de la pathologie. Nous avons évalué dans trois études distinctes les effets à court-terme (1 semaine) et long-terme (3 mois) de trois médicaments ciblant ces systèmes biologiques, sur les dysfonctions cardiovasculaires observées dans un modèle d’ICFEp associée au SM, le rat Zucker fa/fa. Ainsi nous avons utilisé un antagoniste des récepteurs de l’endothéline, le macitentan, un antagoniste du récepteur minéralocorticoide, la finérénone, ainsi que d’une molécule diminuant la dysfonction mitochondriale, l’iméglimine. Dans les trois études à court-terme nous avons retrouvé une amélioration de la dysfonction diastolique, une augmentation de la perfusion cardiaque ainsi qu’une restauration de la relaxation coronaire endothélium dépendante. Ces améliorations étaient associées à une diminution de la production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène au niveau du ventricule gauche. Dans les trois études à long-terme nous avons obtenus les mêmes résultats sur les fonctions vasculaire et cardiaque avec au niveau structurel une diminution du collagène interstitiel cardiaque. La production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène était également diminuée avec les trois traitements Cette étude montre que, dans un modèle d’ICFEp associée au SM, le blocage des récepteurs de l’endothéline ou du récepteur minéralocorticoide, ou la prévention de la dysfonction mitochondriale permettent d’améliorer les dysfonctions cardiaque et vasculaire probablement via une diminution du stress oxydant / Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular adverse events and specifically with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF represents up to 50% of HF however, no treatment effective on mortality has been yet identified. MS related-HFpEF is a multifactorial syndrome in which an increase in endothelin signaling, in mineralocorticoid receptor activation as well as mitochondria dysfunction is found and participate to the pathology. The present goal of the thesis was to evaluate in three different projects the effects of short- (1 week) and long-term (3 months) treatments, each targeting one of these biological systems, on cardiovascular dysfunction observed in a rat model of MS associated HFpEF. We have chosen the endothelin receptors antagonist macitentan, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone and the new glucose-lowering agent imeglimin. Our results clearly show after the short-term studies an improvement in diastolic dysfunction, an increase in myocardial perfusion as well as restoration of endothelium-dependent coronary relaxation with the 3 treatments. All these improvements were associated with a decrease in left ventricular (LV) reactive oxygen species production (ROS). We obtained the same results after the long-term studies with a decrease in LV interstitial collagen deposition. ROS production was also decreased with the 3 components. This study clearly shows that in a rat model of MS related-HFpEF, blocking endothelin receptors or mineralocorticoid receptors as well as preventing mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an improvement in cardiac and vascular dysfunctions. These improvements probably involve, among other mechanisms, a decrease in oxidative stress.