Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université Toulouse 1 Capitole / Ce mémoire a pour objet de proposer une réflexion juridique et contemporaine sur le concept ancien mais pleinement d’actualité qu’est le génocide culturel. Le génocide culturel, qui décrit le phénomène de destruction culturelle d’un groupe d’êtres humains, avait été pensé dès la naissance du terme comme une composante intrinsèque du génocide. Pourtant lors de la criminalisation du génocide , le génocide culturel a été exclu du champ d’application du texte d’incrimination. Cette exclusion historique, pour un certain nombre de raisons qui seront étudiées, a eu des incidences majeures, puisqu’il sera démontré que le phénomène de génocide culturel n’est pas pris en compte de manière parfaitement satisfaisante par le droit et plus particulièrement par le droit international pénal. Dès lors, cela invite à proposer de nouvelles réflexions sur les instruments juridiques qui pourraient permettre d’appréhender de manière cohérente, réaliste et efficace un tel processus de destruction, et en particulier la reconnaissance d’une infraction spécifique de génocide culturel. Cette réflexion s’appuiera sur l’analyse du traitement historique des peuples autochtones au Canada et en particulier les politiques de pensionnats qui illustrent parfaitement les enjeux et les contours d’un tel débat.

[pt] Essa dissertação é resultado de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o grupo guarani mbya que, ao longo das últimas décadas migrou do Paraguai ao Espírito Santo, e de sua luta contra a empresa Aracruz Celulose pelo direito à terra que escolheu para viver. A partir da descrição de trabalhos que contam essa trajetória e com informações de investigações etnográficas sobre a cosmologia guarani, o trabalho utilizará o método experimental para comprovar o fato de que este povo guarani foi submetido a violências graves, tais como, o deslocamento forçado, o etnocídio e o genocídio. / [en] This dissertation is the result of bibliographic research on the Guarani Mbya group that migrated from Paraguay to Espírito Santo over the last few decades and from its struggle against Aracruz Celulose for the right to land they chose to live in. From the description of works that tell this trajectory and with information from ethnographic investigations on the Guarani cosmology, the paper will use the experimental method to prove the fact that this Guarani people has been subjected to serious violence, such as forced displacement, ethnocide and genocide. Keywords

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 7 août 2023) / En droit international, le génocide se caractérise par une intention spécifique de détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe protégé. Cette intention spécifique a été au cœur de controverses importantes depuis la genèse du concept de génocide. Ce débat est particulièrement actuel de nos jours, alors que les notions de « génocide » et de « génocide culturel » sont invoquées notamment par plusieurs groupes autochtones afin de décrire les expériences vécues dans le contexte de sociétés coloniales. Le présent ouvrage questionne la nature de la destruction inhérente à l'intention génocidaire en droit international. En d'autres termes, cette destruction s'entend-elle strictement d'une destruction physique et biologique du groupe, comme le soutient une partie substantielle de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence, ou englobe-t-elle une forme plus large de destruction? En tenant compte des sources pertinentes du droit international en ce qui a trait à l'interprétation des traités, cet ouvrage conclut que la destruction inhérente à l'intention génocidaire s'entend non seulement d'une destruction physique et biologique, mais également de la destruction du groupe en tant qu'unité sociale. En effet, cette approche apparaît parfaitement cohérente avec le cadre interprétatif applicable en vertu de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités. Nous soutenons également qu'une telle interprétation n'entraîne aucune violation du principe de la légalité. Enfin, une interprétation de la destruction inhérente à l'intention génocidaire qui inclut la destruction du groupe en tant qu'unité sociale a le potentiel de contribuer à une certaine décolonisation du droit international, dans la mesure où elle s'inscrit à contre-courant par rapport aux considérations hégémoniques et coloniales ayant présidé au développement du système juridique international moderne. / In international law, genocide is characterized by a specific intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group. This specific intent has been at the heart of significant controversy since the genesis of the concept of genocide. This debate is particularly relevant today, as the notions of "genocide" and "cultural genocide" have been invoked by indigenous groups to describe their experiences within colonial societies. This thesis questions the nature of the destruction inherent in genocidal intent in international law. In other words, does this destruction refer strictly to the physical and biological destruction of the group, as a substantial part of the doctrine and jurisprudence argues, or does it encompass a broader form of destruction? Taking into account the relevant sources of international law relating to treaty interpretation, this thesis concludes that the destruction that is inherent to genocidal intent includes not only physical and biological destruction, but also the destruction of the group as a social unit. Indeed, this approach appears perfectly consistent with the interpretative framework provided for by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Further, it is argued that such an interpretation does not entail any violation of the principle of legality. Finally, an interpretation of the destruction that includes the destruction of the group as a social unit has the potential to contribute to a decolonization of international law, insofar as it runs counter to the hegemonic and colonial considerations that have governed the development of the modern international legal system.

Burundi became a German protectorate in August 1884. Prior to the establishment of a protectorate, the territory was ruled by Mwamis (kings) who exercised a kind of quasi-divine system of administration. Conflictual relations were quickly dealt with within this complex structure. During the German and later Belgian colonial administrations, these political structures were redefined and a social class structure based on wealth was created. Forced class division became entrenched in the social fabric of Burundian society and the hierarchical system became even more prominent at independence in July 1962. Successive post-colonial regimes have failed to bridge the social gap. The International Community, through initiatives by the United Nations, the Africa Union, Jimmy Carter, Julius Nyerere and Nelson Mandela have attempted to resolve the political impasse. The dissertation is an attempt to reconstruct the causes of the various crises since 1962 and to reassess whether the various facilitators has succeeded in their tasks. / History / M.A.

Burundi became a German protectorate in August 1884. Prior to the establishment of a protectorate, the territory was ruled by Mwamis (kings) who exercised a kind of quasi-divine system of administration. Conflictual relations were quickly dealt with within this complex structure. During the German and later Belgian colonial administrations, these political structures were redefined and a social class structure based on wealth was created. Forced class division became entrenched in the social fabric of Burundian society and the hierarchical system became even more prominent at independence in July 1962. Successive post-colonial regimes have failed to bridge the social gap. The International Community, through initiatives by the United Nations, the Africa Union, Jimmy Carter, Julius Nyerere and Nelson Mandela have attempted to resolve the political impasse. The dissertation is an attempt to reconstruct the causes of the various crises since 1962 and to reassess whether the various facilitators has succeeded in their tasks. / History / M.A.

Este empenho dissertativo objetiva apresentar elementos etnográficos e de análise etnológica e antropológica acerca de substâncias cosmopolíticas e de espaço a respeito de interlocutores kaingang no Sul do Brasil Meridional. A partir de uma etnografia de "pontos-fronteiras", as percepções contemplam também uma reflexão quanto a elementos diacríticos não-indígenas presente na conjuntura das situações de contato entre kaingang e não-kaingang, ou não-indígenas. Esses elementos referem-se, principalmente, às constituições de horizontes imaginativos não-indígenas etnocidas a partir de perspectivas neocoloniais. A partir deste modelo narrativo, buscou-se mapear as espacialidades e territorialidades de uma ambiência kaingang entre elementos de uma guerra relacional e de agências cosmopolíticas no limiar de "mundos kaingang" e "mundos não-kaingang", ou "não-indígenas". / This dissertation aims to show ethnographic elements as well as ethnological and anthropological analysis about spatial and cosmopolitics substances concerning to kaingang speakers in the South of Southern Brazil (Brasil Meridional). Starting from ethnography of "frontiers-points", these perceptions also contemplates a reflection as regards of diacritics non-indigenous elements presents in the contact standings situations between kaingangs and non-kaingangs, or non-indigenous. These elements concerns, principally, about the constitutions of ethnocide non-indigenous imaginative horizons since neocolonial perspectives. This narrative model is looking to map the spatialities and territorialities of one environmence kaingangs between elements of one symbolic war and of cosmopolitics agencies in the threshold of "kaingangs worlds" and "non-kaingang worlds", or "non-indigenous".

Este empenho dissertativo objetiva apresentar elementos etnográficos e de análise etnológica e antropológica acerca de substâncias cosmopolíticas e de espaço a respeito de interlocutores kaingang no Sul do Brasil Meridional. A partir de uma etnografia de "pontos-fronteiras", as percepções contemplam também uma reflexão quanto a elementos diacríticos não-indígenas presente na conjuntura das situações de contato entre kaingang e não-kaingang, ou não-indígenas. Esses elementos referem-se, principalmente, às constituições de horizontes imaginativos não-indígenas etnocidas a partir de perspectivas neocoloniais. A partir deste modelo narrativo, buscou-se mapear as espacialidades e territorialidades de uma ambiência kaingang entre elementos de uma guerra relacional e de agências cosmopolíticas no limiar de "mundos kaingang" e "mundos não-kaingang", ou "não-indígenas". / This dissertation aims to show ethnographic elements as well as ethnological and anthropological analysis about spatial and cosmopolitics substances concerning to kaingang speakers in the South of Southern Brazil (Brasil Meridional). Starting from ethnography of "frontiers-points", these perceptions also contemplates a reflection as regards of diacritics non-indigenous elements presents in the contact standings situations between kaingangs and non-kaingangs, or non-indigenous. These elements concerns, principally, about the constitutions of ethnocide non-indigenous imaginative horizons since neocolonial perspectives. This narrative model is looking to map the spatialities and territorialities of one environmence kaingangs between elements of one symbolic war and of cosmopolitics agencies in the threshold of "kaingangs worlds" and "non-kaingang worlds", or "non-indigenous".

Este empenho dissertativo objetiva apresentar elementos etnográficos e de análise etnológica e antropológica acerca de substâncias cosmopolíticas e de espaço a respeito de interlocutores kaingang no Sul do Brasil Meridional. A partir de uma etnografia de "pontos-fronteiras", as percepções contemplam também uma reflexão quanto a elementos diacríticos não-indígenas presente na conjuntura das situações de contato entre kaingang e não-kaingang, ou não-indígenas. Esses elementos referem-se, principalmente, às constituições de horizontes imaginativos não-indígenas etnocidas a partir de perspectivas neocoloniais. A partir deste modelo narrativo, buscou-se mapear as espacialidades e territorialidades de uma ambiência kaingang entre elementos de uma guerra relacional e de agências cosmopolíticas no limiar de "mundos kaingang" e "mundos não-kaingang", ou "não-indígenas". / This dissertation aims to show ethnographic elements as well as ethnological and anthropological analysis about spatial and cosmopolitics substances concerning to kaingang speakers in the South of Southern Brazil (Brasil Meridional). Starting from ethnography of "frontiers-points", these perceptions also contemplates a reflection as regards of diacritics non-indigenous elements presents in the contact standings situations between kaingangs and non-kaingangs, or non-indigenous. These elements concerns, principally, about the constitutions of ethnocide non-indigenous imaginative horizons since neocolonial perspectives. This narrative model is looking to map the spatialities and territorialities of one environmence kaingangs between elements of one symbolic war and of cosmopolitics agencies in the threshold of "kaingangs worlds" and "non-kaingang worlds", or "non-indigenous".