Esta pesquisa pretende discutir a forma com que Dioniso foi transformado em herói épico nas Dionisíacas de Nono de Panópolis, uma epopeia em quarenta e oito cantos sobre o ciclo de Dioniso, desde a fundação de Tebas e o estabelecimento de seus antepassados à apoteose olímpica do deus. A análise será baseada nas características de Dioniso no campo de batalha e em oposição aos três principais adversários no poema, Licurgo, Deríades e Penteu. Para uma melhor compreensão da construção de Dioniso como herói, é necessária uma análise sobre o contexto social e cultural em que Nono compõe sua obra, assim como a relação do poeta com Homero, o principal poeta épico grego. Em anexo encontram-se os cantos XXXIX e XL das Dionisíacas em original grego e na tradução feita por mim. / This research intend to discuss the way Dionysus was transformed into epic hero in Nonnus Dionysiaca, an epic in forty-eight chants concerning the Dionysian Cycle, from the foundation of Thebes and the establishment of their ancestors to the Olympic apotheosis of the god. The analysis will be based on Dionysos features on the battlefield in opposition to the three main opponents in the poem, Lycurgus, Deríades and Pentheus. For a better understanding of the construction of Dionysus as a hero, an analysis is needed on the social and cultural context in which Nono composes his poem, as well as the poet\'s relationship with Homer, the Greek main epic poet. Attached are the chants XXXIX and XL of Dionysiaca in original greek and the translation made by me.

O objetivo desta tese é estudar os poemas homéricos do ponto de vista da história, a partir de um enfoque que consiga agregar uma análise de elementos internos e externos dos poemas. O ponto de articulação, o que direciona os temas a serem discutidos nesta tese, está relacionado a uma pergunta central: qual o papel da circulação da informação oral por longas distâncias e através do tempo nos poemas homéricos, seja do ponto de vista de sua própria composição e reprodução, seja do ponto de vista da representação dessas temáticas nas narrativas? Primeiramente, são analisadas as características da tradição poética da qual os poemas fazem parte. Em virtude da circulação em longas distâncias (espaciais e temporais) de formas orais de informação ser parte determinante para o que é mostrado aqui como o mecanismo de composição, apresentação, transmissão e recepção dos poemas da tradição hexamétrica, são propostas reflexões destas mesmas questões nas tramas dos poemas. O tipo de circulação da informação aqui enfocado abarca toda forma de transmissão que dependa da oralidade para ocorrer. Além disso, os processos que percorrem longas distâncias ou, ainda, têm alcance temporal mais extenso, são enfatizados. Nesse sentido, além dos mecanismos de funcionamento da composição e transmissão da poesia homérica e dos contextos históricos aos quais diriam respeito, as formas descritas nos poemas de circulação da informação são analisadas: os aedos e a própria circulação da poesia épica; os relatos, de diversos tipos; o espaço, as formas e os agentes envolvidos nesses processos de circulação. Na conclusão, a questão de se os poemas têm algo a dizer acerca da própria tradição de composição e transmissão de que fazem parte é debatida, articulando o que foi analisado tanto do ponto de vista interno, quanto do ponto de vista externo aos poemas. / The objective of this thesis is to study the Homeric poems from a historical point of view. The approach used intends to articulate an analysis of internal and external aspects of the poems. The juncture point, what propels the themes discussed in this thesis, is related to a central question: what is the role of the circulation of information through long distances and through time in the Homeric poems? This question is approached taking into account, first, the composition and transmission of this kind of poetry, and, second, the representation of those themes in the narratives themselves. The initial part of this study centers on the analysis of the poetic tradition the poems are part of. Because long ranged and long termed oral forms of circulation of information are a determinant part of what is shown here as the mechanics of composition, presentation, transmission and reception of the poems in this hexametric tradition, questions regarding those same issues are proposed in the study of their plot elements. The type of circulation of information here researched englobes all form of transmission that depends on orality to take place. Long distance and long-term processes are emphasized. In this sense, besides the composition and transmission mechanics of the Homeric poems and the historical contexts to which they are related, the poetic forms of circulation of information described in the Iliad and in the Odyssey are analyzed: the singers and the circulation of epic poetry; the many types of reports; the space, the forms and the agents involved in processes of circulation of information. In the conclusion, there is a debate of whether the Homeric poems have something to say regarding their own tradition of composition and transmission. Here, the themes analyzed relating both to internal and external elements of the poems are properly articulated.

Abstract This thesis is, on the one hand, an investigation into Matthew Arnold’s (1822–1888) literary communications and, on the other hand, an attempt to mediate between his writings and a twenty-first century readership. Arnold’s oeuvre is substantial and varied, but this study focuses on his epic poetry, which has remained a neglected part of his body of work despite its significance both to the author himself and to developing an understanding of Arnold’s development as a poet, cultural critic, and iconic ‘Victorian sage’. Furthermore, it is his epic poetry that seems to most fully address the theme of communication, and thus these longer poems function as points of orientation for a broader inquiry into Arnold’s communications. Arnold himself was keenly aware of the complicated status of communicative acts, but these complications have not always been acknowledged by the generations of criticism that have emerged since his death. Critics have thus produced images of Arnold which have not always done justice to the complexity of his communications. Based on an understanding of ‘communicative’ as a position of mediation between writers and readers, this thesis addresses the need for a more balanced communicative framework for mediating between Arnold’s writings in general — and his epic poetry in particular — his critics, and present audiences. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan Matthew Arnoldin (1822–1888) kirjallista kommunikaatiota, pyrkien välittämään hänen kirjoitustensa merkityksiä 2000-luvun yleisölle. Arnoldin kirjallinen tuotanto on runsas ja monipuolinen, mutta tässä tutkimuksessa keskitytään erityisesti hänen runoepiikkansa tulkintaan. Tämä osa hänen työstään on jäänyt tutkimuksessa verrattain vähäiseen asemaan huolimatta siitä, että Arnoldin kaksi lyhyttä runoeeposta olivat tärkeitä paitsi hänelle itselleen, mutta erityisesti osana hänen kehitystään runoilijana, kulttuurikriitikkona ja ikonisena viktoriaanisen ajan julkisena intellektuellina. Arnoldin runoepiikka vaikuttaa myös tutkivan kommunikaation teemaa laajemmin kuin hänen muut runonsa, ja toimii myös tällä tavoin keskiönä hänen oman kommunikaationsa laajemmalle tarkastelulle. Arnold oli varsin tietoinen kommunikaatiopyrkimystensä haasteista, mutta näitä ongelmia ei ole hänen kuolemansa jälkeen ilmestyneessä kritiikissä aina otettu huomioon. Näin on syntynyt monia Arnold-käsityksiä, jotka eivät välttämättä tee oikeutta hänen kommunikaationsa monivivahteisuudelle. Tämä väitöskirja pyrkii tuottamaan tasapainoisemman kommunikatiivisen lähestymistavan toimiakseen välittäjänä Arnoldin kirjoitusten, eritoten hänen eepostensa, ja nykylukijan välillä. / Original papers The original publications are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation. Alarauhio, J.-P. (2012). Towards a Dialogical Approach to Matthew Arnold. In Sell, Roger D. (Ed.) Literary Community-Making: The dialogicality of English Texts from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. (131 - 142) Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Alarauhio, J.-P (2007). Sohrab and Rustum and Balder Dead – Communicating about Communication. In Nordic Journal of English Studies Volume 6, No. 2 (2007), 47 - 64. Alarauhio, J.-P (Forthcoming). Sohrab and Rustum – Matthew Arnold’s Spectacle.

O tema da razia de gado (boēlasía) é uma constante nos textos conservados da tradição épica grega arcaica, nos quais figura na forma de narrativas breves ou de referências alusivas. Apesar disso, pouco se escreveu acerca desse tema, e os poucos estudos realizados se concentraram apenas na consideração da recorrência boēlasía como um reflexo da importância do gado na economia da honra típica dos poemas homéricos ou na sua explicação como um derivado de estruturas míticas herdadas do protoindo-europeu. É justamente essa lacuna que esta tese se propõe a atacar, por meio da recolha e cotejo de parte das narrativas e referências homéricas a essa atividade e do seu exame a partir dos referenciais teóricos e metodológicos oriundos da crítica oralista do épos arcaico, particularmente os métodos de análise temática que partem da recepção dos poemas. / The cattle-raid (boēlasía) theme is a constant in the preserved texts of the tradition of Greek archaic epic, wherein it appears either in the form of brief narratives or of allusive references. Nonetheless, little has been written about this theme, and the few studies there are have focused only in the consideration of the recurrence of the boēlasía as a reflex of the importance of cattle in the honour economy typical of the homeric poems or in its explanation as a derivation of mythical structures inherited from the proto-indoeuropeans. This dissertation aims precisely at such blind spot, recovering and comparing part of the homerical references to this activity and examinig them via theoretical and methodological insights originated in the oralist critical tradition of the archaic épos, particularly those theme-based analytical methods that take into consideration the reception of the poems.

No description available.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Para a cultura clÃssica antiga, o gÃnero Ãpico parecia apresentar diferentes formas e possibilidades. à provÃvel que, para os antigos, o metro tenha sido o principal recurso para classificar os gÃneros literÃrios. Assim, um poema vertido em versos hexamÃtricos poderia ser de imediato identificado como um Ãpico. HÃ, contudo, diferenÃas entre os Ãpicos homÃricos e os hesiÃdicos, o que parece reforÃar a hipÃtese de o gÃnero Ãpico poder apresentar manifestaÃÃes distintas. Enquanto os Ãpicos homÃricos sÃo longos quanto à extensÃo e cantam feitos bÃlicos, os hesÃodicos sÃo breves e tÃm a preocupaÃÃo de transmitir um conhecimento. As GeÃrgicas, de VirgÃlio, filiam-se à composiÃÃo de tipo hesÃodico. Ainda que uma influÃncia helenÃstica seja percebida, o poema virgiliano segue caracterÃsticas de estrutura, forma e conteÃdo do Ãpico hesÃodico (que tambÃm pode ser chamado de Ãpos didÃtico); no entanto, em diversos passos parece exceder essas caracterÃsticas, deixando a impressÃo de que tambÃm manteria vÃnculos com a Ãpica homÃrica (ou com o chamado Ãpos heroico). Essa discussÃo sugere que a leitura do poema como didÃtico nÃo parece ser suficiente para sua classificaÃÃo de gÃnero, sugere tambÃm que o poema se insere numa espÃcie de progressÃo poÃtica que perfaz duas formas de Ãpos, o didÃtico e o heroico. / For the ancient classical culture, the epic genre seemed to have different shapes and possibilities. It is likely that, for the ancients, the meter has been the main resource for classifying literary genres. Thus, a poem composed into hexameter lines could be readily identified as an epic. However, there are differences between the Homeric and the Hesiodic epics which seem to reinforce the assumption that the epic genre could have different manifestations. While the Homeric epics are long as for the extent and sing the martial feats,the Hesiodic epics are brief and have the intent of transferring knowledge. The Virgilâs Georgics affiliated to the composition of Hesiodic type. Although a Hellenistic influence is perceived, the Virgilian poem follows characteristics of structure, shape and contents of the Hesiodic epic (which can also be called didactic epos). However, in several passages, the poem seems to exceed these characteristics, leaving the impression that also could maintain bonds to the Homeric epic (or the so-called heroic epos). This discussion suggests that the reading of the poem as didactic does not seem to be sufficient for the classification of genre, it also suggests that the poem is part of a kind of poetic progression that to goes through two forms of epos, heroic and didactic.

O objetivo desta tese é estudar os poemas homéricos do ponto de vista da história, a partir de um enfoque que consiga agregar uma análise de elementos internos e externos dos poemas. O ponto de articulação, o que direciona os temas a serem discutidos nesta tese, está relacionado a uma pergunta central: qual o papel da circulação da informação oral por longas distâncias e através do tempo nos poemas homéricos, seja do ponto de vista de sua própria composição e reprodução, seja do ponto de vista da representação dessas temáticas nas narrativas? Primeiramente, são analisadas as características da tradição poética da qual os poemas fazem parte. Em virtude da circulação em longas distâncias (espaciais e temporais) de formas orais de informação ser parte determinante para o que é mostrado aqui como o mecanismo de composição, apresentação, transmissão e recepção dos poemas da tradição hexamétrica, são propostas reflexões destas mesmas questões nas tramas dos poemas. O tipo de circulação da informação aqui enfocado abarca toda forma de transmissão que dependa da oralidade para ocorrer. Além disso, os processos que percorrem longas distâncias ou, ainda, têm alcance temporal mais extenso, são enfatizados. Nesse sentido, além dos mecanismos de funcionamento da composição e transmissão da poesia homérica e dos contextos históricos aos quais diriam respeito, as formas descritas nos poemas de circulação da informação são analisadas: os aedos e a própria circulação da poesia épica; os relatos, de diversos tipos; o espaço, as formas e os agentes envolvidos nesses processos de circulação. Na conclusão, a questão de se os poemas têm algo a dizer acerca da própria tradição de composição e transmissão de que fazem parte é debatida, articulando o que foi analisado tanto do ponto de vista interno, quanto do ponto de vista externo aos poemas. / The objective of this thesis is to study the Homeric poems from a historical point of view. The approach used intends to articulate an analysis of internal and external aspects of the poems. The juncture point, what propels the themes discussed in this thesis, is related to a central question: what is the role of the circulation of information through long distances and through time in the Homeric poems? This question is approached taking into account, first, the composition and transmission of this kind of poetry, and, second, the representation of those themes in the narratives themselves. The initial part of this study centers on the analysis of the poetic tradition the poems are part of. Because long ranged and long termed oral forms of circulation of information are a determinant part of what is shown here as the mechanics of composition, presentation, transmission and reception of the poems in this hexametric tradition, questions regarding those same issues are proposed in the study of their plot elements. The type of circulation of information here researched englobes all form of transmission that depends on orality to take place. Long distance and long-term processes are emphasized. In this sense, besides the composition and transmission mechanics of the Homeric poems and the historical contexts to which they are related, the poetic forms of circulation of information described in the Iliad and in the Odyssey are analyzed: the singers and the circulation of epic poetry; the many types of reports; the space, the forms and the agents involved in processes of circulation of information. In the conclusion, there is a debate of whether the Homeric poems have something to say regarding their own tradition of composition and transmission. Here, the themes analyzed relating both to internal and external elements of the poems are properly articulated.

Firstly in digression Byron presents a national reality which gradually displaces his cherished cosmopolitan ideals. Among many other pressing problems of his day, political renegades, the paradox of scientific innovations, the rise of intellectual ladies and the commoditization of marriage and family constitute the tangible part of Byron's domestic recalling. With retrospective commentaries Byron fulfills the act of imagining native land; and in this regard nationalism is the spiritual support of the expatriate existence. / I propose to comprehend the perceptive gap by focusing on Don Juan which best contextualizes Byron in the flow of historicity with the dimension of nationalism. I intend to delve into three structural units of Don Juan---digression, narrative, a lyric song---to argue that Byronic contradictions manifest nationalism in its multiple contingencies. / In conclusion Don Juan reveals that Byron's participation in the modern historicity of nationalism involves three dimensions---residual cosmopolitan ideals, English national consciousness and the independence of the oppressed nations. Don Juan embodies a historical magnetic field where Byron's existence actualizes the potential conflict of the modernity. / Secondly by reading Don Juan as the quest romance of the individual initiation, I bring the narrative into scrutiny and argue that the hero's transformation involves an implicit evolution of the national identification. In terms of subjective consciousness, nationalism embodies the mature vision of masculine selfhood. Don Juan's encounter with both female and male characters, through his repeated border-crossing, illuminates a metaphorical process from rejection to embrace of native roots, from negation to affirmation of national bonds Juan's rite of passage---sexual initiation, surviving shipwreck, the trial of the exotic love and battlefield and diplomacy---transmits a national subjectivity which corresponds to the Byronic existence of mobility. / The dissertation explores the discrepancy between critical reception towards Byron as a Romantic poet in contemporary Romantic scholarship and in Chinese historical evaluation (with certain reference to the European Continent). Byronic contradictions pose a problem to Romantic scholars who are engaged to interpret the interplay between Byron the man and Byron the poet. They share the view that Byron succeeds in manipulating his own personal image to promote his poetical visibility and tend to doubt if his poems could stand alone without the reference to his letters and journals. In China, as in many other countries of European Continent and Asia, Byron is often viewed in a more positive way as the very name has become a byword for liberal nationalism and the rebellion against tyranny / Thirdly 'Isles of Greece' adds an alternative yet prospective dimension to perceive the tension between national anxiety and modernity. In English context its meanings vary as the contextual focus shifts from poetical to socio-biographical and to existential level. The theme of the national independence is complicated by its negative elements such as the identity of the songster. In the Chinese context, 'the Isles of Greece' initiates and embodies a myth-making process as it gives vent to the anxiety of modernity faced by Chinese people in the opening of the twentieth century. The individual shaping of the 'Isles' by three Chinese intellectual pioneers symbolizes the simultaneous awakening of Chinese national consciousness and individual consciousness. The extended reading of Byron by Lu Xun, together with his reworking, voices the existential dilemma of modern enlighteners. His invocation of 'Mara poets' is prophetic of the modern intellectuals who possess both vision and willpower to eradicate ignorance and public apathy. / Gu, Yao. / Adviser: Ching Yuet May. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Este trabalho pretende discutir de que forma a noção de heroísmo foi abordada nas Argonáuticas de Apolônio de Rodes em oposição ao conceito de herói presente nos poemas homéricos. A análise se baseará na distinção entre as personagens Jasão e Héracles como exemplos de modos de atuação díspares e conflitantes no poema. A tradução dos livros I e n das Argonáuticas complementa o estudo. / This work intends to discuss the notion of heroism present in Apollonius Rhodius\' Argonautica in opposition to the concept of hero in Homeric poems. The analysis is based on the distinction between the characters Jason and Heracles as examples of different and conflicting ways of action. The translation of Argonautica books I and n complements the study.

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