CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a compreensÃo das expressÃes idiomÃticas em lÃngua materna, visando ao aprimoramento no reconhecimento do sentido das EIs atravÃs do contexto do texto. Com bases teÃricas que congregam a Fraseologia e a PsicolinguÃstica, o presente trabalho tem cunho metodolÃgico experimental. Para a geraÃÃo de dados, ela se utilizou da pesquisa-aÃÃo, atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo de uma sequÃncia didÃtica adaptada de Dolz, Noverraz & Schneuwly (2004), em uma turma do sÃtimo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pÃblica municipal de Fortaleza, com um teste diagnÃstico aplicado antes dos mÃdulos da SD e um teste avaliativo, aplicado no final. AlÃm disso, a pesquisa utilizou uma turma controle em que foram aplicados somente os testes, para que os dados coletados nas duas turmas pudessem ser comparados. As atividades constaram de textos projetados em slides em que eram destacadas expressÃes idiomÃticas cujo sentido poderia ser reconhecido pelo contexto. Assim, o professor incentivou a ativaÃÃo do conhecimento prÃvio dos alunos, a prediÃÃo e a inferenciaÃÃo para que eles pudessem compreender melhor o significado da EI. Como resultados, a pesquisa demonstrou que as estratÃgias de leitura podem ser uma ferramenta muito importante para a desautomatizaÃÃo do processo de apreensÃo do sentido das expressÃes idiomÃticas, alÃm de ampliar as habilidades de leitura dos alunos de uma maneira participativa e reflexiva.

Este trabalho descreve EXTIO (Extraction of Temporal Information Using Ontologies), uma abordagem que permite a normalização de expressões temporais e a organização em ontologia de fatos temporais extraídos de texto em linguagem natural. Isto permite que motores de busca possam aproveitar melhor a informação temporal de páginas daWeb, realizando inferências sobre fatos temporais. EXTIO propõe: a normalização de expressões temporais relativas através de uma gramática formal para a língua inglesa; e a organização de fatos temporais extraídos do texto normalizado em uma ontologia. Expressões temporais relativas são construções textuais de tempo que se referem a uma data absoluta cujo valor é relativo a outra data. Por exemplo, a expressão “three months ago” (três meses atrás) é uma expressão temporal relativa, pois seu surgimento no texto se refere a uma data três meses antes da data de publicação do documento. Experimentos demonstram que a gramática formal proposta para a normalização de expressões temporais relativas supera o baseline na eficácia da normalização e no tempo de processamento de documentos em linguagem natural. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a gramática formal para normalização de expressões temporais relativas de texto na língua inglesa. Também é contribuição deste trabalho o processamento semântico da informação temporal disponível em formato texto em documentos, para que possa ser melhor aproveitada por motores de busca. / This work describes EXTIO, an approach for the normalization of temporal expressions and the semantic organization of temporal facts extracted from natural language text. This approach allows search engines to benefit from temporal information in Web pages, performing inferences on temporal facts. EXTIO proposes: the normalization of relative temporal expressions through a formal grammar for the English language; and the organization of temporal facts extracted from normalized text in an ontology. Relative temporal expressions are textual time structures that refer to an absolute date whose value is relative to another date. For instance, “three months ago” is a relative temporal expression because its appearance in the text refers to a date three months before the document publication date. Experiments show that the proposed formal grammar for the normalization of relative temporal expressions has a better performance than the baseline in effectiveness and processing time. The main contribution of this work is the formal grammar for the normalization of temporal expressions in natural language text in English. Another contribution of this work is the semantic processing of temporal information available in documents, so that search engines may benefit from this information.

Orientador: Ingedore Grunfeld Villaça Koch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T05:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cortez_SuzanaLeite_D.pdf: 51118727 bytes, checksum: 042a60122aa66f3c8286ab103409fa39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta tese analisa a construção textual-discursiva do ponto de vista através das formas nominais em contexto argumentativo - reportagens de revistas feminina e masculina. Uma hipótese motivadora desta tese é que a noção do ponto de vista, indo além da focalização narrativa no domínio literário, pode ser utilizada para analisar a complexidade das relações entre as instâncias que povoam o discurso, bem como a heterogeneidade enunciativa que caracteriza a constituição e o gerenciamento das posições. Por esta abordagem dialógica, o ponto de vista está não apenas intrinsecamente relacionado aos mecanismos de expressão da subjetividade, mas também pode ser definido em termos de posição enunciativa, ou como um conjunto de posições enunciativas que são postas em relação e podem ser investigadas à luz da referenciação, precisamente pela maneira como o sujeito apreende um objeto de discurso. O modo de apreensão dos objetos de discurso revela o aspecto dialógico das formas nominais que, como estratégias de referenciação, atuam na representação do ponto de vista. Isso implica dizer que um objeto de discurso é sempre perspectivado, porque manifesta o ponto de vista de um ou mais enunciadores. Assim, investigar a construção do ponto de vista através das formas nominais, referenciais e predicativas, conduz-nos a seguinte indagação : como as formas nominais contribuem para " colocar " a perspectiva de si e do outro no discurso, orientando-o argumentativamente ? Nesse processo, as relações locutor/enunciador são fundamentais e permitem analisar os dispositivos de prise en charge, prise en compte e imputação, assim como a hierarquização dos enunciadores. Na dimensão do dialogismo, esses dispositivos atuam por diferentes procedimentos para a manifestação da presença de si e do outro no discurso, configurando pontos de vista. O ponto de vista do outro é identificado não apenas pelo dizer assumido (prise en charge), mas também através do dizer e de percepções atribuídas pelo produtor do texto (prise en compte e imputação). Assim, para a construção textual-discursiva do ponto de vista, o produtor mobiliza enunciadores e pontos de vista em função do " fazer ver " que configura a orientação argumentativa do texto. Nessa mobilização, o ponto de vista do produtor é apresentado nessa orquestração de "vozes" - percepções, dizeres e ações - que representam o ponto de vista de enunciadores segundos / Abstract: This thesis analyzes the textual and discursive construction of the point of view through nominal forms in argumentative context - articles in male and female magazines. A hypothesis entertained here is that the notion of point of view, beyond the narrative focalization in fiction, can be deployed in order to analyze the complexity of relations among the instances that embody discourse. It also helps understanding the enunciative heterogeneity that establishes and governs positions. In terms of this dialogic approach, the point of view is not only intimately related to the mechanisms of subjectivity expression, but can also be defined in terms of the enunciative position, or as a set of enunciative positions which are entwined and can be investigated as referentiation, precisely the manner the subject apprehends an object of discourse. The mode of apprehension of objects of discourse reveals the dialogic aspect of nominal forms which, being themselves referentiation strategies, act directly on the representation of the point of view. This entails that an object of discourse will always unfold according to a certain perspective, since the object manifests the point of view of one or more enunciators. In this sense, investigating the construction of the point of view through referential and predicative nominal forms takes us to the following question: how do nominal forms contribute to "putting" a perspective of oneself and the other in discourse, so as to orient it argumentatively? In this process, the locutor/enunciator relations are fundamental, and enable us to analyze the mechanisms of commitment (prise en charge), consideration (prise en compte), and imputation, as well as the hierarchization of enunciators. In dialogism, such mechanisms perform differently the manifestation of the presence of oneself and the other in discourse, thus configuring points of view. The other's point of view is identified not only by the assumed speech (prise en charge), but also through the speech and perceptions attributed to the text producer (prise en compte and imputation). Therefore, in order to textually and discursively construct the point of view, the producer brings enunciators and points of view together in accordance with the "to make see" that configures the argumentative orientation of a text. In this gathering together, the point of view of the producer is presented in this orchestration of "voices" - perceptions, speeches and actions - which represent the point of view of supporting enunciators / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

O transtorno bipolar (TB) é um transtorno grave, crônico e recorrente, e com um alto grau de prejuízo social e ocupacional. Pacientes com TB apresentam déficits em funções cognitivas como atenção, memória de trabalho verbal, funcionamento executivo. Estudos recentes têm sugerido que algumas dessas funções cognitivas podem ser candidatas a endofenótipos para o TB. Pacientes com TB também apresentam déficits na função cognitiva de reconhecimento de emoções faciais, mas o papel dessa função cognitiva como candidata a endofenótipo para o TB tem sido pouco estudado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a existência de déficits no reconhecimento de emoções em pacientes com TB e em seus parentes de primeiro grau quando comparados a um grupo de controles saudáveis. Foram estudados 23 pacientes com TB tipo I, 22 parentes de primeiro grau desses pacientes, e 27 controles saudáveis. Os instrumentos utilizados nas avaliações neuropsicológicas foram: Bateria de Reconhecimento de Emoções da Pennsylvannia (PENNCNP), e os subtestes de Vocabulário e Raciocínio Matricial da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência Abreviada (WASI). A partir dos dados obtidos, realizaram-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para variáveis que seguiam distribuição normal ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis para as demais. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no número de respostas corretas para o reconhecimento de emoção tipo medo (p = 0,01) entre os três grupos. Pacientes com TB apresentaram menor número de respostas corretas para a emoção medo quando comparados a seus parentes e a controles saudáveis. Não houve diferença no reconhecimento de emoções faciais para tristeza, felicidade, raiva e neutra. Houve também uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos no tempo médio de resposta para a emoção do tipo felicidade (p = 0,00). Conclui-se assim que distúrbios no reconhecimento de emoções em faces podem não ser candidatos a endofenótipos para o TB tipo I / Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic and recurrent disorder, and with a high degree of social and occupational impairment. TB patients have deficits in cognitive functions such as attention, verbal working memory, executive functioning. Recent studies have suggested that some of these cognitive functions may be candidate endophenotypes for TB. TB patients also have deficits in cognitive function of recognition of facial emotions, but the role that cognitive function as a candidate endophenotype for TB has been little studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of deficits in emotion recognition in patients with TB and their first-degree relatives when compared to a group of healthy controls. 23 patients with BD type I, 22 firstdegree relatives of these patients, and 27 healthy controls were studied. The instruments used in neuropsychological evaluations were: Battery Recognition of Emotions Pennsylvannia (PENNCNP), and subtests Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning Scale of the Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence (WAS ). From the data obtained, performed analysis of variance (ANOVA) for variables that followed a normal distribution or the Kruskal - Wallis test to the other. The results showed a statistically significant difference in the number of correct answers for the recognition of emotion fear (p = 0.01) between the three groups type. TB patients had a lower number of correct responses to the emotion fear when compared to their relatives and healthy controls. There was no difference in the recognition of facial emotions sadness, happiness, anger and neutral. There was also a statistically significant difference between groups in the average response time for the emotion of happiness type (p = 0.00). It follows therefore that disturbances in recognizing emotions in faces may not be Candidates for endophenotypes for BD type I

This work traces the visual potential of 2Dimensional space inthree dimensional garments and questions aesthetic standardsin the field of menswear. The aim is to discuss the visualconsensus of flat and spatial construction. Construction has been chosen as the key aspect for digital and analoginvestigations. It builds the main emphasis of this project and leads toa deeper visual understanding of how we perceive garments with clearborders between three - and two dimensional sections. The design process has a dual structure. 1st stage - ‚virtual investigation‘ This is where the experiments start. By using Simulation andrendering software such as ‚CLO3D‘, ‚Marvellous Designer‘ and ‚Keyshot‘the aim is to develop and unlock multiple constructionprinciples that deal with similar visual aspects. These results suggest anetwork of variations (garment types/parts, e.g. sleeve construction,trousers etc..) that need to be translated into real prototypes. 2nd stage - ‚Analog translation‘ Based on the preferred results of the 1st stage, the aim is to filter oneconstruction principle for further studies.The choice of working with the flat sleeve construction is the keyaspect and builds the fundamental for ellaborating the design process.This phase is mainly characterised by material and shape experimentsand relates to a lasting construction principle. The result suggest a spread of examples that deal with the sameconstruction principle. The examplified versions include differentmaterial qualities and differ in terms of their complexity in detailsolutions and production.The final choice works as a unit and offers different ways ofapproaching and developing the construction principle further.Especially the layering aspect in example 8 and 9 became dominantand very important for increasing the visual expression.That indication offers an imidiate and direct approach and showsthe potential within the field of 2D expressions.Nevertheless my next step would lead me back to the digital studiesto understand more about the diversity of layers in two dimensionalgarments. Eventually it would suggest both a wearable as well as aconceptual outcome.

The influence of facial mimicry and emotional congruence on emotional information processing has previously only been studied in isolation. In the current study their influence on the ability to detect deception will be investigated. In order to recognize the emotional states of others one mimics their emotional facial expression, and being in a congruent emotional state as a person or an emotional message enables faster processing of emotional information. Can emotional congruence between the receiver’s emotional state and a message told affect participants’ ability to detect deception when judging whether a person at a video recording is telling the truth or not? How does emotional congruence affect participants’ speed and confidence when making these judgments? The results showed that participants reported higher confidence but slower response times when making an accurate judgment in the congruent scenario, when compared to the incongruent scenario, but did not perform better than what could be expected by chance in detecting deception. Consequently, emotional congruence had an impact, not on participants’ performance in detecting deception, but only on their meta-cognitive evaluations of their judgments, but confidence rating did not seem to be an indicator of accuracy. In future research the design can be used in order to investigate other potential aspects, such as emotional empathy and other types of emotional congruence, and their influence on the ability to detect deception.

The general field of interest for this study is the Swedish public’s level of awareness of non-literal and figurative language, such as idioms and metaphors, in English. The English language can be considered to be evolving into Sweden’s second language, since it is present in so much more than school, for example, on television, computers and radio. This study aims to gain an insight into the degree of understanding of common idiomatic expressions in popular English song lyrics by native Swedish speakers. University students were chosen as the sample group and twelve of them were asked to explain their understanding of selected English idioms which occur in songs with which they were likely to recognize. The results have then been analyzed and it was possible to establish the degrees of understanding, misunderstanding and failure to understand. Firstly, the participants have explained the expression out of context, and secondly they were asked to explain it in the context of the song. This was to see whether the expressions appear to have been easier to understand out of context or in context. Earlier research show difficulties in defining the term idiom, and in this survey the term idiomatic expression has been used and defined as a way of speaking or writing that does not make any literal sense, even though the expressions are used all the time and people familiar with the language generally recognize them and understand their meaning. Earlier research has facilitated the analysis by the use of terms, theories and definitions on various ways of understanding metaphors, metonymy and idioms, and how these might, or might not, differ between Swedish and English. The results of this survey show that most of the expressions appear to have been easier to explain and understand when seen and heard in the context of the song. Although, some expressions appear to have been very alien to the participants, which has resulted in misunderstandings and failure to understand both in and out of context of the song lyrics in question.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, un nombre important de travaux en linguistique et sciences cognitives avancent une thèse selon laquelle l’expression du temps dans la langue dépend de la cognition de l’espace. Cette étude cherche à établir que le discours scientifique sur les rapports temps–espace dans la langue et la cognition est un objet épistémologique qui a sa propre histoire et ses propres motivations disciplinaires. Ainsi, le programme de recherche généralement admis est le produit d’une trame complexe d’intérêts qui ne favorisent pas nécessairement la recherche de l’objet scientifique. Dans une première partie, nous confirmons que les rapports linguistiques entre temps et espace constituent un objet historique et variable, tant dans la langue que dans la pensée sur la langue. Dans une deuxième partie, nous explorons la tendance à la spatialisation du temps dans les écrits des philosophes et grammairiens des Lumières et dans le travail de Gustave Guillaume (1883–1960). Dans une troisième partie, nous examinons le paradigme de la priorité spatiale dans la linguistique cognitive à partir des années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours. Les résultats de cette étude nous amènent à proposer des lignes directrices pour la recherche future des manifestations linguistiques des rapports temps–espace. / Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies in linguistics and the cognitive sciences have put forward the claim that the expression of time in language relies on the cognition of space. This study aims to show that the scientific discourse on time–space relations in language and cognition is an epistemological object, shaped by its history and disciplinary motivations. Thus, the predominant research framework of time–space relations is the product of an intricate network of interests which do not necessarily facilitate the research of the scientific object. In the first part of the study we show that relations between time and space changed through the history of both language and the theory of language. In the second part, we explore the theoretical trend of the spatialization of time in the writings of key philosophers and grammarians of the Enlightenment, and in the oeuvre of the French linguist Gustave Guillaume (1883-1960). In the third part we examine the paradigm of spatial priority in cognitive linguistics from the 1970s until today. The conclusions of the study lead us to put forth some proposals for the future research of time, space and the time–space interface in language.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how idioms help the building of opposing characters in a literary work and also what similarities and differences there are in the usage of idioms between the characters. The material, i.e. the idioms, in this study was manually collected from Othello written by William Shakespeare. The material was analyzed and categorized according to a list of idiomatic properties. The material was also analyzed according to the tone of the idioms. The results showed that there was not any prominent difference in usage of idioms between the two characters; neither in general nor in the tone of the idiom. The results suggested, however, that the idioms were used in a negative sense, regardless of character.

Analysis and verification of security protocols are typically carried out in two different models of cryptography: formal cryptography and computational cryptography. Formal cryptography, originally inspired by the work of Dolev and Yao [14], takes an abstract and idealized view of security, and develops its proof techniques based on methods and ideas from logic and theory of programming languages. It makes strong assumptions about cryptographic operations by treating them as perfectly-secure symbolic operations. Computational cryptography, on the other hand, has developed its foundations based on complexity theory. Messages are viewed as bit-strings, and cryptographic operations are treated as actual transformations on bit-strings with certain asymptotic properties.In this thesis, we explore the relation between the Dolev-Yao model and the computational model of public-key cryptography in two contexts: indistinguishability and non-malleability of expressions. This problem in the absence of key-cycles is partially addressed in [20, 21] by Herzog. We adapt our approach to use the co-inductive definition of symbolic security, whose private-key treatment was considered in coinduction, and establish our main results as follow: Using a co-inductive approach, we extend the indistinguishability and non-malleability results of Herzog in the presence of key-cycles. By providing a counter-example, we show that the indistinguishability property in this setting is strictly stronger than the non-malleability property, which gives a negative answer to Herzog's conjecture that they are equivalent. we prove that despite the fact that IND-CCA2 security provides non-malleability in our setting, the same result does not hold for IND-CCA1 security. We prove that, under certain hypothesis, our co-inductive formal indistinguishability is computationally-complete in the absence of key-cycles and with respect to any \emph{length-revealing} encryption scheme. In the presence of key-cycles, we prove that the completeness does not hold even with respect to IND-CPA security. / Graduate