Die LH München wurde 2010 mit dem Wunsch von CarSharing-Unternehmen konfrontiert, eine Ausnahmegenehmigung für das Parken in Parklizenzgebieten zu gewähren. Eine Ausnahmegenehmigung ist grundsätzlich nur dann zu rechtfertigen, wenn sie im öffentlichen Interesse ist. Das öffentliche Interesse hat die LH München dann als gegeben definiert, wenn durch die Nutzung der Carsharing-Fahrzeuge mehr Stellplätze frei gemacht würden, als sie selbst benötigen und die gefahrenen Fahrzeugkilometer in der Stadt in der Gesamtsumme nicht zunehmen würden. Der Projektbericht beschreibt Methodik und Ergebnisse einer Evaluation des Münchner Carsharing-Angebotes. Dieser lagen im Wesentlichen Daten aus drei Quellen zugrunde: Daten aus bereits zum Thema vorliegenden Studien sowie vorliegende Kennzahlen, Daten zu Nutzern und Nutzung aus den Back-End-Systemen der Carsharing-Anbieter und Daten aus eigenen Befragungen.

Heusler compounds are cubic intermetallics with a wide range of interesting properties, which are closely related to the structure of the material. In addition, several exotic physical phenomena have been predicted for different compositions in the family, but have not been experimentally realized. By and large, the lack of success in realization of various properties are due to the issues with intrinsic material attributes, which have been difficult to resolve as the relationship between them is not well understood. The aim of this work has been to unravel the entanglement between the intrinsic material attributes of cobalt-based quaternary Heusler compounds such as the structure, defects (disorder), chemical inhomogeneities etc., and the resulting physical properties.

Cette thèse fait une étude sur deux moyens d'enrichir l'environnement flottant courant : le premier est d'obtenir plusieurs versions d'implantation pour chaque fonction mathématique, le deuxième est de fournir des opérations de la norme IEEE754, qui permettent de mélanger les entrées et la sortie dans les bases différentes. Comme la quantité de versions différentes pour chaque fonction mathématique est énorme, ce travail se concentre sur la génération du code. Notre générateur de code adresse une large variété de fonctions: il produit les implantations paramétrées pour les fonctions définies par l'utilisateur. Il peut être vu comme un générateur de fonctions boîtes-noires. Ce travail inclut un nouvel algorithme pour le découpage de domaine et une tentative de remplacer les branchements pendant la reconstruction par un polynôme. Le nouveau découpage de domaines produit moins de sous-domaines et les degrés polynomiaux sur les sous-domaines adjacents ne varient pas beaucoup. Pour fournir les implantations vectorisables il faut éviter les branchements if-else pendant la reconstruction. Depuis la révision de la norme IEEE754 en 2008, il est devenu possible de mélanger des nombres de différentes précisions dans une opération. Par contre, il n'y a aucun mécanisme qui permettrait de mélanger les nombres dans des bases différentes dans une opération. La recherche dans l'arithmétique en base mixte a commencé par les pires cas pour le FMA. Un nouvel algorithme pour convertir une suite de caractères décimaux du longueur arbitraire en nombre flottant binaire est présenté. Il est indépendant du mode d'arrondi actuel et produit un résultat correctement arrondi. / This work investigates two ways of enlarging the current floating-point environment. The first is to support several implementation versions of each mathematical function (elementary such as $\exp$ or $\log$ and special such as $\erf$ or $\Gamma$), the second one is to provide IEEE754 operations that mix the inputs and the output of different \radixes. As the number of various implementations for each mathematical function is large, this work is focused on code generation. Our code generator supports the huge variety of functions: it generates parametrized implementations for the user-specified functions. So it may be considered as a black-box function generator. This work contains a novel algorithm for domain splitting and an approach to replace branching on reconstruction by a polynomial. This new domain splitting algorithm produces less subdomains and the polynomial degrees on adjacent subdomains do not change much. To produce vectorizable implementations, if-else statements on the reconstruction step have to be avoided. Since the revision of the IEEE754 Standard in 2008 it is possible to mix numbers of different precisions in one operation. However, there is no mechanism that allows users to mix numbers of different radices in one operation. This research starts an examination ofmixed-radix arithmetic with the worst cases search for FMA. A novel algorithm to convert a decimal character sequence of arbitrary length to a binary floating-point number is presented. It is independent of currently-set rounding mode and produces correctly-rounded results.

La fonction principale des systèmes d'ancrage des éoliennes offshore flottantes est de limiter les mouvements du support. Les lignes d'ancrage qui les composent sont typiquement constituées de chaînes, de câbles aciers, de câbles synthétiques ou d'une combinaison de ces composants.Dans cette thèse, on se concentre sur les câbles en acier qui permettent de réduire le poids et d'augmenter la résistance en tension par rapport aux chaînes. Leur dimensionnement dépend des chargements en tension et flexion, liés aux mouvements du flotteur sous l'action de la mer et du vent.L'objectif de la thèse est le développement d'un nouveau modèle numérique pour prédire la durée de vie en fatigue des câbles d'ancrage d'une éolienne offshore flottante. Il doit notamment simuler les glissements relatifs entre les fils au cours d'une flexion du câble. Des résultats d'essais de tension-flexion de la littérature ont en effet montré que la première rupture est localisée près du plan neutre de flexion, où ces déplacements relatifs sont les plus grands. Cet effet majeur sur la durée de vie du câble n'est pas pris en compte par les lois de fatigue en tension-tension des normes de design offshore actuelles.Il faut aussi remarquer que l'utilisation d'un modèle détaillé de câble dans une démarche de dimensionnement à la fatigue représente un vrai défi. Le nombre élevé d'interactions de contact à modéliser, de l'ordre de plusieurs milliers par mètre de câble, et le grand nombre de cas de chargement rendent ce type de calculs très coûteux.Les chargements qui sont utilisés dans le modèle local de câble sont issus de calculs globaux réalisés à l'aide d'un logiciel multiphysique (Deeplines). Ce logiciel permet de simuler les conditions environnementales (vent, houle, courant) appliquées sur l'ensemble de la structure offshore.Nous montrons que le comportement non linéaire en flexion du câble, lié aux interactions de contact entre les fils, n'influence pas significativement les résultats du modèle global. Cette observation justifie une démarche de type descendante, les calculs globaux pouvant être réalisés en première étape. Les évolutions temporelles des tensions et courbures globales sont appliquées uniformément sur le fil central du modèle local du câble. La continuité du câble est représentée par des conditions de périodicité reliant les sections de bord à des points internes du modèle situés sur la même position circonférentielle. Les fils sont modélisés par des éléments poutres. On obtient les contraintes généralisées sur les fils, les forces de contact et les glissements relatifs. Des premières analyses ont montré que les déplacements relatifs entre les fils restent petits dans notre cadre d'application. Afin de réduire le coût calcul, nous avons développé un nouvel élément de contact entre poutres non parallèles, avec un appariement fixe de contact, dans l'hypothèse de petits glissements mais en grands déplacements et grandes rotations. Des tests numériques montrent l'amélioration obtenue, avec un résultat plus proche d'un modèle de référence qui considère un contact surfacique. De plus, le nouveau modèle réduit significativement le coût calcul et se montre plus robuste en convergence, ce qui s'avère crucial pour un calcul de fatigue. Les sorties du modèle local sont ensuite utilisées pour prédire un état de contrainte 3D, en exploitant des solutions analytiques de contact entre corps cylindriques. Finalement, un critère de fatigue multiaxial de la littérature est appliqué pour évaluer le risque en dommage. / The main function of mooring systems of floating offshore wind turbines is to ensure station keeping. The mooring lines can be composed of chains, wire ropes, synthetic ropes, or even a combination of them. In this thesis we focus on wire ropes, whose advantage over chain is to sustain high tension at a lower weight. Their design must consider the successive tension and bending loading induced by the floater movement for various wind and waves conditions.The thesis purpose is to develop a new numerical model, dedicated to the prediction of fatigue damage in mooring wire ropes of a floating wind turbine. In particular it has to simulate the relative movements between the wires when the rope is bent. Results from free-bending fatigue tests in the literature show the importance of these effects, since the first rupture is localized near the neutral plane, where fretting is more important. This phenomenon affecting the fatigue life is not considered by fatigue criteria of current offshore standards, which are related to tension-tension loading.It is worth noting that the use of a detailed model of wire rope in a fatigue design procedure represents a real challenge. The high number of contact interactions to be modeled, which are several thousands per meter of rope, and the large amount of loading cases make this type of computations extremely time-consuming.The loading used in the developed local model of wire rope is obtained from global computations performed with a dedicated multiphysics software (Deeplines). This software allows to simulate the environmental conditions (wind, waves, current) applied on the whole structural system.Some preliminary computations showed that the nonlinear bending behavior of the wire rope, linked to the wire contact interactions, does not significantly affect the output of the global model. This observation justifies the use of a top-down scheme, with a prior computation of the global scale.The global scale tension and curvature are then uniformly imposed on the central wire of the local model. The continuity of the rope is represented by periodic conditions which link the end sections to points within the model, at the same circumferential locations. The wires are modeled by beam elements. The outputs at the local scale are the stress resultants on the wires, and the contact forces and relative displacements at contact locations.Small sliding between the wires has been observed from first numerical analysis, for a representative loading case. Therefore, in order to reduce the computational cost of the wire rope model, a new node-to-node contact element has been developed, dedicated to the modeling of contact between non-parallel beams with circular cross section. It assumes fixed contact pairing and finite rotations. Numerical benchmarks and experimental tests on wire ropes show the improvement with results closer to a reference surface-to-surface model, when compared to standard algorithm for the simulation of contact between beams. Moreover, the new model reduces significantly the CPU cost and is also more robust, which is crucial for fatigue life estimates.The outputs of the local scale model are then used to obtain the complete 3D stress state by means of analytical solutions of contact between solids with cylindrical shape. Finally, a multiaxial fatigue criterion is applied in order to assess the safety of the system.

This study examines the discursive development of the viral online phenomenon known by the hashtag #swedengate. Having originally revolved around Swedish dinner customs, the discussion and the meaning of ‘Swedengate’ soon came to encompass more serious themes, including various forms of criticism directed at Sweden. Due to the political significance such a development could imply, this study aims to map the renegotiation of meaning of the phenomenon over time and analyze it using a discourse theoretical framework. Moreover, to reflect upon the political aspect of such renegotiation, by contrasting Swedengate to literature on hashtag politics, virality and nation branding. Empirically, the study draws on Twitter hashtag data that represents concurrent hashtag usage related to the hashtag #swedengate within a time span of 39 weeks. Using social network analysis, this data is visualized and presented as a network graph offering a discursive and temporal representation of the interaction that is constitutive of Swedengate. With reference to several of Laclau and Mouffe's key concepts, the analysis shows that the graph can be understood as an articulation process, within which the hashtag #sweden functions as a floating signifier whose meaning is negotiated upon by various antagonistically positioned discourses. As a result of the floating signifier being articulated differently and through the formation of equivalence chains, the meaning of Swedengate came to include everything from vaccine skepticism to criticism of the Swedish government. Consequently, the study discusses the possibility of phenomenon such as Swedengate being exploited by actors with a specific political ambition.

Offshore wind turbines have the potential to be an important part of the United States' energy production profile in the coming years. In order to accomplish this wind integration, offshore wind turbines need to be made more reliable and cost efficient to be competitive with other sources of energy. To capitalize on high speed and high quality winds over deep water, floating platforms for offshore wind turbines have been developed, but they suffer from greatly increased loading. One method to reduce loads in offshore wind turbines is the application of structural control techniques usually used in skyscrapers and bridges. Tuned mass dampers are one structural control system that have been used to reduce loads in simulations of offshore wind turbines. This thesis adds to the state of the art of offshore wind energy by developing a set of optimum passive tuned mass dampers for four offshore wind turbine platforms and by quantifying the effects of actuator dynamics on an active tuned mass damper design. The set of optimum tuned mass dampers are developed by creating a limited degree-of-freedom model for each of the four offshore wind platforms. These models are then integrated into an optimization function utilizing a genetic algorithm to find a globally optimum design for the tuned mass damper. The tuned mass damper parameters determined by the optimization are integrated into a series of wind turbine design code simulations using FAST. From these simulations, tower fatigue damage reductions of between 5 and 20% are achieved for the various TMD configurations. A previous study developed a set of active tuned mass damper controllers for an offshore wind turbine mounted on a barge. The design of the controller used an ideal actuator in which the commanded force equaled the applied force with no time lag. This thesis develops an actuator model and conducts a frequency analysis on a limited degree-of-freedom model of the barge including this actuator model. Simulations of the barge with the active controller and the actuator model are conducted with FAST, and the results are compared with the ideal actuator case. The realistic actuator model causes the active mass damper power requirements to increase drastically, by as much as 1000%, which confirms the importance of considering an actuator model in controller design.

Recent events regarding energy policies throughout the globe and advances in technology are making offshore wind farms become a reality. Most offshore wind farms are still, however, built close to land masses, and need to be rigidly attached to the seabed in one way or another. In many countries, both public and private entities are developing new concepts of floating platforms to overcome the thirty to thirty-five-metre depth limit. Some of these new platforms use and adapt previous Oil and Gas platform concepts, while others are built up from scratch. This Master Thesis covers a hydrodynamic and structural analysis of a new concrete floating platform concept developed for medium to deep waters. This work is based on data from experimental model-scale tests performed in a wave tank and from numerical models using linear potential theory, limited here only to regular wave trains. The study focused on the behavior of the heave plates attached to the platform: test data was analyzed in order to find indicators of the largest dynamic pressures on the plates when only motion data was available, and the structural behavior of the plates was studied under different static pressure distributions using a commercial Finite Element Method software. The results from these analyses show that the normal accelerations of the plates -assumed rigid- strongly correlate with the dynamic pressures measured; and that the general structural behavior of the plate, in terms of deformations and bending moments, is well captured when the hydrodynamic load distribution is simplified into a uniformly distributed load of the same magnitude. The results obtained will help reduce the computational effort currently needed in the design of these floating structures, especially at some stages, when numerous scenarios, load cases and combinations need to be studied.

This project is conducted in cooperation with Hexicon AB, which is a Swedish design and engineering company developing floating two-turbine platforms for offshore wind power.The study aims to investigate the optimal placement of Hexicon AB’s platforms in an offshore wind farm with respect to the Annual Energy Production (AEP). Wind farm layout optimization is a complex problem and it has been approached by the development of calculation and optimization programs in Matlab. The analytical Jensen wake model has been utilized for calculation of AEP and important inputs to the program have been turbine parameters and site specific conditions. The optimization strategy used is a multi-stage algorithm where the gradient-based local search algorithm Fmincon has been used in combination with a version of the heuristic genetic algorithm. The developed programs have been tested and evaluated through a case study. Included in the case study is also a brief financial evaluation regarding how different scenarios in electricity export price and costs for cabling could affect the feasibility of the optimized layouts. Concluded from the project is that the developed programs can be used to investigate the optimal placement of floating two-turbine platforms with respect to AEP. In the case study it was found that the optimized layout obtained a wind farm efficiency of around 4% more than for the conventional staggered layout that was tested. What is also emphasized is that the feasibility of the optimized layouts obtained from the program is quite sensitive toward changes in future electricity export price and costs for cabling and installation. Hence, it is important to perform a careful financial analysis in order to draw conclusions regarding what layout is the better option for a specific situation. / Dagens utbyggnad av vindkraft sker i allt större utsträckning genom etablering av vindkraftparker. De främsta fördelarna med att placera vindkraftverken i parker är att de höga fasta kostnaderna fördelas på flera kraftverk samt att man kan beställa ett flertal enheter samtidigt och därigenom minska kostnaden per installerad Megawatt (MW). För att ytterligare kunna öka vinsten på investeringen är det viktigt att undersöka optimal inbördes placering av vindkraftverken för att erhålla en så hög energiproduktion som möjligt. Det finns många studier gjorda inom området och ett flertal programvaror utvecklade. Dock finns det endast ett fåtal studier som har inriktat sig specifikt på flytande vindkraftverk. Detta arbete är utfört i samarbete med Hexicon AB, vilket är ett Stockholmsbaserat ingenjörsföretag som utvecklar en patenterad teknik för plattformar avsedda för flytande vindkraft. Det unika med Hexicon ABs patenterade teknik är att två vindkraftverk är placerade på en gemensam plattform. Denna teknik gör det möjligt för plattformen att anpassa sig till vindriktningen vilket ger en ökning av kraftverkens energiutbyte. Då det inte finns några utvecklade optimeringsmetoder för flytande plattformar som kan anpassa sig efter vindriktning är syftet för denna studie att undersöka den optimala inbördes placeringen av Hexicon ABs plattformar i en vindkraftpark. Eftersom vindkraftsoptimering är ett komplicerat problem som bland annat är icke-linjärt och icke-konvext så finns det ingen exakt lösning tillgänglig för problemet. Komplexiteten gör även många förenklingar och antaganden nödvändiga för att kunna bearbeta problemet. I detta projekt har sambandet mellan årlig elproduktion och inbördes placering av plattformarna undersökts genom att ett kalkylerings- och optimeringsprogram utvecklats i programvaran Matlab. För att kunna undersöka den optimala inbördes placeringen av vindkraftverken är det viktigt att förstå hur vindkraftverken påverkas av att placeras tillsammans i en park. För att göra detta så behövs en modell för att beskriva den så kallade vaken som uppstår bakom respektive vindkraftverk. Detta gjordes genom att använda den analytiska Jensen vakmodellen, vilket är den vanligaste modellen att använda för optimeringssyften. Beräkningen av elproduktion gjordes baserat på given information angående turbinparametrar samt specifika förhållanden på platsen för vindparken. För det utvecklade optimeringsprogrammet användes en tvåstegsalgoritm där den gradientbaserade algoritmen Fmincon utgjorde den centrala delen. Fmincon är en effektiv algoritm för lokal optimering som finns tillgänglig i Matlab. För att generera bra startgissningar till den lokala optimeringen användes en version av en heuristisk genetisk algoritm som komplement till Fmincon. Denna algoritm bygger på samma princip som processen för naturligt urval i evolutionssammanhang där de bäst lämpade individerna för vidare sina egenskaper till nästa generation. För att ytterligare förbättra algoritmen kompletterades den även med ett moment av slumpmässighet. För att testa och utvärdera de utvecklade programmen genomfördes en fallstudie. I denna studie optimerades 50 stycken olika heuristiska startgissningar. De 20 bäst presterande konfigurationerna valdes ut för vidare analys där de blev utvärderade med avseende på olika scenarion för elpris samt kostnad för elektrisk infrastruktur. Detta för att undersöka hur den optima placeringen eventuellt skulle kunna påverkas av osäkerheter i dessa faktorer. Den genomförda fallstudien indikerade att de utvecklade programmen kan användas för att undersöka den inbördes optimala placeringen av vindkraftverk med avseende på elproduktion. Den ekonomiska utvärderingen indikerade även att den optimala placeringen var känslig för olika scenarion där elpris och kostnader för infrastruktur varierades och att detta kunde påverka lönsamheten för investeringen. Det ska därför betonas att det anses vara viktigt att utföra en mer noggrann ekonomisk utvärdering av de optimerade konfigurationerna för att undersöka vilken positionering som är mest lämplig för en viss situation.

Nowadays, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration plans to replace the ferry connections along the western coast of Norway with fixed road connections through the coastal highway E39 project. Due to the necessity of bridging long distances with considerable depths, non-conventional engineering solutions are being developed. To date, the first fjord planned to be cross is Bjørnafjord, located just in the middle of Trondheim and Kristiansand. In order to bridge the fjord distance, three innovative solutions have been developed: a submerged floating tube bridge, a floating pontoon bridge, and finally, a multi-span suspension bridge. It is known that these structures are affected by periodic environmental forces which may cause significant fatigue problems in some structural components, disturbing their service behaviour. The aim of this master thesis is to deeply analyse the cumulative fatigue damage produced in the mooring lines of a proposed solution for crossing Bjørnafjorden as well as to investigate the influence of the implementation of different mooring line scenarios on the damage. A 3D finite element model of the chosen alternative was conducted and verified. The model provided the stress variations in each mooring line which were processed through Excel software using macros performed as well as Matlab scripts in order to obtain the results. Then, a deep fatigue damage assessment was carried out discussing how different tension-history time period calculations affect to the damage, as well as which fatigue evaluation methodology is adequate for the chosen solution. Moreover, the fatigue damage produced on the initial mooring line system configuration was analysed. It was investigated the repercussions of each direction and the contribution of each environmental load on the total damage. Last but not least, it was researched the influence of different water depths and line configurations on the fatigue damage. The results show that the fatigue damage obtained for the adopted solution remains far from the failure threshold with the worst damage produced in the mooring line chain components. The previous results have been computed employing a 1-hour analysis duration through the rainflow counting method. Also, the worst fatigue damage is produced by environmental states propagating in a westerly direction, corresponding to the maximum fetch. Regarding the load contribution in the fatigue damage, it is proved in this case that the current loads stabilise the mooring lines, reducing the fatigue damage. Finally, investigating the effect of various mooring line scenarios on the damage it has been proved that the fatigue damage is increased as the water depth is decreased and as the lateral mooring lines are separated from the initial configuration.

The offshore wind energy industry is a rapidly growing industry as solutions are becoming cost-competitive and there is an increasing need to limit greenhouse gas emissions. New floating offshore wind turbine designs now enable the access to previously inaccessible offshore wind resources. In this research, a comprehensive analysis is made of the different factors influencing the macro environment for a potential floating offshore wind energy market in California. The analysis assesses the relevant political, economic,social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects in California. The outcome of this research shows the opportunities and challenges for a floating wind turbine market in California. It is found that there are many opportunities present due to California's political and economic climate. There is considerable support for offshore wind projects on the state level, demonstrated by the active engagement of the governor and the creation of the California Task Force. The large economy and high electricity prices are promising for future projects. Furthermore, wind resources are vast and the technical infrastructure is present, especially Southern California is well suited. There are technological threats present, but these are common for all renewable energy sources and seem unavoidable with the Renewable Portfolio Standards California has set. The main threats are posed by the complex regulatory environment and the financial uncertainty as a result of the lackof federal support. The Jones Act, for example, can be troublesome as it will likely increase costs and delay projects. Furthermore, the social environment and local willingness for such projects was shown to be very important for their success. The state of California has already been working pro-actively on involving the local members of thepublic in potential upcoming offshore wind energy projects. The research concludes that California offers many opportunities with surmountable threats.