The purpose of this study was to adapt a strategic management model for use in not-for-profit organisations in Namibia. Such organisations are facing increasingly turbulent environments and strategic management has been useful for allowing them to adapt better and to remain sustainable. Not-for-profit organisations, also known as the third sector, make a significant economic contribution; a contribution which, in Namibia, amounted to 2.1% of GDP in 2015/16. However, not-for-profit organisations are largely reliant on donor funding. In Namibia, such funding has declined by 33% since 2010, accounting for just 6% of total health expenditure in 2014/15. A triangular approach to strategic management, with a strategic focus on financial sustainability, programme sustainability and people sustainability, is deemed to be the most effective way to address sustainability in not-for-profit organisations. Accordingly, a qualitative study was undertaken to investigate the way in which not-for-profit organisations that receive PEPFAR funding and operate in the field of HIV/AIDS in Namibia conduct their strategic management. A pragmatic research philosophy was followed with an abductive approach to theory development. The research strategy comprised a case study conducted within a cross-sectional time frame. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 12 research participants, with whom semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were subsequently analysed using content and thematic analysis. The study concluded that not-for-profit organisations in Namibia carry out limited strategic management. The thematic analysis, however, showed relationships between strategic management and sustainability, strategic management and financial sustainability, strategic management and programme sustainability, and strategic management and people sustainability. A strategic management model was subsequently adapted for use in not-for-profit organisations in Namibia. This model covers the stages of strategic management, namely, the business mission, external and internal analyses, strategy formulation, programme formulation, implementation, as well as feedback and control. Additionally, the model addresses strategic management and the triangular sustainability of organisations in terms of financial, programme and people aspects, and presents the tools necessary for both external and internal analysis during strategy making. This study concludes that the use of this adapted model for strategic management will contribute to the sustainability of not-for-profit organisations in Namibia. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Sciences)

Despite the high failure rate of African American small businesses in the United States, only 2% of the U.S. Small Business Administration loans in 2016 were awarded to African American business owners. Most small business owners cite lack of access to financial resources as an influential factor that leads to business failure. Grounded in resource-based view theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to identify strategies African American small business owners in Los Angeles County, California use to obtain financial resources to achieve sustainability for at least 5 years. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with 4 purposively selected African American small business owners and supplemented with a review of internal reports and original business plans that outlined their financing strategy. The data analysis process entailed Yin's 5-step analysis to guide the coding of participants' responses to identify keywords, phrases, and concepts to develop theme clusters. Through thematic analysis, 4 themes emerged to include: financial resources improved business success and stability, internal financing, business mentors and networking to secure financial stability, and overcoming nonfinancial challenges. All participants noted access to financial resources as the most important resource needed for their business to succeed, particularly in the initial phase of launching their businesses. The implications for social change include the potential to enhance African American small business profitability and growth leading to new employment opportunities, improved community amenities, and business mentor programs with youth, which can encourage wealth for the surrounding community of Los Angeles County and local government.

Предприятия ОПК, как объект научного исследования интересны с точки зрения разработки механизма адаптации предприятий ОПК к рыночной среде, оценки вероятности банкротства. Данный вопрос в настоящее время являются весьма актуальным. Его решение крайне востребованного отечественными промышленными предприятиями, имеющими оборонное значение. Очевидно, что на сегодняшний день всё большее число предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса, сталкиваются с трудностями, что провоцирует их банкротство. Использование методик и множества моделей различного авторства для прогнозирования банкротства и оценки уровня его вероятности может помочь в процессе диагностики текущего финансового состояния предприятия сферы ОПК и заблаговременно предотвратить факт наступления банкротства. Однако, не существует безупречной методики, которую можно использовать для прогнозирования банкротства предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса (что показано в работе). Ввиду чего цель работы была сформулирована следующим образом: разработать систему оценки вероятности банкротства предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса, учитывающую специфику и особенности отрасли. Задачи исследования определяются целью: 1. Выполнить анализ наиболее используемых методик определения вероятности банкротства по отношению к предприятиям оборонно-промышленного комплекса; 2. Дать оценку результатам анализа наиболее используемых методик определения вероятности банкротства по отношению к предприятиям оборонно-промышленного комплекса; 3. Опираясь на результаты анализа наиболее используемых методик определения вероятности банкротства по отношению к предприятиям оборонно-промышленного комплекса и их выявленные недостатки разработать собственную систему критериев оценки вероятности банкротства в сфере ОПК; 4. Дать оценку предлагаемой системы оценки вероятности банкротства в сфере оборонно-промышленного комплекса на основе её апробации на ряде предприятий ОПК. Объектом исследования являются предприятия оборонно-промышленного комплекса Российской Федерации. Предметом исследования является оценка вероятности банкротства предприятий комплекса Российской Федерации. / Enterprises of the defense industrial complex, as an object of scientific research, are interesting from the point of view of developing a mechanism for adapting the enterprises of the military-industrial complex to the market environment, assessing the probability of bankruptcy. This issue is currently very relevant. His decision is highly demanded by domestic industrial enterprises of defense importance. It is obvious that today an increasing number of enterprises of the military-industrial complex are facing difficulties that provoke their bankruptcy. Using techniques and a variety of models of different authorship to predict bankruptcy and assess its level Probability can help in the process of diagnosing the current financial condition of a company in the defense industry sector and prevent bankruptcy in advance. However, there is no perfect method that can be used to predict the bankruptcy of enterprises of the military-industrial complex (as shown in the work). In view of this, the purpose of the work was formulated as follows: to develop a system for assessing the probability of bankruptcy of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the specifics and characteristics of the industry. The objectives of the study are determined by the purpose of: 1. To analyze the most used methods for determining the probability of bankruptcy in relation to the enterprises of the military-industrial complex; 2. To assess the results of the analysis of the most used methods for determining the probability of bankruptcy in relation to the enterprises of the military-industrial complex; 3. Based on the results of the analysis of the most used methods for determining the probability of bankruptcy in relation to enterprises of the military-industrial complex and their identified shortcomings, develop their own system of criteria for assessing the probability of bankruptcy in the defense industry; 4. To assess the proposed system for assessing the probability of bankruptcy in the field of the military-industrial complex on the basis of its testing at a number of defense enterprises. The object of the research is the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The subject of the research is the assessment of the probability of bankruptcy of enterprises of the complex of the Russian Federation.

Anglican dioceses established by The Church Mission Society and other Western founded Christian denominations in East Africa were envisaged to grow and become self-governing, self-propagating and self-supporting. The first two goals(to be self governing and self-propagating) have more or less been achieved. The third goal (the pursuit of self-support) is at a critical stage, especially considering that resources, in terms of funding and personnel, are in decline. This research sought to document the factors that contribute to, or hinder, the role that lay people (business people in particular) can play in sustaining the ministry and mission of Anglican dioceses. The research methods chosen for data collection consisted of interactive fieldwork. In this, formal and informal interviews were conducted. The interviewees were selected mainly from Anglican dioceses, with their input being corroborated by Methodists, Evangelical Lutheran and Presbyterian Church leaders from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Interviews were conducted, first, with church leaders who were in office at the time when John Gatu declared a moratorium on Western missionaries in 1974. Next came interviews with leaders of the 1990s and 2000s. For each leader, a corroborative project was documented. A limited quantitative questionnaire was administered for triangulation purposes.The data were analysed to identify the themes and patterns that emerged. This phase was followed by an extensive literature review. The research methodology utilised the Praxis Cycle, developed by Cochrane, De Gruchy and Peterson (1990) in their book, In Word and Deed,which has its roots in the “see, judge, act” method of the Belgian Cardinal, Joseph Cardijn,founder of the Young Christian Workers movement. The analysis allowed me to examine the interplay between business and mission, using the seven-point Praxis Cycle, modified by JNJ Kritzinger (2008:771) to assess the spirituality of BAM and its contribution to Christian mission. Other movements of the Praxis Cycle are practical projects, theological reflection, contextual analysis, ecclesial analysis, agency and reflexivity. The literature review was analysed in terms of four primary dimensions: Business as Business (profit maximisation), Mission as Business(profit from philanthropy),Mission as Mission(philanthropy from profits), and Business as Mission (profit for the common good). The fourth dimension was explored as an overarching vision for churches seeking to grow towards financial sustainability. Also considered was how such sustainability could be implemented in the East African context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

Background: In Sweden, there are around 19 000 existing sport associations active in the non-profit sector, and nearly a third of the country’s population are included as members. As well as for the non-profit sector as a whole, effective financial management plays a rather important role in sport associations as a tool to reach their goals and missions, which are their biggest priority. These associations differ from commercial enterprises regarding the financial aspects of the organization, and earlier studies are missing regarding the studying of smaller sport associations’ financial management in general, and budget management in particular. Purpose: This study is determined to generate a greater understanding and knowledge regarding how non-profit sport associations use and perceive budget management. With this information it is possible to see how these associations produce and streamline sustainable budget management in aspiration of goals and sustainable economy. Method: Throughout this study, four different non-profit sport associations are investigated to determine how they perceive budget management. This was done using a qualitative research method with an abductive approach where the data was collected through six different interviews and a few complementing documents. Conclusion: How non-profit sport associations use and perceive budget management can be talked about in three ways: a tool for success, a tool that needs to be used choicely and a tool that needs development. Through those themes, several findings were met that further developed the knowledge about budget management in sport associations. Although the purpose of budgeting is somewhat similar to the usage in commercial enterprises, sport associations’ budgeting differ in ways which could be seen as typical only for these types of organizations. Important findings include: the communication process, democratic aspects, how internal balancing occurs and how sponsorships are used, and more. Findings regarding emerging financial awareness and the importance of budgeting are also notable. / Bakgrund: I Sverige finns cirka 19 000 befintliga idrottsföreningar aktiva inomden ideella sektorn och nästan en tredjedel av landets befolkning ingår sommedlemmar. Liksom för den ideella sektorn som helhet spelar effektivekonomistyrning en viktig roll i idrottsföreningar som ett verktyg för att nå sinamål och uppdrag. Dessa föreningar skiljer sig från kommersiella bolag när detgäller de ekonomiska aspekterna av organisationen och tidigare studier saknasbeträffande studier av mindre idrottsföreningars ekonomistyrning i allmänhetoch budgetstyrning i synnerhet. Syfte: Denna studie syftar på att generera större förståelse och kunskap om hurideella idrottsföreningar ser på budgetstyrning. Med denna information är detmöjligt att se hur dessa föreningar producerar och effektiviserar hållbarbudgetförvaltning i strävan efter mål och hållbar ekonomi. Metod: Under denna studie undersöks fyra olika ideella idrottsföreningar för attfastställa hur de ser på budgetstyrning. Detta gjordes med en kvalitativforskningsmetod med ett abduktivt ansats där data samlades in genom sex olikaintervjuer och några kompletterande dokument.  Slutsats: Hur ideella idrottsföreningar använder och ser på budgetstyrning kandiskuteras på tre olika sätt: ett verktyg för framgång, ett verktyg som behöveranvändas varsamt och ett verktyg som behöver utvecklas. Genom temana möttesflera fynd som vidareutvecklade kunskapen om budgetstyrning iidrottsföreningar. Även om syftet med budgetering liknar användningen ikommersiella företag, skiljer sig idrottsföreningarnas budgetering på sätt somkan ses som typiska endast för dessa typer av organisationer. Viktiga resultat ärbland annat: kommunikationsprocessen, demokratiska aspekter, hur internbalansering sker och hur sponsring används med mera. Resultaten omframväxande ekonomisk medvetenhet och vikten av budgetering är ocksåanmärkningsvärda.

Genom styrning av finansiella medel har gröna obligationer fått en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ett miljömässigt hållbart samhälle. Extern granskning av gröna obligationer styrs idag genom frivilliga marknadsstandarder, varav GBP är den vanligaste. Dessutom har EU nyligen presenterat en egen frivillig standard med särskild tillsyn. Bättre tillgång till klimatrelaterad information samt tydliga och gemensamma definitioner av gröna aktiviteter är förutsättningar för att investerare mer effektivt ska flytta kapital till miljömässigt hållbara verksamheter för att stötta omställningen till en mindre fossilbaserad ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen visas att dagens betygsättning, olika bedömningsmetoder till trots, torde vara relativt pålitlig, men att det finns utrymme att önska högre jämförbarhet och därmed ökad investerartillit. Tydligare marknadsstandarder kan vara en viktig aspekt för att öka betygens pålitlighet allt eftersom marknaden för gröna obligationer expanderar. Analysen visar att lagstiftning som leder till ökad mängd publicerad granskning genom gröna betyg torde gynna transparensen samtidigt som ryktesrisken vid intressekonflikter bör innebära motvillighet gentemot felaktig bedömning. Samtidigt kan överdriven reglering begränsa möjligheterna för innovation, utveckling och expansion av marknaden som helhet. Det torde därmed vara i lagstiftarens intresse att inte införa alltför sträng reglering, eftersom risk att inte kunna uppnå den finansiering av klimatmålen som önskas då uppstår. Eftersom gröna obligationer är ett internationellt fenomen behöver världens länder arbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma standarder i syfte att nå klimatmålen.  I det fall tvingande reglering ska införas bör den vara på som lägst EU-nivå. För marknadsbalans mellan aktörerna och jämförbarhet mellan obligationerna är det viktigt att regleringen inte upplevs otydlig. Regleringen måste dessutom vara generell och så pass flexibel att den kan möta teknologisk utveckling och förändrade förhållanden på marknaderna utan att processen blir för långdragen. Så länge målet är att ha en europeisk kapitalmarknad där aktörerna kan tillhandahålla finansiella tjänster nationsövergripande krävs finansiell tillsyn som inte stannar vid nationsgränserna. På sikt torde Esma vara lämpligast att överse samtliga granskare av gröna obligationer verksamma på den europeiska marknaden. För detta krävs utökad reglering som ger Esma ökad behörighet såväl som ökade resurser för att effektivt kunna utföra tillsynsarbetet. / Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively.