The research on feeling of safety and fear of crime abroad has been developed since 70s of the 20th century. In the Czech Republic it became of interest at the beginning of 90s after the fall of the communist regime, while the discrepancy between actually committed and formally registered offences resulting in the sharp increase of officially recorded crime manifested itself. In response to this increase there were written first scientific studies, which mainly dealt with the development of feeling of safety and models explaining such feeling in the context of former social problems (economic stress, trust in the government). In our opinion, however, we lack a comprehensive study that discusses the feeling of safety and fear of crime phenomenon from different aspects and intend to verify the validity of the results of international studies in our milieu. Based on the existing theoretical approaches and selected data sources, the study therefore aims to illuminate the structure of the relationship between fear of crime and individual or social factors that correlate with it. The study particularly deals with the relationship between perceived risk of victimization and fear of crime, i.e. concepts that were often used interchangeably at the beginning of research in this area. The analysis has showed...

O presente trabalho é uma tentativa de aplicação da ética do discurso (HABERMAS e APEL) ao debate público sobre segurança no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período 2001/2002. Entende o debate como formação discursiva da opinião e da vontade políticas e o interpreta em termos de racionalidade comunicativa. O debate transcorreu em um contexto de aumento da criminalidade e problematização das noções de crime e punição (YOUNG), alimentando um sentimento de insegurança da opinião pública capaz de influenciar programas legislativos e políticas públicas. A partir da análise da imprensa escrita buscou-se avaliar a qualidade do debate a partir de condições ideais de justificação, pressupostos do discurso ou situação ideal de fala (HABERMAS), notadamente em relação ao critério de inclusão de temas e participantes. Concluiu-se pelo caráter excludente do debate, seja em relação a determinados temas, seja em relação a determinados grupos; e que a exclusão de temas e grupos deu origem a movimentos de protesto que podem ser interpretados como uma luta por reconhecimento (TAYLOR, HONNETH e FRASER). / The present work is an attempt of application of the ethics of the speech (HABERMAS and APEL) to the public debate on security in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in period 2001/2002. It understands the debate as discursive formation of the opinion and of the will politics and interprets it in terms of communicative reason. The debate has occurred in a context of increase of crime and crisis of the crime and punishment knowledge (YOUNG), feeding a fear of crime in the public opinion capable to influence legislative programs and public policy. From the analysis of the written press one searched to evaluate the quality of the debate from ideal conditions of justification or ideal situation of speaks (HABERMAS), specifically in relation to the criterion of inclusion of subjects and participants. It was concluded for the exclusive character of the debate, either in relation of determined subjects, or in relation of determined groups; and that the exclusion of subjects and groups gave rise to protest movements that can be interpreted as a fight for recognition (TAYLOR, HONNETH and FRASER).

O presente trabalho é uma tentativa de aplicação da ética do discurso (HABERMAS e APEL) ao debate público sobre segurança no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período 2001/2002. Entende o debate como formação discursiva da opinião e da vontade políticas e o interpreta em termos de racionalidade comunicativa. O debate transcorreu em um contexto de aumento da criminalidade e problematização das noções de crime e punição (YOUNG), alimentando um sentimento de insegurança da opinião pública capaz de influenciar programas legislativos e políticas públicas. A partir da análise da imprensa escrita buscou-se avaliar a qualidade do debate a partir de condições ideais de justificação, pressupostos do discurso ou situação ideal de fala (HABERMAS), notadamente em relação ao critério de inclusão de temas e participantes. Concluiu-se pelo caráter excludente do debate, seja em relação a determinados temas, seja em relação a determinados grupos; e que a exclusão de temas e grupos deu origem a movimentos de protesto que podem ser interpretados como uma luta por reconhecimento (TAYLOR, HONNETH e FRASER). / The present work is an attempt of application of the ethics of the speech (HABERMAS and APEL) to the public debate on security in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in period 2001/2002. It understands the debate as discursive formation of the opinion and of the will politics and interprets it in terms of communicative reason. The debate has occurred in a context of increase of crime and crisis of the crime and punishment knowledge (YOUNG), feeding a fear of crime in the public opinion capable to influence legislative programs and public policy. From the analysis of the written press one searched to evaluate the quality of the debate from ideal conditions of justification or ideal situation of speaks (HABERMAS), specifically in relation to the criterion of inclusion of subjects and participants. It was concluded for the exclusive character of the debate, either in relation of determined subjects, or in relation of determined groups; and that the exclusion of subjects and groups gave rise to protest movements that can be interpreted as a fight for recognition (TAYLOR, HONNETH and FRASER).

Enligt forskning har kvinnor en högre rädsla för brott än män. En förklaring är att kvinnors rädsla för sexuella brott ökar rädslan för alla typer av brott. Andra faktorer som har visat sig påverka rädsla för brott är fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Dessa faktorer och teorin om att kvinnors rädsla för brott påverkas av rädsla för sexuella brott kan innebära att smärtsjukdomar som vulvodyni och vaginism som innebär svår smärta vid penetration och / eller beröring av slidan gör att kvinnor som lider av det kan uppleva en högre rädsla av brottslighet än andra kvinnor. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om vulvodyni har en inverkan på kvinnors rädsla för brott. Deltagarna bestod av 243 kvinnor (medelålder= 24,58, SD= 5,15) med (n=129) och utan (n=114) vulvodyni. Resultaten av studien indikerar att vulvodyni påverkar rädsla för brott och gör kvinnor som lider av den mer rädda för brott än de utan vulvodyni. Kvinnor med vulvodyni har också en högre rädsla för sexualbrott som våldtäkt och sexuella trakasserier. Vulvodyni visar på en unik association till rädsla för brott vid kontroll över andra variabler som tidigare forskning visat samband med rädsla för brott. Rädsla för sexualbrott visar också associationer med rädsla för andra brott hos kvinnor med och utan vulvodyni. Mer forskning om ämnet behövs för att se hur kvinnor med vulvodyni resonerar om sin rädsla för brott. / According to research, women have a higher fear of crime than men. one explanation is that women's fear of sexual offenses increases the fear of all types of crime. Other factors that have been shown to affect fear of crime are physical and mental health. The factors and the theory that women's fear of crime is affected by fear of sexual offenses could mean that pain diseases such as vulvodynia and vaginism that involve severe pain when penetrating and/or touching the vagina make women who suffer from it to have a higher fear of crime than other women. The purpose of the study was to investigate if vulvodynia has an impact on women's fear of crime. The study sample consisted of 243 women (mean age=24,58, SD= 5,15) with (n= 129) and without (n=114) vulvodynia. The results of the study indicate that vulvodynia affects fear of crime and makes women who suffer from it more afraid of crime than those without. Women with vulvodynia also have a higher fear of sexual offenses such as rape and sexual harassment. Vulvodynia also demonstrates having a unique compound to fear of crime proud control for other variables. Fear of sexual crime also shows associates of fear to other types of crimes for women with and without vulvodynia. More research on the subject is needed to see how women with vulvodynia reason about their fear of crime.

Bakgrunden till arbetet var att det fanns en önskan att tillgå en ökad förståelse kring områdesvärdarna Öster och deras uppsökande och trygghetsskapande arbete i Rosengård. Studien har ett tvådelat syfte, dels att undersöka lokala ungdomars upplevelser av områdesvärdarnas arbete för ett tryggare Rosengård, dels att åskådliggöra lokala aktörers erfarenheter av verksamheten. Urvalet i aktuell studie bestod av tolv intervjuer med ungdomar och åtta intervjuer med lokala aktörer som omfattades av personal från Rosengårdsbibliotek och polis. Det resultatet som framkom i studien var att det finns en övergripande positiv bild gentemot områdesvärdarna från både ungdomarna i Rosengård och de lokala aktörer som verkar i området. Upplevelserna från ungdomarna kan tolkas som att områdesvärdarnas arbete minskar deras oro att utsättas för brott, samt att de lokala aktörerna anser att områdesvärdarna fyller flera viktiga funktioner i Rosengård bland annat genom deras synlighet och tillgänglighet. / The background of this study was the desire to increase the understanding of the community hosts in Malmö East and their work for a safer Rosengård. The aim of the study is split in two, the first refers to examine local youth’s experiences of the community hosts work to reduce fear of crime in Rosengård and the second refers to examine what experiences local stakeholders have towards the community hosts. The sample consists of twelve interviews with local youths and eight interviews with local stakeholders which includes employees of the local library and police working in the area. The result of the study indicates that there is a positive perception of the community hosts from both the local youth and from local stakeholders working in Rosengård. The experiences from the youths can be interpreted as that the community hosts and their work is reducing the fear of crime for youths in Rosengård. The local stakeholders claim that the community hosts are important for many functions in the area, this is possible through their visibility and presence.

An Arbeiten zur personalen Dimension der Kriminalitätsfurcht – gemessen an der Furcht im Umkreis der Wohnung – mangelt es nicht. Die anhaltende Diskussion um Ergebnisse zum Kriminalitätsfurchtparadox, Kontroversen um die Methodik, Vulnerabilität, Copingfähigkeiten usw. belegen ein komplexes Bemühen in diesem Forschungskontext, um die Ursachen der Kriminalitätsfurcht genauer zu bestimmen. Kaum theoretische Beachtung dagegen findet die soziale Dimension der Kriminalitätsfurcht, die zuweilen sogar mit der personalen Dimension gleichgesetzt wird. Möglicherweise sind es die \"dramatischeren\" Werte der sozialen Dimension, welche eine gewisse Anziehungskraft, z. B. auf mediale Präsentationen, ausüben. Neben dem Anliegen einer grundsätzlichen Klärung der Aussagekraft dieses Konstrukts im wissenschaftlichen Disput sollte auch beachtet werden, dass immer mehr Kommunen Sicherheitsbefragungen durchführen lassen und bestrebt sind, daraus Rückschlüsse für die Kommunalpolitik zu ziehen. Auch deshalb scheint eine Klärung, welches Konstrukt worüber Auskunft geben kann, dringend geboten. Immerhin erhält gerade die Kriminalitätsfurcht bzw. das Sicherheitsempfinden eine öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit, wie sie für Ergebnisse sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschungen nicht gerade typisch ist. Gerade weil damit aber die Verkürzung eines komplexen sozialen Sachverhalts auf eine Zahl geschieht, ist eine genaue Bestimmung dessen erforderlich, welche Zahl was ausdrückt. Darüber hinaus ist eine Positionierung der personalen und sozialen Dimensionen der Kriminalitätsfurcht dahingehend geboten, dass sie keine demonstrativen (Wettbewerbs-)Items darstellen, sondern als Instrumente für die Analyse von Mechanismen der Kriminalitätsverarbeitung in der Bevölkerung zu verstehen sind. Gerade in Bezug auf eine kommunalpolitische Aufmerksamkeit gegenüber dem gemessenen Sicherheitsempfinden zeichnen sich Tendenzen ab, entweder Ergebnisse zur Intensität der Kriminalitätsfurcht nicht ernst zu nehmen (im Sinne einer subjektiv verzerrten Wahrnehmung, der man durch \"Aufklärung\" begegnen kann) oder sie überzubewerten, indem sie zur Begründung restriktiver Maßnahmen herangezogen werden (umfassendere Maßnahmen für die öffentliche Sicherheit anzustreben). Im Zusammenhang mit der Unterscheidung zwischen personaler und sozialer Kriminalitätsfurcht soll der Einfluss von der Medienrezeption bestimmt werden.

Jana Jíchová: Crime and its Perception in Urban Environment ABSTRACT Crime is an important social phenomenon that affects many aspects of the functioning of society and the life of every person. It also represents an important interdisciplinary topic that deals with a number of disciplines, including geography. Logically, there is a thematic and methodological overlap; each of the sciences emphasize on different aspects of crime, using various methods and research approaches, interpretations, and therefore contributes to the knowledge of crime differently. The importance of geography is particularly in the enrichment of the crime research on spatial dimension and contributes to its cognition through analysis of the distribution of crime and studies of perception of crime. Although this type of studies is well established in Western crime research, in the Czech geography is paid to them only little attention. This doctoral thesis introduces geography of crime in the Czech context, discusses its theoretical and methodological developments and its applicability and application in our cities.. More emphasis is put on the concept of fear of crime, which constitutes an essential component of feeling of safety affecting daily life, the use of urban space and spatial mobility of individuals. Better understanding of...

Studien har ett tvådelat syfte. Först ämnar studien undersöka utifrån vilka förutsättningar det tagits beslut om att implementera kommunala ordningsvakter att patrullera på och kring Möllevångstorget i Malmö, vidare att undersöka vilka mål och förväntningar involverade aktörer har på insatsen. Syftet är också att undersöka upplevelsen av ordningsstörningar och trygghet och slutligen uppfattning om ordningsvakter bland personer som besöker Möllevångstorget. För att uppnå studiens första syfte genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelinformanter, urvalet bestod av sju personer. För att uppnå det andra syftet genomfördes i första hand strukturerade intervjuer med personer som vistades på platsen, i andra hand erbjöds de en webbenkät. 42 personer deltog på en strukturerad intervju och 18 personer besvarade webbenkäten. Det framkom genom de semistrukturerade intervjuerna att narkotikaförsäljning och otrygghet är ett stort problem i området. Målet är framför allt att tryggheten ska öka i samband med LOV§3-insatsen. Det önskades också att det finns en väl fungerande samverkan mellan aktörer som kan bidra till att brottsligheten och otryggheten minskar, att inte enbart förlita sig på att ordningsvakter löser alla problem. Resultatet från de strukturerade intervjuerna/webbenkäten visar att klotter och öppen drogförsäljning är de ordningsstörningar som upplevs förekomma mest frekvent. Tryggheten på platsen förefaller vara relativt hög med viss variation vad gäller tidpunkt, då oro att utsättas för brott är högre under kvällstid. Slutligen visar studien att förtroende kan vara av betydelse för hur effektiva ordningsvakter uppfattas vara. / The study has a twofold purpose, the first is to investigate the conditions on which decisions have been made to implement municipal security guards to patrol around and on Möllevångstorget in Malmö. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate goals and expectations the involved actors have on the current operation. The purpose of the study is also to investigate the experience of disorder and fear of crime and lastly the perception regarding security guards, among people who visits Möllevångstorget. To achieve the first purpose of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants, the sample consisted of seven people. To achieve the second purpose of the study, primarily structured interviews were conducted and secondly a web survey was offered. 42 people participated in a structured interview and 18 people answered the web survey. What emerged from the semi-structured interviews indicates that drug sales and fear of crime is a common issue in the area. Furthermore, the main goal is for the security to increase in connection with the LOV§3 operation. It was also desired that there is a well-functioning collaboration between actors that can contribute to reducing crime and fear of crime, and not to rely solely on security guards solving all problems. The results from the structured interviews/ web survey indicate that graffiti and open drug sales are disorders that are perceived to occur most frequently. The fear of crime in the area appears to be relatively low with certain variations in terms of time, as fear about being exposed to crime is higher in the evening. Finally, the study shows that trust can be important for how effective security guards are perceived to be.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur stor risken för oro var 2017–2018 i förhållande till kön, ålder och utsatthet samt skillnader mellan olika typer av brott. Det har gjorts ett flertal logistiska regressionsanalyser på ett datamaterial inhämtat från Brottsförebyggande rådets nationella trygghetsundersökning. Brottskategorierna som undersöktes i vår studie var rån, misshandel samt sexualbrott. Resultatet visar att dessa faktorer påverkar oron hos befolkningen. Det är skillnad i oron beroende på om personen är man, kvinna eller äldre. Överlag var kvinnorna mest oroliga samt mest utsatta, förutom när det kom till utsatthet för rån och misshandel där männen var överrepresenterade. Slutsatserna som drogs från detta var att utsattheten är det som påverkar oron mest. Att kvinnorna var mest oroliga stämmer överens med teorin om det ideala offret där kvinnorna passar in. De äldre, som också framställs som ideala offer, var dock mindre oroliga än förväntat. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how great the fear of crime was in the years 2017-2018 in relation to gender, age, and exposure to crime and to investigate differences between three types of crime. Several logistic regressions have been carried out on data obtained from the National Security Council´s crime prevention survey. The crime categories investigated in the study were robbery, assault, and sexual offenses. The results show that crime exposure affects the concern of the population the most, although there is a difference depending on whether the person is male, female, elderly or young. Overall, women were the most worried and the most exposed to crime, except when it came to exposure to robbery and assault. The conclusions drawn from this were that women and elderly are often presented as ideal victims and it agrees with women's concern, although the elderly seem less worried than expected.

Women feel more fear than men in public space and when using public transport. This is an inequality in our society which limits women’s mobility and access to public goods. This study aims to qualitatively explore how women experience their public transport trips from a perceived safety perspective in a study of Gullmarsplan. Which elements women focus on during the trips and what they perceive as unsafe was explored, as well as what behaviors and strategies women use to manage their fear of crime. This was explored by first collecting travel diaries using a whole journey approach and then by narrowing the study down to performing walk-alongs in the walking environment at Gullmarsplan. The study found that women focus mostly on the social environment and that their reflections on the physical environment usually are related to perceived indicators of social incivilities and risk of victimization. Gullmarsplan was generally perceived as quite safe during the day but during evenings and nights most women avoided certain places which usually were secluded, difficult to survey or were perceived to attract dangerous others. Defensive adaptation strategies, mainly avoidance strategies and vigilance, were found to be the most commonly used safety strategies by women. Women’s fear of crime likely cannot be completely designed away in the physical environment but will require structural changes that promote gender equality in our society. With that noted, it is important that urban planners and designers are aware of how the physical environment affects women’s perceived safety. This study found that principles of CPTED generally made women feel safer, particularly important were good lighting and natural surveillance. Green spaces such as parks were found to often be avoided by women after dark. The geographical location and use of safety principles such as CPTED is thus especially important at such locations. Urban planners and designers have the power to shape public spaces that are accessible and safe. Public policies and design that promote equality in access to and use of public space is a feature of a more just democratic society.