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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Sue Zschoche / Despite an impressive history of woman-friendly legislation, Kansans tend to be socially conservative. The Equal Rights Amendment, first proposed in 1923, was the culmination of over a century's worth of women's activism attempting to remove the strictures of coverture and to recognize women as citizens in their own right, not as wives or as mothers of male citizens. After largely ignoring the amendment for fifty years, Congress finally passed the ERA in 1972 and submitted it to the states for ratification. Almost immediately, the real and imagined consequences of the legislation provoked a passionate debate among mostly middle-class white women about the meaning of American womanhood. Liberals hoped that the ERA would remove existing barriers to women's educational and professional life; conservatives feared that the ERA would cause women to focus on selfish interests outside of their households, rotting the foundations of family life and American strength. In Kansas, women from both camps converged to discuss the future of the ERA at the feminist-organized Kansas Women's Weekend of July 15-17, 1977, resulting in Kansas sending a conservative faction to the federally funded National Women's Conference later that year. Conservatives failed to derail the convention's feminist agenda, nor were they able to enact a rescission of Kansas' ratification, but in the long run they succeeded in creating widespread uneasiness about the social consequences of the ERA. The vitriolic anti-ERA campaign demonstrated the extent to which female dependency still defined both male and female conservatives' views on the interrelatedness of family, religion, manliness, and national strength. This dissertation explores a volume of letters to Kansas legislators expressing anti-ERA sentiment. The letters provide a unique lens through which to examine the passions aroused by the ERA among grassroots conservatives. Contextualizing this issue are other conservative reactions to feminist activity from the Revolution onward that consistently demonstrate how conservatives valorize female dependency. Although the liberal position regarding women's rights has changed significantly over two hundred years, conservative reaction has invariably embraced and elevated the patriarchal family as proper and necessary to the smooth functioning of a Christian republic.

The master thesis "Czech women on their way to emancipation" is dealing with the changes of Czech society which took place during the 19th and 20th century and which are influencing the contemporary Czech society until today. This thesis is putting contemporary gender - topics in connection with political background, equal possibilities of men and women in the public and in the private sphere of life. The work is dealing with three main topics. The first is speaking about the historical development and traditional opinions on the role of women and men. The second topic is focussed on the period of the Czechoslovak socialist state and the third part is focussed on the Czech society of today.

<p>Antifeministiska samfundet (AFS) is an organisation that is against feminism, but that works for equal rights between men and women. My informants are giving their opinions and answering questions such as why they are members of an antifeminist organisation. In order to bring AFS into a social context, I present feminist thoughts and explain how antifeminist movements occur.</p> / <p>Antifeministiska samfundet (AFS) är en förening som vill verka mot feminism men för jämställdhet. Mina informanter delar med sig av sina åsikter och svarar på frågor som varför man går med i en antifeministisk förening. För att placera in AFS i ett samhälleligt sammanhang presenterar jag feminismens tanketradition och förklarar hur antifeministiska rörelser uppstår.</p>

Antifeministiska samfundet (AFS) is an organisation that is against feminism, but that works for equal rights between men and women. My informants are giving their opinions and answering questions such as why they are members of an antifeminist organisation. In order to bring AFS into a social context, I present feminist thoughts and explain how antifeminist movements occur. / Antifeministiska samfundet (AFS) är en förening som vill verka mot feminism men för jämställdhet. Mina informanter delar med sig av sina åsikter och svarar på frågor som varför man går med i en antifeministisk förening. För att placera in AFS i ett samhälleligt sammanhang presenterar jag feminismens tanketradition och förklarar hur antifeministiska rörelser uppstår.

This Thesis is a local study employing new definitions of political activism and using oral histories, personal records and organizational archived material to debunk the myth that the feminist struggle surrounding the Equal Rights Amendment was separate from issues of race. Black women were involved in the fight for the ERA although not necessarily in the ways that White men and women might expect. Additionally, even when not obviously present, proponents and opponents of the ERA argued over the idea of Black women and race. Concern about Black women, overt racism and coded race language were all a part of the struggle by Georgia ERA Inc. advocates as well as Stop-ERA members. Race is intimately tied to the struggle for the ERA in Georgia.

Darbe keliama hipotezė – procesinė taisyklė, leidžianti apylinkių teismams nagrinėjant administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas, savo iniciatyva neribotai rinkti įrodymus, pažeidžia proceso šalių lygiateisiškumo ir rungimosi principus. Siekiant patvirtinti hipotezę, yra pasirinkta trijų dalių darbo struktūra. Pirmojoje dalyje aptarta administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylų teisena, administracinės atsakomybės samprata ir organai (pareigūnai) įgalioti nagrinėti administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas. Antroje dalyje analizuojama rungimosi ir lygiateisiškumo principų samprata, jų veikimas administracinių teisės pažeidimų teisenoje. Paskutinėje dalyje įvertinamas teisėjo vaidmuo administracinių teisės pažeidimų teisenoje, lyginama su užsienio šalių teisinėmis sistemomis Atlikus mokslinės teisinės literatūros, įstatymų analizę bei išanalizavus bendros kompetencijos teismo vaidmenį nagrinėjant administracinių teisės pažeidimų bylas, galima daryti išvadą, kad teisėjas rinkdamas įrodymus pažeidžia rungimosi ir proceso šalių lygiateisiškumo principus. Darbe keliama hipotezė pasitvirtino. / The paper proposes a hypothesis – the procedural rule that enables district courts to collect evidence while hearing the cases of administrative law offences at their own initiative without any limitations violates the principle of equal rights of the dispute parties and the adversarial principle. In order to support the hypothesis, a three-part structure of the paper has been chosen. The first part discusses administrative legal proceedings, the concept of administrative liability and the bodies (officers) authorized to hear the cases of administrative law offences. The second part analyzes the concept of the adversarial principle and the principle of equal rights, their application in administrative legal proceedings. The final part evaluates the role of a judge in administrative legal proceedings and provides a comparison with foreign legal systems. The analysis of scientific legal literature, laws, the role of the court of general competence and the case-law on administrative law offences permits to jump into conclusion that by collecting evidence in administrative cases without limitations, the judge violates the adversarial principle and the principle of equal rights of the parties in the proceedings. The proposed hypothesis has been supported.

Abstrakt Studien ifrågasätter huruvida diskrimineringslagens är tillräcklig eller inte. Internationella granskningsrapporter om diskrimineringssituationen i Sverige har undersökts så väl som rättsfall och forskning i Sverige. I analysen lyfts de argument fram som de internationella granskningsorganen belyst i sina rapporter. Dessa argument behandlas tillsammans med den socialkonstruktivistiska och den intersektionella teorin. Undersökningen har visat att de internationella granskningskommittéerna ser viss betydande diskriminering i samhället. Det är bland annat genom medias rapportering, genom stereotypifiering av grupper så som etniska eller religiösa minoriteter, funktionsnedsattaeller som på annat sätt utmanar den heterosexuella normen i samhället. Granskningsorganen har samstämmigt lyft upp kritik mot den hatpropaganda som finns i samhället och som Sverige uppmanas reglera i lag. Andra problem som påtalas gäller segregationen och den sociala exkluderingen. Undersökningen fokuserar på att lyfta upp det intersektionella perspektivet och framhäver anläggandet av detta helhetsperspektiv. Mer uppmärksamhet borde ges den utsattes situation som problematiseras kopplat till bevisbördan. Lagen försvårar möjligheten att hävda multipel diskriminering vilket ofta förekommer då grunder samverkar till diskriminering. Slutsatsen dras om behovet av utredning för att införa utökande av grunder eller en öppen lista samt ett generellt diskrimineringsförbud. Detta framförallt för att Sveriges lagstiftning ska vara överensstämmande med de internationella konventioner som Sverige förbundit sig till. Det visas också på behov av vidare forskning gällande domstolarnas hantering av diskrimineringsfall kopplat till deras kompetens samt möjligheten till ett mer intersektionellt perspektiv på rätten. / Abstract The study question aim at investigate whether the Swedish discrimination law is sufficient or not. International monitoring reports on Sweden was examined, as well as Swedish legal cases and academic literature. The analysis focused the attention to the arguments that was highlighted in the monitoring reports. These arguments were analyzed together with the Social Constructivist Theory and the Intersectional Theory and compared with the results from the study of the legal cases of discrimination. This was done to bring on a broader perspective on the issue. The study has shown some significant discrimination in the society for example in the way that media reports and perform stereotypes of some groups. The monitoring reports of the UN, the Council of Europe and the EU has brought critic on the matter of hate speech and recommend Sweden to forbid this. Other problems being highlighted is segregation and social exclusion. The study aims at focus on the Intersectional Theory and the study concludes that more attention should be raised towards the person in an exposed situation and this also in relation to the burden of proof. The laws obstruct the ability to argue multiple discrimination which is commonly interacting in the creation of discrimination. There is a need for investigation of the establishment on further grounds of discrimination to be able to conform to international conventions and articulate rules to support people that are discriminated in the society today. The study also call for some further research on how the court manage the discrimination cases applying the burden of proof, the sufficiency of competence on discrimination and the ability to measure multiple discrimination.

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