[pt] Esta dissertação se insere na área da Psicolinguística, em articulação com a Neuropsicologia. A pesquisa se voltou para a investigação, em idosos hígidos, do processamento sintático de sentenças envolvendo ambiguidade temporária (ex.: Enquanto o homem cozinhava a batata era comprada no mercado), as quais induzem ao efeito labirinto (garden-path effect). O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender em que medida um declínio de funções executivas com o avanço da idade poderia afetar o processamento desse tipo de estrutura sintática, a qual apresenta alta demanda para a memória de trabalho e parece requerer inibição de uma representação mental inicialmente possível. A pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de um experimento psicolinguístico de compreensão por leitura e testes de avaliação neuropsicológica (Span de Digítos, Stroop e Miniexame do Estado Mental, este último aplicado apenas aos idosos). No experimento psicolinguístico, foram tomadas como variáveis intrassujeitos plausibilidade e extensão da região ambígua entre o sintagma nominal crítico (a batata) e o ponto de desambiguização da sentença (era comprada). Foram testados 40 participantes (20 idosos e 20 jovens). Houve um efeito principal de plausibilidade e extensão da região ambígua e um efeito de interação entre grupo e plausibilidade, tendo os idosos apresentado maior dificuldade, nas condições plausíveis, para inibir a estrutura sintática equivocada construída inicialmente. Também observamos uma correlação entre plausibilidade e o teste Stroop. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da abordagem Good-Enough da compreensão da linguagem e de questões pertinentes às relações entre linguagem e outros domínios da cognição, em especial o papel de funções executivas no processamento sintático. / [en] This master s thesis is situated within the area of psycholinguistics, in conjunction with neuropsychology, and investigates syntactic processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences in the elderly (While the man cooked the potatoes were bought at the supermarket.). These structures induce the garden-path effect. The purpose of the work was to analyze to what extent a decline in executive functions with advancing age could affect syntactic processing of syntactic ambiguity, which presents a high demand for working memory and seems to require inhibition of an initially possible mental representation. The research consisted in the application of a psycholinguistic experiment (a reading comprehension task) and neuropsychological evaluation tests (Digit Span, Stroop and Mini-Mental State Examination; the latter was only applied to the group of older participants). In the psycholinguistic experiment, plausibility and the distance between the critical noun phrase (the potato) and the point of disambiguation of the sentence (was bought) were taken as within-subjects variables. Forty participants (20 older adults and 20 young adults) were tested. A main effect of plausibility and distance and an interaction effect between group and plausibility were observed. The elderly showed more difficulty in inhibiting the initial misinterpretation when the sentence was plausible. There was also a correlation between plausibility and the Stroop test. The results are discussed in terms of the Good-Enough Approach to language comprehension and the relationship between language and other domains of cognition, especially the role of executive functions in syntactic processing.

Studies on relations between number of sessions and effect of psychotherapy have usually assumed a constant rate of change across different lengths of therapy, explained by a model called the dose-effect model. This assumption has been challenged by the good-enough level (GEL) model, which makes the prediction that the rate of change will vary as a function of total number of sessions. This study aimed to compare these models. We also assessed the relationship between reliable and clinically significant change (RCSI) and total dose of therapy. Participants were drawn from two datasets in the Swedish primary care (n = 640) and adult psychiatric care (n = 249). The participants made session-wise ratings on the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). Multilevel analyses indicated a better fit using the GEL-model, with some reservations concerning RCSI and patterns of change. The results may indicate a general lawful relationship that may have implications for future research, as well as psychotherapy practice and policy making.

The diploma thesis is a part of a good enough sentence processing research. In the theoretical part, I describe the origin of this approach and main research areas - garden- path sentences and noncanonical sentences. The practical part of the thesis introduces three experiments which partially replicate experiments of F. Ferreira (2003), results of these experiments, interpretation and comparation to the results of experiments in English. The Czech results show that Czech speakers unlike English speakers tend to use only heuristic of plausibility and do not use the NVN strategy.

A recurring concept for social workers to relate to in child protection investigations and assessments of parenting capacity is the concept of good enough. There is no clear definition about the concept in research or literature. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to investigate how social workers in child protection relate to the concept of good enough and how their understanding might affect the assessments and investigations. To fulfill the purpose, semi- structured interviews have been held with four social workers. The results have been analyzed while relating them to scientific research and theories about discretion in human service organizations, Banks' (2012) thoughts about values in social work and Thompson's (2016) Personal, Cultural and Structural (PCS) analysis model.  The results show that social workers in Child Protection have room for discretion. This space is affected by the organization's framework. If the room for discretion is being restricted because of lacking resources, the concept of good enough may look different as it relates to the current situation of the social worker. Good enough is also affected by the social worker's subjective knowledge, intuition, and experience. Normative values on family situations may influence what is considered acceptable in parenting and children's living conditions. Factors such as culture, ethnicity, religion, disability, and gender identity could, therefore, impact on the assessments and decisions. If the social worker is not aware of these normative values and factors, they could have a discriminatory effect on the families who are being investigated.

This study examines psychotherapy response in connection to treatment duration and maintenance of treatment gains. The dose-effect perspective (Howard et al. 1986) first proposed applying medical terminology to investigate a level of exposure to a dose of psychotherapy (in number of sessions) where individuals can expect to receive sufficient benefit (i.e., 48 -- 58% of clients can be expected to sufficiently benefit from therapy by 8 sessions). The proponents of the Good Enough Level (Barkham et at. 2006) argued that mere exposure to therapy is not an effective measure for client benefit, but rather that client responses to therapy vary. They contend that instead of recommendations for attending a certain number of sessions (dose-effect) that individuals who attend psychotherapy will discontinue attending therapy when they have obtained sufficient benefit (good enough level). Archival data of university students who previously attended individual therapy were obtained and subjects were contacted via email to take a survey and follow up measure of general well being. Those individuals who completed the Outcome Questionnaire-45 were selected for the study and their treatment response was analyzed in connection to treatment duration measured in number of sessions attended. 288 met criteria for the current study, consisting of 197 women and 91 men ranging in age from 17 to 52 (M= 21). Conclusions obtained from this study indicate that treatment duration is not a factor in subjects having positive outcomes to psychotherapy. Additionally, there was not a significant difference among subjects who were able to maintain treatment gains and the number of session attended in treatment. These results offer support for the Good Enough Level model of treatment response suggesting that individuals respond to therapy differently and discontinue when they have received sufficient benefit. Implications for these findings are discussed along with limitations of the current study.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a presença da figura do professor de Educação Física nas narrativas biográficas de atletas olímpicos brasileiros. Para tanto foi utilizado o acervo do banco de histórias da pesquisa Memórias Olímpicas por Atletas Olímpicos Brasileiros, alimentado por dados objetivos e subjetivos, extraídos da fala de atletas de diferentes gerações olímpicas. Participam dessa reflexão três atletas e dois professores cuja relação tem início na escola e dali seguem para uma carreira olímpica no atletismo e no voleibol. A partir da leitura das narrativas dos atletas olímpicos, percebe-se como a figura do professor de Educação Física transpõe o papel de orientador, treinador e técnico. Esse profissional influenciou o processo de \'encantamento\' e formação daqueles que decidiram fazer da prática esportiva e do sonho olímpico companheiros de uma longa jornada cheia de desafios. Nestas narrativas é encontrado um professor inesquecível, lembrado de maneira carinhosa, por mediar de forma equilibrada o conteúdo pedagógico e a relação dos aspectos afetivos, tão caros à aprendizagem. A relação entre professor e aluno é permeada de cuidados, olhares de atenção para proporcionar um bom desenvolvimento do aluno, que caminha para transformá-lo no escritor de sua própria história. Por isso, ele é aqui chamado de professor suficientemente bom, e como parte do desenvolvimento do self, este professor também tem passagem marcante nos períodos mutativos, momentos esses decisivos para transformações vitais, de tal ordem a poder mudar radicalmente o significado e a direção da história de uma vida. Este momento se assemelha ao instante do encontro entre o Mestre e o discípulo, no qual o mestre que incita, desperta o discípulo a superar as suas limitações, como também a atrever-se nos caminhos nada precisos da reflexão pessoal, do crescimento / This research aimed to investigate the Physical Education teacher presence in the Brazilian Olympics\' Athlete biographical narratives. In order to do so, we used the collection of stories from the Olympic Memories research by Brazilian Olympic Athletes, fed by objective and subjective data, extracted from the speech of different Olympic\'s athletes generations. Three athletes and two teachers whose relationship begins in school and from there follow for an Olympic career in athletics and volleyball. From the reading of the narratives of the Olympic Athletes, one can see how the figure of the Physical Education teacher transposes the role of advisor, coach and technician. This professional influenced the process of \'enchantment\' and training of those who decided to make sport practice and the Olympic dream companions of a long journey full of challenges. In these narratives is found an unforgettable teacher, affectionately remembered, for mediating in a balanced way the pedagogical content and the relation of affective aspects, so dear to learning. The relationship between teacher and student is permeated with care, looks of attention to provide a good development of the student, who walks to turn him into the writer of his own history. Therefore, he is here called a good enough teacher, and as part of the development of the self, this teacher also has a marked passage in the mutative periods, which are decisive moments for vital transformations, in order to be able to radically change the meaning and direction of the story of a lifetime. This moment is similar to the moment of the encounter between the Master and the disciple, in which the teacher who incites the pupil awakens the disciple to overcome his limitations, as well as to dare in the precise ways of personal reflection, of growth

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Ianzini Carnielli.pdf: 228958 bytes, checksum: 5557e6e228a2c765e298a48125626f7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Nowadays depression appears as a major cause of emotional illness and is often associated with sadness, apathy and failure. From this perspective, introspection and withdrawn, which are often characterized as depressive movements, are not taken into account as necessary for elaborating real or imagined losses. From the point of view of DW Winnicott, to deal with the existing psychic challenges, facing situations that break the expectations and idealizations, it is necessary that the individual has surpassed the stage of concern, acquiring the ability to depress which the author relates to emotional maturity. This paper seeks to understand, in the context of motherhood, how the mother's ability to depress associates with the mother's capacity to elaborate the negative aspects regarding the hospitalization of her baby in a Neonatal ICU and, thus, be able to play the role of a good enough mother. For this, a comparative case study was performed between a mother able to develop normal depression, in contrast to other cases (submitted through clinical vignettes) of mothers with difficulties or inability in achieving this process / Na atualidade a depressão aparece como uma das maiores causas de adoecimento emocional e frequentemente é associada à tristeza, à apatia e ao fracasso. A partir dessa perspectiva, os movimentos introspectivos e de retraimento, que muitas vezes se caracterizam como movimentos depressivos, não são levados em conta como necessários à elaboração de perdas reais ou imaginárias. Do ponto de vista de D. W. Winnicott, para fazer frente aos desafios psíquicos existentes diante de situações que quebrem com as expectativas e idealizações é necessário que o indivíduo tenha passado pelo estágio do concern, quando adquire a capacidade para deprimir, relacionada pelo autor ao amadurecimento emocional. O presente trabalho busca compreender, no contexto da maternidade, de que forma a capacidade materna de deprimir se associa à possibilidade de a mãe elaborar os aspectos negativos referentes à internação de seu bebê em uma UTI Neonatal e, assim, poder vir a desempenhar o papel da mãe suficientemente boa. Para tanto, realiza um estudo de caso comparativo entre uma mãe capaz de depressão normal, contrapondo-o a outros casos (apresentados por meio de vinhetas clínicas) de mães com dificuldades ou incapacidade na realização desse processo

This study treats the problems that the social worker (the child welfare worker) is faced with, when deciding to take a child into compulsory care. Empirical data (with particulars of the children and parents involved) covering the public child care at a local authority, was collected from its records and by means of interviews. Data concerning the social workers was obtained through observation, interviews and questionnaires. Out of 166 new child care clients during one year, 77%were teenagers, and nine out of ten children taken into care were adolescents.Taking up a position in child care cases and making decisions about courses of action were mostly difficult or even painful for the social worker. The decision to take a child into care was considered the hardest task in social work.The social worker's dilemma is created by the requirements of the law that any decision to take a child into care should be based on satisfactory predictions of the consequences for the child.The social worker's agony arises out of her attempts to motivate such predictions when in fact she is convinced, through experience,that very few, if any, of the consequences can be safely established.Empirical data showed that motivations of the decisions given in the investigation for the court were often vague and implicit. This may be explained by referring to the emotionally experienced conflict between prediction and subsumption.In other empirical data social workers described their anxiety when handling cases where children are taken into care. This may be analysed as 'the agony of decision-making', caused by their choice between alternative courses of action, and 'the agony of separation' brought about by the social worker's identification either with the child or with its parents.The proposed model for decision-making aims to reduce the social worker's agony, by shifting some of her burden of responsibility over to the society. This is achieved by letting the grounds for a decision to take a child into care rest explicitly on the principia of subsumption. The social worker's task is thereby limited to assessments of the child's present situation. Three criteria of assessment, child abuse, sexual abuse and 'Good-Enough Parenting' are suggested. The study points out the importance of specifying what is counted as 'Good-Enough Parenting'. / digitalisering@umu

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7900350 bytes, checksum: fbca2db827307d8c3ed2a1c15067d0da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research deals with the Close-Enough Traveling Salesman Problem, a variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem wich has several applicatios in logistics. In the Close-Enough Traveling Salesman Problem, rather than visiting the vertex (customer) itself, the salesman must visit a specific region containing such vertex. To solve this problem, we propose a simple yet effective exact algorithm, based on Branch-and-Bound and Second Order Cone Programming. The proposed algorithm was tested in 824 instances suggested in the literature. Optimal solutions are obtained for open problems with up to a thousand vertices. We consider both instances in the two- and three-dimensional space. / Esta pesquisa trata do Problema do Caixeiro Viajante Suficientemente Próximo, uma variante do Problema do Caixeiro Viajante que possui diversas aplicações em logística. No Problema do Caixeiro Viajante Suficientemente Próximo, ao invés de visitar o próprio vértice (cliente), o caixeiro deve visitar uma região especifica contendo este vértice. Para resolver este problema, é proposto um algoritmo exato, simples e efetivo, baseado em branch-and-bound e Programação Cônica de Segunda Ordem. O algoritmo proposto foi testado em 824 instâncias sugeridas na literatura. Soluções ótimas foram obtidas para instâncias com até mil vértices. Foram consideradas instâncias nos espaços bi e tridimensional.

Doctor Educationis / This is a doctoral thesis in which the effectiveness of selected educational approaches in facilitating adult learning, using cattle farmers in the Onamhinda village was tested. In this study I tested three educational approaches of content centred, learner centred and situation centred for their ability to facilitate learning, which could bring about change in society. I used cattle farmers as a target group because the livelihood of farmers in north central Namibia depends on agriculture, mainly millet and beef production. The study began by discussing the selected approaches in relation to the relevant learning theories as a basis for the theoretical framework of facilitating adult learning and to support the hypothesis that certain educational approaches, if used under the right conditions, will facilitate significant learning among the target audience. The research design used in testing this hypothesis followed an action and qualitative design. It followed an action research design in order to get participants involved in their own learning, to put into practice what has been learned and be able to evaluate and discuss their progress. Through a qualitative design the study explored a much broader phenomenon of facilitating adult learning on a large scale and enabled reliable data collection to be undertaken for a study conducted in an environment where there were no tight controls over the learning process. An educational programme for cattle farmers was developed and used as a tool in testing the educational approaches. The educational programme utilised a combination of learning techniques to provide a means of learning for cattle farmers, which included a radio course of 12 lessons, self help facilitated study groups, printed materials and demonstrations by experts. In addition, a feedback system was built into the educational programme to enable participants to ask questions and experts to respond to such questions. The educational programme materials were written in the local language of Oshiwambo, and the research study was organised around a study group of 17 participants and two facilitators as well as a participant observer. A participant observation research method was used to observe and collect data during all learning sessions of the educational campaign. Furthermore, four months after the educational campaign a summative evaluation was conducted to assess the impact of the educational programme on the target audience and to learn more about how these types of approaches facilitated learning among farmers. The analysis of data explored whether such learning was significant enough to bring about social change and sustainable development. The study assisted in creating an opportunity for rural people to learn collectively and influence each other for positive change and to enable them to participate fully in their own development. It proved that using a combination of educational approaches and incorporating well developed communication strategies adult educators will be able to provide enhanced learning opportunities and reach even the remotest human being alive. Recommendations are given for successful implementation and replicating the educational approaches at a large scale and for other vital adult learning opportunities in the country and elsewhere.