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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Elaboração de formulados nutricionais alternativos a partir de alimentos convencionais para a alimentação de idosos / Development of alternative nutritional formulas for elderly enteral nourishment using conventional foods

Calheiros, Karina de Oliveira 25 September 2008 (has links)
O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi elaborar formulados alternativos, à base de mistura de alimentos convencionais, provenientes da cesta básica distribuída por entidades do município de Piracicaba-SP, entre outros alimentos, com o intuito de suplementar a alimentação enteral de idosos. Os alimentos utilizados para a elaboração dos formulados foram fubá, óleo de soja, arroz, feijão, macarrão, sardinha, leite em pó, amido de milho, ovos, proteína texturizada de soja, couve- manteiga e cenoura. Foram realizadas análises físicas: gotejamento e viscosidade; análises químicas: composição centesimal, digestibilidade de proteína, determinação do mineral ferro, diálise de ferro in vitro, determinação de -caroteno e fatores antinutricionais, assim como fenólicos totais e ácido fítico; análises microbiológicas: Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e Coliformes totais; análise de custos dos formulados e elaboração do manual de boas práticas de manipulação. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos às análises estatísticas, empregando-se o teste de Tukey, utilizando o software SAS (1996) e análises de regressão, pelo programa Microsoft Office Excel (2003). Concluiuse, com esse estudo, que os formulados líquidos apresentaram os melhores resultados nutricionais, físicos, microbiológicos, e a maior viabilidade econômica, sendo, por isso, sugeridos para a suplementação enteral de idosos. Dentre eles, pode-se eleger uma entre duas alternativas, conforme a necessidade clinica do idoso, considerando-se todos os aspectos nutricionais e físicos dos formulados. O formulado F3 destacou-se nas seguintes características: disponibilidade de ferro, quantidades de -caroteno, digestibilidade, viscosidade e gotejamento. Já o formulado F4 teve destaque na distribuição do valor calórico total de macronutrientes, apresentando valores ideais para os idosos, segundo as recomendações internacionais, além do maior valor calórico entre os formulados e boa viscosidade e gotejamento. No que diz respeito ao valor calórico total, os formulados apresentaram de 131 a 216 calorias por 250ml, os tratamentos líquidos apresentaram valor calórico superior ao dos formulados em pó. Pode-se dizer que os formulados contribuem com percentual médio de 20% de adequação, em relação às recomendações de macronutrientes sugeridas pela DRI (2002) para idosos, quando ingeridas duas porções de 250mL/dia de formulados líquidos ou em pó. / The aim of this study was to develop alternative formulas for elderly enteral feeding using conventional foods from food staples distributed in the city of Piracicaba-SP. The foods used in the formulas were: corn meal, soya oil, rice, beans, pasta, sardine, powder milk, corn starch, eggs, texturized soya protein, cabbage, and carrot. Physical analyses (dripping and viscosity), chemical analyses (centesimal composition, protein digestibility, iron determination, iron dialyses in vitro, -carotene determination, anti-nutritional factors - tannins and phytate), microbiological analyses (Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, positive Staphylococcus coagulase and total Coliforms), cost analyses and elaboration of a manual for good manipulation practices were carried out. Results were analyzed statistically using Tukey test, SAS software (1996) and for regression using Microsoft Office Excel (2003). Liquid formulas presented better nutritional, physical and microbiological results as well as economical viability Therefore were suggested for elderly enteral nourishment. According to the elderly clinical needs, two alternatives are suggested among liquid formulas. The F3 formula is noticeable for iron availability, quantity of -carotene, digestibility, dripping and viscosity. The F4 formulas is noticeable for the total calorie distribution of macronutrients as well as for having a higher number of calories and good viscosity and dripping which is ideal for the elderly, according to international recommendations. The formulas presented a range of 131 to 216 calories/250ml. Liquid formulas presented higher number of calories than powder formulas. The formulas contributed with a 20% adequacy regarding to macronutrient recommendations for the elderly from DRI (2002), when two servings of 250mL.day-1 (powder or liquid) were ingested.
52

Eventos adversos na administração de dieta enteral em unidade de terapia intensiva: análise comparativa entre o volume prescrito e o administrado. / Adverse events related to the administration of enteral diet in the unit of intensive care: analyses to compare the volume precribed with the administrated.

Poltronieri, Mairy Jussara de Almeida 05 June 2006 (has links)
Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritivo, prospectivo, que teve como objetivos comparar o volume de dieta enteral prescrito com o administrado aos pacientes internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI); comparar as necessidades calóricas diárias (NCD) dos pacientes com as necessidades calóricas prescritas (NCP) e as administradas (NCA); identificar os motivos e os fatores associados a não administração do volume da dieta enteral prescrita aos pacientes. O estudo foi realizado no período de 21 de agosto a 21 de novembro de 2005, em duas UTIs gerais de um hospital privado do Município de São Paulo. A coleta dos dados foi feita diariamente por meio de informações contidas no prontuário e na folha de controle da Unidade. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva para caracterizar a amostra de pacientes, a dieta enteral e os motivos da não administração do volume prescrito. A comparação das médias do volume prescrito com o administrado, assim como das médias das NCD com as NCP e as NCA foram feitas com o teste t-Student para amostras pareadas. Para as comparações, segundo faixas de volumes e calorias foi utilizado o índice Kappa. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. O método de regressão logística aplicado para verificar os fatores associados à não administração da dieta enteral foi o Stepwise forward que incorporou ao modelo as variáveis que apresentaram significância estatística (p<0,05) ou tendência à significância estatística (0,05<p<0.10). A amostra foi constituída por 61 pacientes, sendo realizados 636 acompanhamentos diários da administração da dieta enteral. Do total de pacientes, observou-se que, em algum momento do acompanhamento, 72,1% não receberam o volume prescrito. O tempo decorrido entre a internação na UTI e o início da TNE foi, em média, de 2,5 dias. Das avaliações feitas (n=636), a maioria das dietas (57,6%) eram especializadas e foram administradas por meio de sondas enterais posicionadas no estômago (56,9%). Dos 604 acompanhamentos em que houve prescrição médica de dieta, em 30,2% houve pausa na administração (duração média de 6,1 horas), durante o período programado para a infusão da dieta e em 23,6% a administração foi contínua em razão do uso de bomba de insulina. Constatou-se que, em média, o volume de dieta administrado, 1118,8 ± 400,4 ml, foi menor do que o prescrito, 1257,2 ± 306,9 ml (p=0,000). A análise comparativa das NCD com as NCP e NCA mostrou evidência estatística (p=0,000) que permite afirmar que tanto as NCP como as NCA, foram, em média, menores do que as NCD dos pacientes. NCA (1164,8 ± 508,2) foram menores do que as NCD (1797,1± 292,7calorias) requeridas pelos pacientes. 59,0% dos pacientes conseguiram atingir pelo menos 80,0% das NCD, em média com 4,8 dias de TNE. A comparação dos valores classificados por faixas mostrou moderada concordância entre os volumes prescritos e administrados (Kappa=0,614) e baixa concordância entre as NCD e NCP (Kappa=0,191) e NCD e NCA (Kappa=0,100). De um total de 308 motivos que levaram a não administração do volume prescrito (1,06 motivos por acompanhamento) o cálculo errado da velocidade de infusão pela equipe de enfermagem foi predominante (20,8%), seguido pela realização de exames diagnósticos ou terapêuticos e procedimentos cirúrgicos (14,9%). Do total de motivos, 70,6% eram evitáveis. Os fatores associados a não administração do volume de dieta enteral prescrito foram a idade (diminuição de 7% do risco a cada ano acrescentado à idade), a velocidade de infusão (diminuição de 4% do risco a cada ponto de aumento da velocidade) e necessidade calórica diária (aumento de 0,4% da chance a cada unidade calórica requerida pelo paciente). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de um maior número de estudos que investiguem os eventos adversos relacionados à administração da dieta enteral com vistas a assegurar o atendimento das reais necessidades nutricionais dos pacientes graves internados na UTI. / It talks about a study of prospective, descriptive and quantitative approach, which has as objectives to compare the volume of enteral diet which was prescribed with the one administrated to the interned patients in the Unit of Intensive Care (UIC); to compare the daily caloric necessities (DCN) of the patients with the prescribed caloric necessities (PCN) and the administrated ones (ACN); to identify the reasons and the factors associated to the absence of the administration of the volume of prescribed enteral diet to the patients. The study took place between 21st of August and 21st of November, 2005 in two general units of intensive care of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo. The data assessment was done on a daily basis through information which was in the prontuary and the papers of control on the Intensive Care. For the data analyses a descriptive statistics was used to distinguish the patients, the enteral diet and the reasons of the absence of administration of the prescribed volume. The comparison of the average of the 2 volumes (prescribed and administrated), as well as the average among the DCN with the PCN and ACN was done with the t-Student test to matched samples. To the comparisons concerning volumes and calories the rate Kappa was used. Values of p<0,05 were considered statistically meaningful. The method of logistic regression applied to check the factors associated with the absence of administration of enteral diet was the Stepwise forward which attached to the model the variables that present statistics significance (p<0,05) or likeliness to statistics significance (0,05<p<0,10). The sample was of 61 patients with 636 daily attendances of the administration of enteral diet. From the total of the patients, it was observed that in a certain moment of the attendance, 72,1% did not receive the prescribed volume. The time between the internment in the UIC and the beginning of the enteral nutritional therapy (ENT) was, on average of 2,5 days. From the evaluations which were done (n=636) the majority of the diets (57,6%) were specialized and were administrated through enteral catheter placed in the stomach (56,9%). From the 604 attendances which had diet medical prescription , in 30,2% there was a pause in the administration (length of 6,1 hours), in the programmed period for the infusion of the diet and in 23,6% the administration was the continuous due to the use of insulin bomb. It was seen that, on average, the volume of the diet which was administrated, 111,8+/- 4000,4 ml, was smaller that the prescribed, 1,257,2+/- 306 ,9 ml (p=0,000). The comparative analyses of the DCN with the PCN and CAN showed statistics evidence (p=0,000) which shows that not only the PCN but also the CAN were, on average, smaller that the DCN of the patients. The ACN (1164,8+/- 508,2) were smaller that the DCN (1797,1 +/- 292,7 calories) required by the patients. 59 ,0% of the patients could reach at least 80,0% of the DCN, on average with the 4,8 days of ENT. The comparison of the values classified by strips showed a moderate concordance between the prescribed and administrated volumes (Kappa=0,614) and low concordance between the DCN and PCN ( Kappa=0,191) and DCN and ACN (Kappa=0,100). From a number of 308 reasons of the absence of the administration of the prescribed volume (1,06 reasons by attendance) the wrong calculation of the speed from the infusion by the nursing team was predominant (20,8%) followed by diagnostic or therapeutic exams and surgical procedures (14,9%). From all reasons, 70,6% were avoidable. The factors associated to the absence of administration of the volume of prescribed enteral diet were the age (decrease of 7% of risk to each year added to the age), the speed of infusion (decrease of 4% of risk to each point of speed increase) and the daily caloric necessity (increase of 0,4% of chance to each required caloric unit by the patient). The results lead to a necessity of more numerous studies that look into adverse events related to the administration of enteral diet to guarantee the real nutritional necessities of serious patients interned in the UIC.
53

Avaliação da capacitação da equipe de enfermagem para o cuidado com cateter enteral

Gleke, Manoela Machado 20 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-17T11:23:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoela Machado Gleke.pdf: 1377562 bytes, checksum: 11ce1589d554402e1e702e8cc823b6aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T11:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoela Machado Gleke.pdf: 1377562 bytes, checksum: 11ce1589d554402e1e702e8cc823b6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-20 / People suffering from chronic illness or even acute whose oral nutrition is impossible, may require use of a catheter introduced in nose or oral cavity which reaches the gastrointestinal tract, called enteral catheter (EC). From the moment that the nurse insert this catheter into the patient, it takes several maintenance care to remain to remain as long as necessary without risk of obstruction or inadvertent removal. The introduction of this catheter is a private task of the nurse, according to COFEN Resolution (Federal Nursing Council) number 0453/2014 and needs care throughout the proceedings. The survey, through indicators, noted the continuing occurrence of loss of EC in the Intensive Care Unit of a public hospital in the state of São Paulo. From there, it was applied a training course with the nursing staff through the realistic simulation as a teaching and learning methodology. Objectives: To measure the effectiveness of training for EC conservation, to identify the theoretical knowledge of the professional previous and after the educational intervention. Method: through a quantitative approach to exploratory, the survey was traced a quasi-experimental study. As criteria for inclusion and exclusion, each professional training conducted in their working hours at a ICU bed, in order to adjust the availability of time, space and routine of the institution. Results: The final sample was composed of 54 professionals being that 14 (25.9%) nurses and 40 (74.1%) nursing technicians. The 54 participants were sufficient to test a difference in withdrawal indicator unplanned the EC equal to 16% before and 1.2% after the training; indicating (p <0.001) and established a 0.05 significance level (5%). Conclusion: The data showed that there is reliability and validity in the training of nursing staff demonstrating effectiveness in reducing the incidence of EC loss in quality indicator / As pessoas que sofrem de alguma doença crônica ou, até mesmo aguda, cuja alimentação por via oral é impossibilitada, podem necessitar do uso de um cateter introduzido na narina ou na cavidade oral o qual chega ao trato gastrointestinal, denominado cateter enteral (CE). A partir do momento que este cateter é inserido no paciente, são necessários vários cuidados de manutenção para que permaneça, sem riscos de obstrução ou retirada inadvertida. A introdução deste cateter é privativa do enfermeiro, de acordo com a Resolução COFEN (Conselho Federal de Enfermagem) Nº 0453/2014 e requer cuidados durante todo o processo. Foi observada, por meio de indicadores, nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital público do Estado de São Paulo, a ocorrência contínua de perda de CE. Diante deste cenário, aplicou-se uma capacitação com a equipe de enfermagem por meio da simulação realística como uma metodologia de ensino e aprendizagem. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade da capacitação para a manutenção de CE, identificar o conhecimento teórico do profissional prévio e posterior à intervenção educativa. Material e método: Delineou-se um estudo quase- experimental, com abordagem quantitativa do tipo exploratória. Para adequação da disponibilidade de tempo, espaço e rotina da instituição, a capacitação foi realizada no horário de trabalho de cada profissional, em um leito disponível da UTI, conforme critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 54 profissionais, sendo 14 (25,9%) enfermeiros e 40 (74,1%) técnicos de enfermagem. Os 54 participantes foram suficientes para testar uma diferença no indicador de retirada não planejada do CE igual a 16% pré e 1,2% após a capacitação; indicando um (p-valor <0,001) e estabelecido um nível de significância de 0,05 (5%). Conclusão: Os dados obtidos apontaram que há confiabilidade e validade na capacitação da equipe de enfermagem demonstrando efetividade na redução da incidência da perda do CE no indicador de qualidade
54

Eventos adversos relacionados à  sonda nasogástrica / nasoentérica em pacientes adultos: revisão integrativa da literatura / Adverse events related to the nasogastric / nasoenteral tube in adult patients: integrative literature review

Motta, Ana Paula Gobbo 05 March 2018 (has links)
Objetivo: trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura realizada com o objetivo de identificar os estudos primários que abordam os eventos adversos relacionados à sonda nasogástrica / nasoentérica (SNG/SNE) em pacientes adultos. Método: a busca foi realizada no mês de abril de 2017 nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE e Scopus. Para realizar a busca foram utilizadas palavras-chave e encontradas 1.020 citações. Destas, 988 artigos foram excluídos a partir da leitura de títulos e resumos. Em seguida, procedeu-se a leitura, na íntegra, de 32 artigos, dos quais 12 foram excluídos. Logo, um total de 20 artigos foram incluídos no estudo. Foi realizada, também, busca manual nas referências dos artigos incluídos com o intuito de encontrar estudos que não foram recuperados anteriormente nas bases de dados supracitadas. Foram obtidos 84 artigos, dos quais 30 foram excluídos, a partir da leitura de títulos e resumos. Dos 54 artigos recuperados, quatro foram excluídos após leitura na íntegra e um artigo durante a extração dos dados. Resultados: para esta revisão integrativa, foram incluídos um total de 69 artigos. Os dados foram analisados e posteriormente classificados em duas categorias principais que evidenciaram os eventos adversos relacionados ao uso de SNG/SNE: incidentes mecânicos (complicações respiratórias, complicações no esôfago ou faringe, obstrução da sonda, perfuração intestinal, perfuração intracraniana e saque não planejado da sonda) e outros incidentes (lesão por pressão relacionada à fixação e conexão errada). A maior parte dos artigos recuperados foi incluída na subcategoria \"complicações respiratórias\" devido ao posicionamento inadequado da extremidade distal da sonda no trato respiratório, o que resultou em pneumotórax e/ou óbito. Outros eventos adversos estavam relacionados à obstrução da sonda, perda da mobilidade das cordas vocais, perfuração intestinal com consequente infecção, lesão na pele e mucosas, e queimadura corporal devido à desconexão. Conclusão: os resultados sintetizados nesta revisão permitem que os profissionais da saúde, especialmente os da enfermagem, reflitam sobre a segurança dos pacientes em uso de SNG/SNE e que repensem a maneira como as sondas estão sendo manuseadas na prática clínica / Objective: an integrative literature review was developed to identify the primary studies on the adverse events related to nasogastric / nasoenteral tubes (NGT/NET) in adult patients. Method: the search was undertaken in April 2017 in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE and Scopus. Keywords were used for the search and 1,020 citations were found. After reading titles and abstract, 988 of these articles were excluded. Next, 32 articles were fully read, 12 of which were excluded. Hence, in total, 20 articles were included in the study. In addition, a manual search was undertaken in the references of the included articles, aiming to find studies that had not been retrieved earlier in the abovementioned databases. Eighty-four articles were found, 30 of which were excluded after reading the titles and abstracts. Of the 54 retrieved articles, four were excluded after reading the full version and one article during the extraction of the data. Results: for this integrative review, in total, 69 articles were included. The data were analyzed and then classified in two main categories that evidenced the adverse events related to the use of NGT/NET: mechanic incidents (respiratory complications, esophageal or pharyngeal complications, tube obstruction, intestinal perforation, intracranial perforation and unplanned tube withdrawal) and other incidents (wrong connection and fixationrelated pressure ulcer). Most of the articles were included in the subcategory \"respiratory complications\" due to improper positioning of the distal end of the tube in the respiratory tract, resulting in pneumothorax and/or death. Other adverse events were related to tube obstruction, loss of vocal chord mobility, intestinal perforation with consequent infection, skin and mucous membrane ulcers, and body burns due to detachment. Conclusion: based on the results synthesized in this review, health professionals, especially in nursing, can reflect on the safety of patients using NGT/NET and reconsider the manipulation of the tubes in clinical practice
55

Preparo e administração de medicamentos por sondas em pacientes que recebem nutrição enteral / Preparation and administration of drugs through tubes in patients receiving enteral nutrition

Caroline de Deus Lisboa 02 March 2011 (has links)
O objeto de estudo foi o preparo e a administração de medicamentos por cateter pela enfermagem em pacientes que recebem nutrição enteral. O objetivo geral foi investigar o padrão de preparo e administração dos medicamentos por cateter em pacientes que recebem nutrição enteral concomitante. Os objetivos específicos foram apresentar o perfil dos medicamentos preparados e administrados de acordo com a possibilidade de serem administrados por cateter enteral e avaliar o tipo e a freqüência de erros que ocorrem no preparo e administração de medicamentos por cateter. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa com desenho transversal de natureza observacional, sem modelo de intervenção. Foi desenvolvida em um hospital do Rio de Janeiro onde foram observados técnicos de enfermagem preparando e administrando medicamentos por cateter na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Foram observadas 350 doses de medicamentos sendo preparados e administrados. Os grupos de medicamentos prevalentes foram os que agem no Sistema Cardiovascular Renal com 164 doses (46,80%), seguido pelos que agem no Sistema Respiratório e Sangue com 12,85% e 12,56% respectivamente. Foram encontrados 19 medicamentos diferentes do primeiro grupo, dois no segundo e cinco no terceiro. As categorias de erro no preparo foram trituração, diluição e misturas. Encontrou-se uma taxa média de 67,71% no preparo de medicamentos. Comprimidos simples foram preparados errados em 72,54% das doses, e todos os comprimidos revestidos e de liberação prolongada foram triturados indevidamente entre sólidos a categoria de erro prevalente foi trituração com 45,47%, preparar misturando medicamentos foi um erro encontrado em quase 40% das doses de medicamentos sólidos. A trituração insuficiente ocorreu em 73,33% das doses de ácido fólico, do cloridrato de amiodarona (58,97%) e bromoprida (50,00%). A mistura com outros medicamentos ocorreu em 66,66% das doses de bromoprida, de besilato de anlodipina (53,33%), bamifilina (43,47%), ácido fólico (40,00%) e ácido acetilsalicílico (33,33%). Os erros na administração foram ausência de pausa e manejo indevido do cateter. A taxa média de erros na administração foi de 32,64%, distribuídas entre 17,14% para pausa e 48,14% para manejo do cateter. A ausência de lavagem do cateter antes foi o erro mais comum e o mais incomum foi não lavar o cateter após a administração. Os medicamentos mais envolvidos em erros na administração foram: cloridrato de amiodarona (n=39), captopril (n=33), cloridrato de hidralazina (n=7), levotiroxina sódica (n=7). Com relação à lavagem dos cateteres antes, ela não ocorreu em 330 doses de medicamentos. O preparo e administração inadequados de medicamentos podem levar à perdas na biodisponibilidade, diminuição do nível sérico e riscos de intoxicações para o paciente. Preparar e administrar medicamentos são procedimentos comuns, porém apresentou altas taxas de erros, o que talvez reflita pouco conhecimento desses profissionais sobre as boas práticas da terapia medicamentosa. Constata-se a necessidade de maior investimento de todos os profissionais envolvidos, médicos, enfermeiros e farmacêuticos nas questões que envolvam a segurança com medicamentos assim como repensar o processo de trabalho da enfermagem. / This studys object was the medications preparation and administration by nursing probes in patients receiving enteral nutrition. The overall objective was to investigate the preparation pattern and drugs administration through tubes in patients receiving concomitant enteral nutrition. The specific objectives were to present the medications profile prepared and administered in accordance with the possibility to be administered by enteral probes and assess the errors type and frequency that occur in the medicines preparation and administration by probes. This was a cross-sectional survey of the observational nature without intervention model. It was developed in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, observing practical nurses preparing and administering medications through tubes in the Intensive Care Unit. We observed the preparation of 350 medicines doses and subsequent administration to the patients. The prevalent drug groups were those acting on Cardiovascular Renal System with 164 doses (46.80%), followed by those acting on the Respiratory System and Blood with 12.85% and 12.56% respectively. We found 19 different drugs from the first group, two from the second group, and five in the third one. The error categories in the preparation were milling, mixing and dilution. We found a mean rate of 67.71% in medication preparation. Simple tablets were prepared by wrong way in 72.54% of the doses and all coated tablets and those of extended release were crushed incorrectly. Among solids, the prevalent error category was milling with 45.47%. The preparation by mixing drugs was an error in almost 40% from the solid drugs doses. The insufficient grinding occurred in 73.33% from the folic acid doses, amiodarone hydrochloride (58.97%), and from bromopride (50.00%). Mixing with other drugs occurred in 66.66% from bromopride doses, amlodipine besylate (53.33%), bamifilina (43.47%), folic acid (40.00%), and acetylsalicylic acid (33.33 %). The administration errors were no breaks and improper probe handling. The average errors rate of administration was 32.64%, being 17.14% for pause and 48.14% for the probe handling. Failure to wash the probe before administration was the most common mistake and not to wash the probe after that was the most unusual. The drugs most commonly involved in errors in the administration were amiodarone hydrochloride (n=39), captopril (n=33), hydralazine hydrochloride (n=7), and levothyroxine sodium (n=7). In 330 medication dosages, the probes were not washed, before the administration. The drugs inadequate preparation and administration can lead to losses in bioavailability, decreased serum levels, and risk of patient poisoning. Preparing and administering medications is a common procedure but showed high error rates, maybe reflecting little knowledge from these professionals about the best practices in drug therapy. There is a need for greater investment by all involved professionals, doctors, nurses, and pharmacists on issues involving the drug safety and rethink the process of nursing work.
56

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de tecnologia educacional digital sobre segurança na administração de medicamentos por sonda enteral / Development and evaluation of digital educational technology on safety in enteral tube administration

Castro, Aline de Melo 03 May 2019 (has links)
As Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) são reconhecidas como ferramentas que estimulam o senso crítico, a reflexão e a autonomia na formação profissional em enfermagem, enquanto estratégia para fortalecimento da cultura de qualidade e segurança, visando à prevenção de incidentes relacionados à administração de medicamentos por sonda enteral. Este estudo retrata uma pesquisa de desenvolvimento ou Design-Based Research (DBR), com objetivo de desenvolver e avaliar uma tecnologia educacional sobre a temática de segurança na administração de medicamentos por sonda enteral. O Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) foi desenvolvido em três etapas: 1) Planejamento; 2) Desenvolvimento e 3) Avaliação. Na Etapa 1, o planejamento contempla a caracterização do público-alvo, definição da temática e dos objetivos a serem alcançados. A Etapa 2 corresponde ao desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Educacional utilizando a metodologia WebQuest (Introdução, Tarefa, Processo, Avaliação, Conclusão e Créditos). Na Etapa 3 foi realizada a avaliação da tecnologia educacional digital por cinco profissionais da área de Informática e cinco enfermeiros docentes, mediante aprovação do projeto junto ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. A pesquisa resultou no desenvolvimento de uma WebQuest curta sobre a temática de segurança do paciente, com enfoque na proposta de ações estratégicas visando a prevenção de erros e incidentes relacionados à administração de medicamentos por sonda enteral. A avaliação dos aspectos pedagógicos indicou que as características foram plenamente alcançadas em relação à Pertinência, Aplicabilidade e Consistência do Conteúdo; Interação Aluno-aluno, Aluno-grupo, Aluno-professor e Grupo-Professor; Pertinência, Quantidade e Avaliação Educacional das Atividades. Na avaliação dos aspectos técnicos, as características foram plenamente alcançadas em relação às Cores (Qualidade da Interface), segundo a opinião de todos os especialistas em enfermagem e em informática. As contribuições dos especialistas em relação às características parcialmente alcançadas e não alcançadas permitiram a realização de ajustes para implementação futura junto a estudantes do curso técnico em Enfermagem. Vale destacar que não foram relatadas características não alcançadas em relação aos aspectos pedagógicos. Os resultados evidenciam a relevância do domínio dos atributos próprios da WebQuest, visando a superação dos desafios relacionados ao desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico e aplicação de conhecimentos na solução de problemas vivenciados na busca por maior qualidade e segurança na assistência ao paciente, compatíveis com a exigências de ampliação do uso de tecnologias educacionais digitais inovadoras na formação profissional em enfermagem / Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are recognized as tools that stimulate critical thinking, reflection and autonomy in professional nursing training, as a strategy to strengthen the culture of quality and safety, in order to prevent incidents related to the administration of medicines for enteral tube. This study describes a development research or Design-Based Research (DBR) aiming to develop and evaluate an educational technology on the theme of safety in the administration of medicines by enteral tube. The Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) was developed in three stages: 1) Planning; 2) Development and 3) Evaluation. In Step 1, the planning contemplates the characterization of the target audience, definition of the theme and the objectives to be achieved. The Step 2 corresponds to the development of Educational Technology using the WebQuest methodology (Introduction, Task, Process, Evaluation, Conclusion and Credits). In Step 3, the evaluation of the digital educational technology was carried out by five professionals in the area of Informatics and five nursing professors, after approval of the project by the Research Ethics Committee. The research resulted in the development of a short WebQuest on the subject of patient safety, with a focus on the proposal of strategic actions aimed at the prevention of errors and incidents related to the administration of medicines by enteral tube. The evaluation of pedagogical aspects indicated that the characteristics were fully achieved in relation to the Relevance, Applicability and Consistency of Content; Student-student interaction, Student-group, Student-teacher and Group-Teacher; Relevance, Quantity and Educational Evaluation of Activities. In the evaluation of the technical aspects, the characteristics were fully achieved in relation to the Colors (Quality of Interface), according to the opinion of all specialists in nursing and computer science. The experts\' contributions in relation to the partially achieved and unrealized characteristics allowed to make adjustments for future implementation with students of the technical course in Nursing. It is worth mentioning that there were no reported unrealized characteristics in relation to the pedagogical aspects. The results highlight the relevance of the domain of WebQuest attributes, aiming to overcome the challenges related to the development of critical thinking and application of knowledge in the solution of problems experienced in the search for higher quality and safety in patient care, compatible with the requirements of expansion of the use of innovative digital educational technologies in nursing professional training
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The relationship between disturbed gastric motor function and enteral nutrition in critically ill patients.

Nguyen, Nam Quoc January 2008 (has links)
Delayed gastric emptying, that manifests clinically as intolerance to enteral feeding, occurs in over 50% of critically ill patients and has a major impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Despite the recognition that the proximal stomach has a major role in gastric emptying of liquids, only the motor activity of the antro-pyloro-duodenal region has been evaluated in detail. In addition, many of the proposed risk factors for the gastric dysmotility, particularly a prior history of diabetes mellitus, have not been evaluated formally but have been extrapolated from data from non-critically ill patients. The currently available prokinetic drugs, erythromycin and metoclopramide, are considered to be the first line treatment for feed intolerance. However, neither data comparing the effectiveness of these agents nor the data on the effects of combination of therapy in the treatment of feed intolerance are available. The aims of this thesis were, therefore, to examine: (i) proximal gastric motor activity and the association between proximal and distal motility; (ii) the relationship between entero-gastric humoral responses to nutrients, gastric emptying and feed intolerance; (iii) the impact of admission diagnoses, choice of sedations, timing of initiation of feeding, and pre-existing history of diabetes mellitus on gastric emptying and feed intolerance; and (iv) the efficacy of erythromycin, metoclopramide and combination of these drugs in treatment of feed intolerance in critically ill patients. The current thesis indicates that motor activity is impaired in multiple regions of the stomach in the critically ill. When compared to healthy humans, proximal gastric relaxation was prolonged and fundic wave activity was educed during small intestinal nutrient infusion in critically ill patients. In addition, simultaneous assessment of proximal and distal gastric motility demonstrated a possible disruption of the motor integration between the proximal and distal stomach. In light of the recent data that suggested a significantly greater proportion of meal distributed proximally in critically ill patients with delayed gastric emptying (Nguyen, et al. 2006), the disruption of the gastric motor integration and the prolonged gastric relaxation in response to duodenal nutrients may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of slow gastric emptying during critical illness, especially as liquid formulae. The entero-gastric hormonal feedback responses were also disturbed during critical illness. Both fasting and duodenal nutrient-stimulated plasma CCK and PYY concentrations were significantly higher in critically ill patients, particularly those who did not tolerated gastric feeds. The rate of gastric emptying of a liquid meal was inversely related to both fasting and postprandial plasma CCK and PYY concentrations, supporting the potential role of plasma CCK and PYY in the pathogenesis of gastric dysmotility in critically ill patients. Admission diagnosis, choice of sedative drug and blood glucose control but not the timing of enteral feeds were important factors for delayed gastric emptying and feed intolerance in these patients. In particular, delaying enteral feeding by 4 days had no impact on the rate of gastric emptying, intra-gastric meal distribution, or plasma CCK and PYY concentrations. Contrary to traditional belief, critically ill patients with a pre-existing diagnosis of type 2 DM have only a minor disturbance to the proximal stomach, a relatively normal gastric emptying and are at no higher risk of feed intolerance than those without DM, suggesting the presence of pre-existing DM 2 in critically ill patients should not influence the standard practice of gastric feeding. Therapeutically, short-term treatment with low dose erythromycin was more effective than metoclopramide, but the effectiveness decreased rapidly overtime at similar rate as observed with metoclopramide. In patients who failed to response to either agent, treatment with both agents was highly effective in re-establishing feeding success. The use of combination therapy as the initial treatment for feed intolerance was also more effective than erythromycin alone and had less tachyphylaxis. Treatment with erythromycin and metoclopramide, either as a single agent or in combination did not associated with major cardiovascular adverse side effects. Although diarrhoea was a common side effect and was highest with combination therapy, it was not associated with Clostridium difficile infection and settled quickly after the cessation of the prokinetic therapy. In summary, the work performed in the current thesis has provided substantial insights into the understanding of the nature, risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of disturbed gastric motor function in critically ill patients. Not only do these findings stimulate further research into the mechanisms responsible for gastric dysmotility in critical illness, they also lead to the development of new strategies for optimizing the management of feed intolerance. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320667 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2008
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Får patienten sina kalorier? : Utvärdering av flödesschema för enteral nutrition på en neurokirurgisk intensivvårdsavdelning

Ringholm, Malin, Luokkanen Jäger, Pia January 2010 (has links)
Kritiskt sjuka patienter riskerar att utveckla malnutrition och ska erhålla nutritionsstöd i form av enteral nutrition (EN) och parenteral nutrition (PN). Trots att flödesscheman för EN används på många intensivvårdsavdelningar får patienter sällan 100 % av ordinerat kaloribehov. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera införandet av flödesschema för enteral nutrition på en neurokirurgisk intensivvårdsavdelning (NIVA). Som metod valdes en retrospektiv, kvantitativ studie. En granskning av journaldata från förgruppen (n =28), fem månader innan införandet av flödesschemat och data ifrån eftergruppen (n =20), fem månader efter införandet av flödesschemat har gjorts. En journalgranskningsmall användes vid insamlandet av data. Det som granskades är starttid av EN, antalet kalorier administrerat via EN, PN och EN+PN. Vidare granskades mängd ventrikelaspirat, frekvens av avföring och observerade avbrott av EN. Införandet av flödesschema för EN visade att eftergruppen administrerades totalt mera kalorier än om inte flödesschema användes. Eftergruppen administrerades signifikant mera kalorier via EN+PN och via PN enskilt. Skillnaden mellan ordinerade kalorier och administrerade kalorier var mindre i eftergruppen. EN startades några timmar senare i eftergruppen och förgruppen administrerades mera kalorier via EN. Eftergruppen redovisar signifikant mindre mängd ventrikelaspirat, och kräkning bredvid sond var mindre frekvent i eftergruppen. Fortsatt forskning behövs med RCT-studier som evidensbaserar flödesschema för EN.
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Har administreringsformen av enteral nutrition betydelse för antalet lösa avföringar per dygn? : - En retrospektiv registerstudie av intensivvårdspatienter / Does the form of administration of enteral nutrition have an impact on the number of loose stools per day? : - A retrospective registry study of intensive care patients

Andersson, Rikard January 2012 (has links)
Bakgrund: Patienter inlagda på sjukhus behöver näringstillförsel för att kunna återhämta sig. Enteral nutrition är troligen att föredra framför parenteral nutrition, och bör sättas in så tidigt som möjligt. Enteral nutrition kan administreras på olika sätt. Den kan ges intermittent och innehålla nattvila, eller ges kontinuerligt för att undvika plötsliga sänkningar i blodsockernivåer. En oönskad komplikation är lösa avföringar hos patienten. Frågan är om administrationsformen av enteral nutrition kan påverka frekvensen av diarré. Syfte: Att med hjälp av en registerstudie jämföra antal lösa avföringar per dygn mellan två olika administrationsformer av enteral nutrition: intermittent med nattvila jämfört med kontinuerlig tillförsel över hela dygnet. Metod: En kvantitativ retrospektiv registerstudie har genomförts på totalt 50 intensivvårdspatienter med traumatisk skallskada vid Norrlands Universitetssjukhus. Journaler från 2007 till 2012 har använts i studien. Resultat: Ingen signifikant skillnad kunde påvisas mellan grupperna i antal lösa avföringar per dygn, p=0.5. Däremot visade denna studie att de patienter som fick intermittent enteral nutrition fick signifikant större mängd enteral nutrition (699±249 ml) per dygn jämfört med patienter som fick sin enterala nutrition kontinuerligt (505±278 ml/dygn), p = 0.008. Slutsats: Resultatet från studien visar att antalet lösa avföringar inte verkar bero på administreringsformen av enteral nutrition. Mängden tillförd enteral nutrition skiljer sig dock statistiskt signifikant varav betydelsen av det borde studeras vidare för att avgöra vilken administreringsform som är att föredra. / Background: Patients admitted to hospital need nutrition to recover. Enteral nutrition is probably preferable to parenteral nutrition should be initiated as early as possible. Enteral nutrition may be administered in various ways, it can be intermittent and include night rest, or given continuously to avoid abrupt reductions in blood sugar levels. An unwanted complication is loose stools of the patient. The question is whether the form of administration of enteral nutrition can affect the frequency of diarrhea. Aim: With the help of a retrospective registry study comparing number of loose stools per day between two different forms of administration of enteral nutrition: intermittent with night sleep compared with continuous supply throughout the day. Method: A quantitative retrospective registry study has been carried out on a total of 50 ICU patients with traumatic head injury at Norrlands University Hospital. Records from 2007 to 2012 were used in the study. Results: No significant difference was detected between the groups in the number of diarrhea per day, p = 0.5. However, this study demonstrated that patients receiving intermittent enteral nutrition was significantly greater amount of enteral nutrition (699 ± 249 ml) per day compared with patients who received their enteral nutrition continuously (505 ± 278 mL / day), p = 0008. Conclusion: The results from the study show that the number of loose stools do not seem to depend on the form of administration of enteral nutrition. Quantities of enteral nutrition differ statistically significantly significance of which it should be further studied to determine which form of administration is preferred.
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När en person med demenssjukdom slutar äta : En litteraturstudie utifrån sjuksköterskans perspektiv / When a person with dementia disease stop eating : A literature review by the nurses perspective

Karlsson, Caroline, Poijes, Ewa January 2012 (has links)
Bakgrund: Personer med demenssjukom får ofta i sjukdomsförloppet problem att äta och insatser för att behålla personens nutritionsstatus kan bli aktuella. En vanlig sådan insats som diskuteras är enteral nutriton i någon form. Då en person med demenssjukdom tappar sin förmåga att kommunicera och även den kognitiva förmågan att ta egna beslut ställs sjuksköterskor inför en svår arbetsuppgift. Att ta ställning till om det är etiskt riktigt att starta enteral nutrition eller om det är etiskt riktigt att acceptera matvägran är en av de svåraste dilemman en sjuksköterska kan ställas inför. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans möjligheter att bevara autonomi hos personer med demenssjuksom vid enteral nutrition. Teroretisk utgångspunkt: Begreppet autonomi är den teoretiska utgångspunkten som används i resultatdiskussionen.  Metod:  En litteraturstudie inspirerad av Fribergs analysmodell inkluderande  nio vetenskapliga artiklar med fokus på sjuksköterskans möjligheter att bevara autonomin hos personer med demenssjukdom vid enteral nutrition. De vetenskapliga artiklarna har valts ut efter passande sökord så att svar på syftet kunde ges. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplever att de känner personen med demenssjukdom väl då de spenderar mycket tid tillsammans med denne. Den kunskap sjuksköterskan har om personen med demensjukdom anser alla är viktig i beslutet om enteral nutrition. Det råder delade meningar om den används eller inte och det finns en rädsla och osäkerhet kring ämnet som många sjuksköterskor känner sig obekväma i. Evidensbaserad kunskap saknas och kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterska, läkare och närstående anses vara viktig för att bästa beslutet bör tas. Diskussion: För att kunna bevara autonomin hos en person med demenssjukdom vid enteral nutrition krävs en ökad förståelse kring problemet och ett bra samarbete mellan alla inblandade. Det verkar vara behövligt att öppet kommunicera kring problemet då sjuksköterskorna anser att de bör ta en större roll men inte tillåts. Genom att öppet kommunicera kring ämnet kan även rädslan och osäkerheten i ämnet minskas. / Background: People with dementia often get eating problems and efforts to maintain the person's nutritional status might be needed. A typical action to be considered is some form of enteral nutriton. When persons with dementia lose their ability to communicate and their cognitive ability to make decisions the nurses face a difficult task. To determine whether it is ethicaly to start enteral nutrition or if hunger strikes should be accepted is one of the most difficult dilemmas a nurse might have to face. Aim: To describe nurses’ ability to preserve the autonomy of a person with dementia disease through enteral nutrition. Theoretical basis: The concept of autonomy is the theoretical basis used in the results discussion. Method: A literature study inspired by Friberg analysis model including nine scientific papers focusing on nurses' experiences of enteral nutrition with people with dementia. The scientific papers were selected through matching keywords and used to answer the aim. Result: Nurses often feel like they know the person with dementia well as they spend much time with the person. The knowledge nurses have about the person with dementia can be important when the decision about enteral nutrition is about to be made. The opinion is divided whether that knowledge is used or not and there are fear and uncertainty surrounding the subject that many nurses feel uncomfortable about. Evidence based information is lacking about the subject and the communication between nurses, doctors and relatives is considered important to be able to take the best possible decision. Discussion: in order to preserv the autonomy of the person with dementia an understanding about this issue is required and a good cooperation between all parties involved. There seems to be a need to openly communicate about the problem since nurses often belive they have the knowledge to take a bigger role in the decision making than what thy currently are allowed to do. By openly communicating about the subject, fear and uncertainty in the subject may be reduced.

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