Diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy is the most common secondary complication of diabetes, with no effective treatment, apart from maintaining tight glycemic control. It is therefore essential to understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. Biochemical and structural changes are observed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the peripheral nerve in diabetes: including increased endoneurial collagen; reduplication of basement membranes around endoneurial capillaries; a thickening of basal lamina; and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). In normal nerves, ischaemic or other damage to distal axons provokes a regenerative response; in diabetes this is abortive and failure of axonal regeneration is a hallmark of clinical and experimental diabetic neuropathy. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that cleave the protein components of the ECM. MMP-2 and MMP-9 play a central role in Wallerian degeneration and regeneration following nerve injury. This thesis investigates whether MMP-2 and -9 expression and/or activity were altered in the peripheral nerve in diabetes, and could contribute to regenerative failure in diabetic neuropathy. Using an experimental model of diabetes, we have demonstrated that MMP-2, but not MMP-9, is upregulated at gene, protein and activity levels in the rat sciatic nerve 8 weeks post-streptozotocin (STZ). This upregulation was not maintained at later time-points of diabetes. In vitro sciatic nerve cryoculture studies showed that peripheral nerve from STZ-diabetic rats was less supportive for neurite outgrowth from dissociated adult rat sensory neurons than nerve obtained from age-matched control rats. Cyrocultures were pre-treated with either MMP-2 or chondroitinase ABC, remodelling the peripheral nerve ECM, via the removal of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans from the sciatic nerve, and significantly enhanced its ability to support axonal regeneration, and partially restored the diabetes-associated regenerative deficit. However, exogenous MMP-2 or MMP-9 did not directly affect neurite outgrowth of dissociated adult rat sensory neurons. Finally, we assessed the neuroprotective effects of the AGE inhibitors LR90 and pyridoxamine in experimental diabetes, using a number of electrophysiological, behavioural and biochemical endpoints. These inhibitors were effective at preventing the development of some of the functional deficits observed in STZ-diabetes. Sensory nerve conduction velocity deficits and lipid peroxidation in the sciatic nerve were prevented by both LR90 and pyridoxamine. These agents have potential for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have indefinite replicative potential and ability to differentiate into derivatives of three germ layers. HESCs are conventionally derived and grown on mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts and there are some alternative feeder types of human origin that have been used to replenish hESCs while trying to prevent cross-species contamination. The trophic factors that are secreted by the feeders are found to be important for long-term pluripotency but there are also supportive culture systems for hESCs lacking feeder cells which might suggest that not only the interactions with the feeders affect the behaviour of hESCs but also the components of the niche may take part in the decision of self-renewal or differentiation. Extracellular matrix components are known to exert their stimulatory or inhibitory effects by localising cells into a specific microenvironment in natural niches but have been relatively little investigated for hESCs. The aim of this study was to investigate ECM components which might have a role in the maintenance of hESCs. I have first investigated human placental stromal fibroblasts and immortalised human placental stromal fibroblasts for the support hESC pluripotency as an anlternative feeder type to conventional mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Secondly, the matrices derived from hPSFs and ihPSFs were assessed for their ability to support hESC pluripotency. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify ECM components released by human feeders in order to characterise the range of extracellular matrix proteins that support the growth of self-renewing hESCs. The majority of the molecules was shared between the cell types irrespective of hPSF cell derived matrix was not being supportive for hESC pluripotency, with some ECM components being unique ihPSFs. Collagen VI, tenascin C and versican were tested for hESC attachment and as substrates for feeder-free culture system in order to develop an optimised feeder-free system. Furthermore, integrin receptor profile of different hESC lines was also determined in order to identify the mechanisms of substrate attachment. Integrin attachment was shown to be vital for hESC engagement to fibronectin and vitronectin in feeder-free systems. The components of the integrin signalling machinery were identified in hESCs and the significance of integrin-mediated signalling in hESC self-renewal was demonstrated by blocking integrin β1 on fibronectin and integrin aVβ5 on vitronectin. Moreover, intracellular signalling mediator c-Src was shown to involve in ECMregulated signalling by affecting the phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase. Inhibition of Src led to a decrease in the expression of pluripotency-associated markers. Finally, the effects of growth factor supplementation on the maintenance of pluripotency in defined feeder-free conditions were studied by withdrawal of growth factors and blocking FGF Receptors. FGF-2 was shown to be essential for long-term self-renewal while the effects on pluripotency deteriorated in the absence of both FGF-2 and Activin A. Taken together this project highlighted the importance of substrate attachment and growth factors on the regulation of hESC self-renewal.

Lesões na inervação do trato urinário inferior ocasionado por traumatismo raquimedular afetam geralmente o músculo detrusor e o esfíncteres uretrais. Estas alterações acarretam problemas basicamente de incontinência urinária e aumento da pressão intravesical, decorrente deste traumatismo, trazendo consequências para o funcionamento do sistema urinário superior. Quantificar os elementos fibrosos da matriz extracelular e fibras musculares das bexigas neurogênicas hiper-reflexas comparando-as com bexigas normais. Foram utilizadas 6 amostras de bexigas neurogênicas de indivíduos que foram submetidos a cirurgia de reparação por cistoenteroplastia realizados pelo serviço de urologia do Hospital Municipal Souza Aguiar, estas amostras foram fixadas imediatamente em solução tamponada de formalina a 10%. O controle com amostras iguais as do estudo extraída de cadáveres cuja causa morte não relacionava-se ao sistema urogenital macroscópicamente. O material foi submetido as seguintes técnicas histoquímicas: H&E, van Gieson e Resorcina Fucsina resorcina de Weigert com prévia oxidação pela oxona. Imunohistoquímica: anti-elastina. A observação dos cortes corados pelo van Gieson demonstrou uma diminuição significativa do músculo liso de 13% e aumento do colágeno em 72% e as fibras do sistema elástico um aumento de 101%. Conclusão. Nas bexigas neurogênicas hiper-reflexas o músculo detrusor e os elementos fibrosos da matriz foram profundamente modificados. As fibras do sistema elástico foram as mais afetadas. / Lesions on lower urinary tract innervations caused by spinal cord injuries usually affect the detrusor muscle and urethral sphincter. Beside the smooth muscle fibers, the collagen fibers and elastic system fibers, fibrous components of the extracellular matrix of the bladder wall, are strongly related to vesicle bladder compliance. For this reason the aim of this work is to quantify the fibrous elements of the extracellular matrix and muscle fibers of the neurogenic bladder hyperreflexia. Samples of neurogenic bladder were obtained from six men who had previously undergone surgical repair. The control group samples (n=6) were similarly obtained from patients whose deaths were not related to the urogenital system. The samples were stained using the following histochemical techniques: H&E, Van Gieson, Weigert and Sirius Red. Sections stained with Sirius Red were observed under polarization light microscopy to characterize possible different kinds of collagen. Immunohistochemical technique was used to characterize and quantify the elastic system fibers. Quantification analysis was performed by stereological methods. An increase of 72% of the collagen was observed. Nevertheless, the most significant difference observed was the raising of 101% of the elastic system fibers. Contrary the smooth muscle fibers showed a decrease of 13%. In the neurogenic bladder with detrusor hyperreflexia the fibrous elements of the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle fibers were greatly modified. The elastic system fibers seem to be the most affected in this disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HaroldoAOJ_DISSERT.pdf: 2217261 bytes, checksum: 1a1221344f95ad964f692521743b5714 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / The regeneration of bone defects with loss of substance remains as a therapeutic challenge in the medical field. There are basically four types of grafts: autologous, allogenic, xenogenic and isogenic. It is a consensus that autologous bone is the most suitable material for this purpose, but there are limitations to its use, especially the insufficient amount in the donor. Surveys show that the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are generally conserved between different species and are well tolerated even in xenogenic recipient. Thus, several studies have been conducted in the search for a replacement for autogenous bone scaffold using the technique of decellularization. To obtain these scaffolds, tissue must undergo a process of cell removal that causes minimal adverse effects on the composition, biological activity and mechanical integrity of the remaining extracellular matrix. There is not, however, a conformity among researchers about the best protocol for decellularization, since each of these treatments interfere differently in biochemical composition, ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, affecting the type of immune response to the material. Further down the arsenal of research involving decellularization bone tissue represents another obstacle to the arrival of a consensus protocol. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of decellularization methods in the production of biological scaffolds from skeletal organs of mice, for their use for grafting. This was a laboratory study, sequenced in two distinct stages. In the first phase 12 mice hemi-calvariae were evaluated, divided into three groups (n = 4) and submitted to three different decellularization protocols (SDS [group I], trypsin [Group II], Triton X-100 [Group III]). We tried to identify the one that promotes most efficient cell removal, simultaneously to the best structural preservation of the bone extracellular matrix. Therefore, we performed quantitative analysis of the number of remaining cells and descriptive analysis of the scaffolds, made possible by microscopy. In the second stage, a study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro adhesion of mice bone marrow mesenchymal cells, cultured on these scaffolds, previously decellularized. Through manual counting of cells on scaffolds there was a complete cell removal in Group II, Group I showed a practically complete cell removal, and Group III displayed cell remains. The findings allowed us to observe a significant difference only between Groups II and III (p = 0.042). Better maintenance of the collagen structure was obtained with Triton X-100, whereas the decellularization with Trypsin was responsible for the major structural changes in the scaffolds. After culture, the adhesion of mesenchymal cells was only observed in specimens deccelularized with Trypsin. Due to the potential for total removal of cells and the ability to allow adherence of these, the protocol based on the use of Trypsin (Group II) was considered the most suitable for use in future experiments involving bone grafting decellularized scaffolds / A regenera??o de defeitos ?sseos com perda de subst?ncia permanece um desafio terap?utico na ?rea m?dica. ? consenso ser o osso aut?geno, o material mais adequado para esta finalidade, por?m h? limita??es at? para o seu uso, especialmente a quantidade insuficiente no pr?prio doador. Pesquisas de engenharia tecidual evidenciam que os componentes da matriz extracelular (MEC) s?o geralmente conservados entre as diferentes esp?cies sendo bem toleradas, mesmo em receptores xen?genos. Assim, diversos estudos t?m sido realizados na busca por um arcabou?o substituto do osso aut?geno atrav?s da t?cnica de descelulariza??o. Para a obten??o destes arcabou?os, os tecidos devem passar por um processo de remo??o celular, que cause m?nimos efeitos adversos na composi??o, atividade biol?gica e integridade mec?nica na matriz extracelular remanescente. Entretanto, h? controv?rsias acerca do melhor protocolo de descelulariza??o, j? que cada um desses tratamentos interfere de maneira diferente na composi??o bioqu?mica, ultraestrutura e comportamento mec?nico da matriz extracelular, afetando o tipo de resposta imunol?gica ao material. Ademais o baixo arsenal de pesquisas envolvendo a descelulariza??o de tecidos ?sseos representa mais um obst?culo ? chegada de um consenso protocolar. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia dos m?todos de descelulariza??o na produ??o de arcabou?os biol?gicos a partir de ?rg?os ?sseos de camundongos, visando sua utiliza??o para enxertia. Trata-se de um estudo laboratorial, sequenciado em duas etapas distintas. Na primeira fase foram avaliadas 12 hemi-calv?rias de camundongos, divididas em tr?s grupos (n=4) e submetidas a tr?s diferentes protocolos de descelulariza??o (SDS [Grupo I], Tripsina [Grupo II], Triton X-100 [Grupo III]). Buscou-se identificar aquele que promove a mais eficiente remo??o celular, simultaneamente a melhor preserva??o estrutural da MEC ?ssea. Para tanto, foi realizada an?lise quantitativa do n?mero de c?lulas remanescentes e an?lise descritiva dos arcabou?os, possibilitadas por microscopia. Na segunda etapa, foi realizado um estudo in vitro para avaliar a ades?o de c?lulas mesenquimais da medula ?ssea de camundongos, cultivadas sobre arcabou?os previamente descelularizados. Atrav?s da contagem manual de c?lulas nos arcabou?os, verificou-se total remo??o celular no Grupo II, remo??o praticamente completa no Grupo I, e perman?ncia de c?lulas e remanescentes no Grupo III. Os achados permitiram observar diferen?a significativa apenas entre os Grupos II e III (p=0,042). Melhor manuten??o da estrutura col?gena foi obtida com o Triton X-100, ao passo que a descelulariza??o com Tripsina foi respons?vel pelas maiores altera??es estruturais nos arcabou?os. Ap?s o cultivo, a ades?o de c?lulas mesenquimais s? foi observada nas calv?rias descelularizadas com Tripsina. Devido ao potencial de remo??o total das c?lulas e ? capacidade de permitir a ades?o destas, o protocolo baseado no uso da Tripsina (Grupo II) foi considerado o mais adequado para uso em experimentos futuros, que envolvam enxertia de arcabou?os ?sseos descelularizados

A matriz extracelular e as células musculares lisas das vias aéreas estão intimamente interrelacionadas. Poucos estudos porém, avaliaram a composição dos diferentes componentes da matriz extracelular e seus reguladores na camada do músculo liso brônquico na asma. Utilizando um programa de análise de imagens, a área fracionada do colágeno total e das fibras elásticas foi quantificada no interior do músculo liso brônquico de 35 indivíduos que faleceram devido a um ataque de asma (Asma Fatal), e comparada com 10 casos de indivíduos com asma e que faleceram de outras causas (Asma Não Fatal), e com 22 indivíduos controles sem patologia pulmonar. Expressão dos colágenos I e III, fibronectina, versicam, metaloprotease (MMP)-1, 2, 9 e 12, e inibidores de metaloprotease 1 e 2 foram quantificados no interior do músculo liso brônquico de 22 casos de asma fatal e 10 controles. Nas grandes vias aéreas dos casos de asma fatal, a área fracionada das fibras elásticas foi significativamente maior na camada do músculo liso brônquico quando comparada com os grupos de Asma Não Fatal e Controle. Semelhantemente, fibronectina, MMP-9 e MMP-12 estavam aumentadas no músculo liso das grandes vias aéreas nos casos de asma fatal quando comparadas aos controles. Apenas aumento das fibras elásticas foi observado nas pequenas vias aéreas na Asma Fatal, e somente quando comparadas aos casos de Asma Não Fatal. O conjunto dos resultados mostra que há uma composição alterada dos elementos da matriz extracelular e um ambiente de degradação protéica no músculo liso brônquico de indivíduos que morreram por asma, o qual pode acarretar importantes conseqüências nas funções sintéticas e mecânicas do músculo liso das vias áreas. / There is an intimate relationship between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and smooth muscle cells within the airways. Few studies have comprehensively assessed the composition of different ECM components and its regulators within the airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthma. With the aid of image analysis, the fractional area of total collagen and elastic fibres was quantified within the ASM of 35 subjects with Fatal Asthma (FA) and compared with 10 Nonfatal Asthma (NFA) patients and 22 nonasthmatic control cases. Expression of collagen I and III, fibronectin, versican, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, 2, 9 and 12 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 and 2 was quantified within the ASM in 22 FA and 10 control cases. In the large airways of FA cases, the fractional area of elastic fibres within the ASM was increased compared with NFA and controls. Similarly, fibronectin, MMP-9 and MMP-12 were increased within the ASM in large airways of FA cases compared with controls. Elastic fibres were increased in small airways in FA only in comparison with NFA cases. The results shower that, there is altered extracellular matrix composition and a degradative environment within the airway smooth muscle in fatal asthma patients, which may have important consequences for the mechanical and synthetic functions of airway smooth muscle.

Em termos de importância no processo de invasão de tumores e metástases, o desequilíbrio entre a expressão das gelatinases e seus inibidores teciduais resulta em degradação do principal constituinte da matriz extracelular, o colágeno tipo IV, favorecendo os processos de invasão tumoral e metástase. Foram avaliadas 53 lesões de 47 cães submetidos a cirurgia excisional com confirmação diagnóstica de mastocitoma por avaliação histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica para MMP-2, MMP- 9, TIMP-2 e TIMP-1. Os mastocitomas foram classificados em graus I (bem diferenciados), II (moderadamente diferenciados) a III (pouco diferenciados), segundo os critérios estabelecidos por Patnaik, Ehler e Macewen (1984) e as mesmas lesões foram classificadas em alto e baixo grau de malignidade de acordo com o sistema proposto por Kiupel et al. (2011). Os resultados obtidos através da imuno-positividade de mastócitos e leucócitos polimorfonucleraes para as quatro proteínas foram comparados as duas graduações estabelecidas, bem como ao tempo de sobrevida pós-cirúrgica e a mortalidade em função do tumor. Verificou-se que as metaloenzimas e seus inibidores não demonstram nenhum tipo de associação de expressão entre elas. Dentre os marcadores imuno-histoquímicos, a expressão mastocitária de TIMP-1 apresentou associação com o tempo de sobrevida, independente do tratamento quimioterápico adjuvante. Quanto menor a expressão de TIMP-1 nos mastócitos, maiores as taxas de mortalidade e menores os períodos de sobrevida. Enquanto que MMP-2, MMP-9 e TIMP-2 não foram indicadores prognósticos para esta neoplasia. Assim, nossos resultados mostram que o TIMP-1 apresentou-se como bom indicador de sobrevida e, portanto, sugere-se que a utilização deste índice prognóstico adicional a classificação histológica pode aumentar a precisão de prognostico dos mastocitomas em cães auxiliando na adequação de terapias apropriadas / In terms of importance regarding to tumor invasion process and metastasis , the imbalance between the expression of gelatinases and their tissue inhibitors results in degradation of the main constituent of the extracellular matrix, collagen type IV, favoring the processes of tumor invasion and metastasis. Fifty-three lesions, of 47 dogs submitted to surgical excision confirmed the diagnosis of mast cell tumor were evaluated by histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2 and TIMP-1. Mast cell tumors were histologically classified as grades I (well differentiated), II (moderately differentiated) to III (poorly differentiated), according to the criteria established by Patnaik, Ehler and MacEwen (1984) and the same lesions were classified as high and low-grade of malignancy according to the system proposed by Kiupel et al. (2011). The results obtained by the immunopositivity of mast cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the four proteins were compared with two established graduations, as well as to post-surgical survival times and mortality due to mast cell disease. It could be verified that metalloenzymes and their inhibitors do not establish any association between the expression of the cell types evaluated. Within the immunohistochemical markers, mast cell expression of TIMP-1 was associated with survival time, independent of adjuvant chemotherapy. The lower the expression of TIMP-1 in mast cells, higher the mortality rates and smaller post-cirurgical survival time. While MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 levels were not prognostic indicators for this cancer. Thus, our results show that the TIMP-1 appeared as a good indicator of survival time and therefore it is suggested that the use of this prognostic index as additional histological classification can increase the accuracy of prognosis of mast cell tumors in dogs assisting in the adaptation of appropriate therapies

O Trypanosoma cruzi libera para o meio, vesículas contendo material de sua superfície e aparentemente estas vesículas seriam uma maneira de ativar e preparar a célula hospedeira para a invasão, além de induzir um aumento na expressão de alguns componentes da matriz extracelular. Neste trabalho demonstramos que essas vesículas aumentam a expressão de fibronectina na matriz, sendo este aumento dose-dependente e linear ao longo do tempo. Porém, para laminina não conseguimos observar o mesmo comportamento. Nossos resultados também mostram que os constituintes lipídicos das vesículas podem ser os responsáveis pelo aumento da expressão de fibronectina em cultura de células epiteliais. Os dois grandes grupos de glicoproteínas encontradas na superfície do parasita e nas vesículas, mucinas e Tc85 não parecem estar envolvidos no processo. As culturas celulares tratadas com os lipídeos extraídos das vesículas apresentaram um aumento de fibronectina também dose-dependente, porém, com uma resposta linear ao longo do tempo e uma expressão máxima atingida em tempos menores / Trypanosoma cruzi releases to the environment plasma membrane vesicles. Apparently, these vesicles could be a signal released by the parasite to prepare the host cell for the invasion. This study demonstrated that these vesicles induce a dosisdependent expression of fibronectin, linear over time. The same behavior has not been observed for laminin. Our results also show that lipids from the vesicles are involved in the increase of expression of fibronectin by epithelial cells. The two major surface membrane glycoproteins, Tc85 and mucins, also present in the vesicles do not participate in this phenomenon. Cell cultures that have been treated with lipids extracted from T. cruzi membrane vesicles also provoked a dosis-dependent increase in fibronectin and linear over time

The failure of mammalian CNS neurons to regenerate their axons derives from a combination of intrinsic deficits and extrinsic obstacles. Following injury, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate within the glial scar that forms at the lesion site in response to the insult. CSPGs inhibit axonal growth and regeneration, an action mediated by their sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, especially those with 4-sulfated (4S) sugars. Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) selectively cleaves 4S groups from the non-reducing ends of GAG chains without disrupting other, potentially growth-permissive motifs. In this thesis, "Modifying Chondroitin Sulfation Enhances Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Regeneration," I, Craig Pearson, seek to determine the time course and spatial distribution of CSPG accumulation in the glial scar following acute injury, and then to demonstrate that ARSB is effective in reducing the inhibitory actions of CSPGs. I examine the effects of ARSB in an in vitro model of the glial scar and in vivo, using optic nerve crush (ONC) in adult mice. ARSB is clinically approved for replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI and therefore represents an attractive candidate for translation to the human CNS. My findings illustrate the importance of CSPGs as a barrier to axon extension following injury, and show compelling evidence that selective modification of the sulfation pattern on GAG chains results in significant enhancement of RGC axonal regeneration. Finally, I combine ARSB treatment with a host of intrinsic pro-regenerative stimuli and show robust, long-distance regeneration of RGC axons through the optic chiasm and into the optic tract. Taken together, the results of this thesis argue for the therapeutic potential of modifying the extracellular matrix to promote regeneration of axons in the CNS.

abstract: Severe cases of congenital heart defect (CHD) require surgeries to fix the structural problem, in which artificial grafts are often used. Although outcome of surgeries has improved over the past decades, there remains to be patients who require re-operations due to graft-related complications and the growth of patients which results in a mismatch in size between the patient’s anatomy and the implanted graft. A graft in which cells of the patient could infiltrate, facilitating transformation of the graft to a native-like tissue, and allow the graft to grow with the patient heart would be ideal. Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) technologies, including extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogels has emerged as a promising approach for the repair of cardiac damage. However, most of the previous studies have mainly focused on treatments for ischemic heart disease and related heart failure in adults, therefore the potential of CTE for CHD treatment is underexplored. In this study, a hybrid hydrogel was developed by combining the ECM derived from cardiac tissue of pediatric CHD patients and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). In addition, the influence of incorporating gold nanorods (GNRs) within the hybrid hydrogels was studied. The functionalities of the ECM-GelMA-GNR hydrogels as a CTE scaffold were assessed by culturing neonatal rat cardiomyocytes on the hydrogel. After 8 days of cell culture, highly organized sarcomeric alpha-actinin structures and connexin 43 expression were evident in ECM- and GNR-incorporated hydrogels compared to pristine GelMA hydrogel, indicating cell maturation and formation of cardiac tissue. The findings of this study indicate the promising potential of ECM-GelMA-GNR hybrid hydrogels as a CTE approach for CHD treatment. As another approach to improve CHD treatment, this study sought the possibility of performing a proteomic analysis on cardiac ECM of pediatric CHD patient tissue. As the ECM play important roles in regulating cell signaling, there is an increasing interest in studying the ECM proteome and the influences caused by diseases. Proteomics on ECM is challenging due to the insoluble nature of ECM proteins which makes protein extraction and digestion difficult. In this study, as a first step to perform proteomics, optimization on sample preparation procedure was attempted. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2018

Perdas gestacionais, malformações, restrição de crescimento intrauterino (IUGR) são associadas a gestações diabéticas. Para ampliar o conhecimento nesse tema, nosso grupo desenvolveu um modelo de gestação complicada por diabetes tipo 1 em camundongos que, nessa tese, foi utilizado para analisar o ciclo estral, desenvolvimento fetal e organização placentária. O diabetes foi induzido por aloxana e estudado em dois períodos 30-50D (curto prazo) e 90-110D (longo prazo). Placentas e fetos foram coletados, pesados, e submetidos a técnicas moleculares, bioquímicas e morfológicas. Detectaram-se alterações no perfil temporal do ciclo estral. O grupo 30-50D apresentou altas taxas de perdas embrionárias e IUGR, e o 90-110D malformações, mortes fetais, IUGR e aumento no peso placentário. As placentas diabéticas apresentaram aumento e desorganização da zona juncional, redução do labirinto e vasodilatação. A expressão dos colágenos I e III aumentou e a do V diminuiu em 30-50D, porém, a deposição destes aumentou concomitante com a redução da atividade da MMP9. A deposição dos colágenos III e V e a atividade da MMP2 aumentaram em 90-110D. Nossos resultados reiteram a importância do fator temporal nas complicações do diabetes sobre a gestação. / Gestational loss, malformations and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are often associated with pregnancies. To increase the knowledge about this topic, our group has developed a model of pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes in mice. In this study, was analyzed the estrous cycle and the fetal and placental development. For this, diabetes was induced by alloxan and studied in two time-periods 30-50D (short term) and 90-110D (long term). Placentas and fetuses were collected, weighed and analyzed by biochemical, morphological and molecular procedures. We detected changes in the temporal profile of the estrous cycle. The 30-50D group showed high rates of embryonic loss and IUGR whereas malformations, fetal death, IUGR and increased placental weight was detected in 90-110D. Increase and disorganization of junctional zone, reducing labirinth and vasodilation characterize diabetic placentas. The expression of collagen I and III was increased whereas collagen V decreased in the 30-50D. The deposition of this collagen, however increased concomitant with the reduction of MMP9 activity. In 90-110D deposition of collagen III and V and the MMP2 activity was increased. Together, our results reinforce the relevance of the time factor in the complications of diabetes on pregnancy.