The diploma thesis deals with the issue of risk management during order processing in the production company, named Slévárna Kuřim, a.s., which produces castings. The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical background. In the practical part, a specific company is introduced, an order processing is described, and all possible risks that may occur during order processing are identified. Their identification is done by using selected tools - the FMEA method and the Ishikawa diagram. The goal of the diploma thesis is to identify possible risks based on performed analysis and for the most serious risks propose measures that would minimize them.

The diploma thesis deals the risk management during order processing in the engineering company Balák stroje Tišnov Ltd., a producer of custom machines. The aim of the diploma theses is to identify and evaluate the risks that may arise during the order processing. A partial aim is to propose a list of recommendations to minimize the most serious risks. The thesis is divided into three parts, where the first part of the thesis is focused on theoretical basis. The second part – analytical part contains the introduction of the company, the research part, description of the order processing and risks identification and evaluation, using selected methods – FMEA and Ishikawa diagram. The last part contains proposals for mitigating the most serious risks.

Bridge edge beam system is an increasing concern in Sweden. Because it is the mostvisible part of the structure which is subjected to harsh weather. The edge beamcontributes to the stiffness of overhang slab and helps to distribute the concentratedload. The design of edge beam is not only affected by the structural members, but it isalso affected by non-structural members.The aim of the thesis is to investigate the influence of edge beam on the structuralbehavior of reinforced concrete overhang slab. A three-dimensional (3D) non-linearfinite element model is developed by using the commercial software ABAQUS version6.1.14. The load displacement curves and failure modes were observed. The bendingmoment and shear capacity of the cantilever slab is studied.The validated model from non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete slab gives morestiffer result and leads to the high value of load capacity when comparing with theexperimental test. The presence of the edge beam in the overhang slab of length 2.4 mslightly increases the load capacity and shows ductile behavior due to the self-weightof the edge beam. The non-linear FE-analysis of overhang slab of length 10 m leads tomuch higher load capacity and gives stiffer response as compare to the overhang slabof 2.4 m. The presence of the edge beam in the overhang slab of length 10 m giveshigher load capacity and shows stiffer response when comparing with the overhangslab of length 10 m. This might be due to the self-weight of the edge beam and theoverhang slab is restrained at the right side of the slab.

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The objectives of the thesis were to find the mechanisms that govern compression failures in paperboard and to find the link between manufacturing process and paperboard properties. The thesis also investigates two different test methods and evaluates how suitable they are for paperboard grades. The materials are several commercial board grades and a set of hand-formed dynamic sheets that are made to mimic the construction of commercial paperboard. The method consists of mounting a stereomicroscope on a short-span compression tester and recording the compression failure on video, long-span compression testing and standard properties testing. The observed failure modes of paperboard under compression were classified into four categories depending on the appearance of the failures. Initiation of failure takes place where the structure is weakest and fiber buckling happens after the initiation, which consists of breaking of fiber-fiber bonds or fiber wall delamination. The compression strength is correlated to density and operations and raw materials that increase the density also increases the compression strength. Short-span compression and Long-span compression are not suitable for testing all kinds of papers; the clamps in short-span give bulky specimens an initial geometrical shape that can affect the given value of compression strength. Long-span compression is only suitable for a limited range of papers, one problem with too thin papers are low wavelength buckling.

This dissertation is to obtain an overall understanding of the crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints. Using Dow Chemical epoxy resin DER 331® with various levels of rubber concentration as an adhesive, and aluminum 6061-T6 alloy with different surface pretreatments as the adherends, both symmetric and asymmetric double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens are prepared and tested under mixed mode fracture conditions in this study. Post-failure analyses conducted on the failure surfaces indicate that the failure tends to be more interfacial as the mode II component in the fracture increases whereas more advanced surface preparation techniques can prevent failure at the interface. Through mechanically stretching the DCB specimens uniaxially until the adherends are plastically deformed, various levels of T-stress are achieved in the specimens. Test results of the specimens with various T-stresses demonstrate that the directional stability of cracks in adhesive bonds depends on the T-stress level. Cracks tend to be directionally stable when the T-stress is compressive whereas directionally unstable when the T-stress is tensile. However, the direction of crack propagation is mostly stabilized when more than 3% mode II fracture component is present in the loading regardless of the T-stress levels in the specimens. Since the fracture sequences in adhesive bonds are closely related to the energy balance in the system, an energy balance model is developed to predict the directional stability of cracks and the results are consistent with the experimental observations. Using the finite element method, the T-stress is shown to be closely related to the specimen geometry, indicating a specimen geometry dependence of the directional stability of cracks. This prediction is verified through testing DCB specimens with various adherend and adhesives thicknesses. By testing the specimens under both quasi-static and low-speed impact conditions, and using a high-speed camera to monitor the fracture sequence, the influences of the debond rate on the locus of failure and the directional stability of cracks are investigated. Post-failure analyses suggest that the failure tends to be more interfacial when the debond rate is low and tends to be more cohesive when the debond rate is high. However, this rate dependence of the locus of failure is greatly reduced when more advanced surface preparation techniques are used in preparing the specimens. The post-failure analyses also reveal that cracks tend to be more directionally unstable as the debond rate increases. Finally, employing interface mechanics and extending the criteria for the direction of crack propagation to adhesively bonded joints, the crack trajectories for directionally unstable cracks are predicted and the results are consistent with the overall features of the crack paths observed experimentally. / Ph. D.

Miniaturizing circuit size and increasing power density are the latest trends in modern power electronics development. In order to meet the requirements of higher frequency and higher power density in power electronics applications, planar interconnections are utilized to achieve a higher integration level. Power switching devices, passive power components, and EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) filters can all be integrated into planar power modules by using planar metallization, which is a technology involving electrical, mechanical, material, and thermal issues. By processing high dielectric materials, magnetic materials, or silicon chips using compatible manufacturing procedures, and by carefully designing structures and interconnections, we can realize the conventional discrete inductors, capacitors, and switch circuits with planar modules. Compared with conventional discrete components, the integrated planar modules have several advantages including lower profiles, better form factors, and less labor-intensive processing steps. In addition, planar interconnections reduce the wire bond inductive and resistive parasitic parameters, especially for high frequency applications. However, planar integration technology is a packaging approach with a large contact area between different materials. This may result in unknown failure mechanisms in power applications. Extensive research has already been done to study the performance, processing, and reliability of the planar interconnects in thin film structures. The thickness of the thin films used in integrated circuits (IC) or microelectronics applications ranges from the magnitude of nanometers to that of micrometers. In this work, we are interested in adopting planar interconnections to Integrated Power Electronics Modules (IPEM). In Integrated Power Electronics Modules (IPEMs), copper traces, especially bus traces, need to conduct current ranging from a few amps to tens of amps. One of the major differences between IC and IPEM is that the metal layer in IPEMs (normally >75µm) is much thicker than that of the thin films in IC (normally <1µm). The other major difference, which is also a feature of IPEM, is that the planar metallization is deposited on different brittle substrates. In active IPEM, switching devices are in a bare die form with no encapsulation. The copper deposition is on top of the silicon chips and the insulation polyimide layer. One of the key elements for passive IPEM and the EMI IPEM is the integrated inductor-capacitor (LC) module, which realizes equivalent inductors and capacitors in one single module. The deposition processes for silicon substrates and ceramic substrates are compatible and both the silicon and ceramic materials are brittle. Under high current and high temperature conditions, these copper depositions on brittle materials will cause detrimental failure spots. Over the last few years, the design, manufacture, optimization, and testing of the IPEMs has been developed and well documented. Up to this time , the research on failure mechanisms of conventional integrated power modules has led to the understanding of failures centered on wire bond or solder layer. However, investigation on the reliability and failure modes of IPEM is lacking, particularly that which uses metallization on brittle substrates for high current operations. In this study, we conduct experiments to measure and calculate the residual stresses induced during the process. We also, theoretically model and simulate the thermo-mechanical stresses caused by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between different materials in the integrated power modules. In order to verify the simulation results, the integrated power modules are manufactured and subjected to the lifetime tests, in which both power cycling and temperature cycling tests are carried out. The failure mode analysis indicates that there are different failure modes for copper films under tensile or compressive stresses. The failure detection process verifies that delamination and silicon cracks happen to copper films due to compressive and tensile stresses respectively. This study confirms that the high stresses between the metallization and the silicon are the failure drivers in integrated power electronics modules.. We also discuss the driving forces behind several different failure modes. Further understanding of thesefailure mechanisms enables the failure modes to be engineered for safer electrical operation of IPEM modules and helps to enhance the reliability of system-level operation. It is also the basis to improve the design and to optimize the process parameters so that IPEM modules can have a high resistance to recognized failures. / Ph. D.

Examensarbetet har genomförts vid Högskolan i Skövde i samverkan med Nobia AB. Målet var att implementera ekodesignmetoder i Nobias befintliga designprocess och att genomföra en fallstudie på en kökslucka. Fallstudien genomfördes för att verifiera ekodesignprocessen och för att föreslå ett lämpligt material till en kökslucka. Under litteraturstudien undersöktes begrepp såsom hållbar utveckling, ekodesign och livscykel. Intervjuer genomfördes för att undersöka Nobias designprocess och för att identifiera aktiviteterna i varje fas i processen. Faserna var Idégenerering, Konceptutveckling, Produktutveckling och Industrialisering. Flera alternativa ekodesignmetoder studerades för att undersöka om de var lämpliga att implementera i Nobias befintliga designprocess, bland annat Statusanalys och olika Checklistor. De förväntade egenskaperna för ekodesignprocessen sammanställdes i en kravspecifikation. Ekodesignmetoderna som implementerades i Nobias befintliga designprocess resulterade i en ekodesignprocess, som bestod av Ekostrategihjul, Philips five fast, Jämförelsematris, Ekodesignportfolio, Miljöriskanalys och Scorecard. Fallstudien inleddes med skapandet av en kravspecifikation beträffande materialets förväntade egenskaper. De mest intressanta materialen var Medium Density Fibreboard, bambu och gran. Genom en analys av olika material ansågs gran vara det bästa materialet, eftersom det medförde minst utsläpp vid transport, tillgången är god samt är lokalt producerat. Det framkom att tillämpningen av ekodesign inom produktutveckling medför många fördelar, som till exempel en trivsam arbetsplats, motiverade medarbetare och en mer hållbar designprocess. En hållbar designprocess bidrar till att utveckla hållbara produkter, vilket bidrar till en bättre miljö. / The bachelor project has been carried out at the University of Skövde in collaboration with Nobia AB. The purpose of the project was to implement eco-design methods into the company’s existing design process and to accomplish a case study of a cabinet door. The purpose of the case study was to verify the proposed eco-design process and suggest a material for a cabinet door. Sustainable development, eco-design and lifecycle were studied during the literature study. Interviews were carried out to study the design process at Nobia and to identify the different activities in every phase of the process. The phases were Idea Generation, Concept Development, Product Development and Industrialization. Several eco-design methods were studied to assess their potential to be implemented into Nobia’s existing design process, for example Status Analysis and various Checklists. The expected characteristics of the eco-design process were compiled into a requirement specification. The methods which were implemented into Nobia’s existing design process resulted in an Eco-design process which consisted of Ekostrategihjul, Philips five fast, Jämförelsematris, Eco-design portfolio, Environmental Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Scorecard. The case study was initiated by compiling a requirement specification. The most promising materials were Medium Density Fibreboard, bamboo and fir. Through analysis of various materials fir was considered as the best material because of low levels of pollution during transportation, good access to the raw material and it is also locally manufactured. The results show that the use of eco-design within product development entails many advantages, such as, a pleasant place of work, motivated staff, and a more sustainable design process. A sustainable design process will contribute to the development of sustainable products, which entails a better environment.

O presente trabalho apresenta um modelo de aplicação de ferramentas de projeto integradas ao longo das fases de desenvolvimento de produto, neste caso, aplicadas na melhoria do produto suporte para fixação de cilindro de gás natural veicular. O foco do trabalho é apresentar a integração de ferramentas nas fases de Projeto Informacional, Projeto Conceitual e Projeto Detalhado do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos. Entende-se por integração a escolha de ferramentas que permitam conduzir o fluxo de informação ao longo das fases de desenvolvimento de produtos, de tal forma que a informação de saída de uma ferramenta seja a informação de entrada da ferramenta subseqüente. As ferramentas integradas a partir da fase de Projeto Informacional foram a Pesquisas de Mercado Qualitativa e Quantitativa, com a finalidade de identificar as demandas dos clientes. As demandas dos clientes foram os dados de entrada da Matriz da Qualidade (Quality Function Deployment - QFD), resultando nos requisitos do produto e suas respectivas especificações-meta. A partir dos requisitos do produto, diferentes conceitos (configurações) foram gerados, apoiados pela Matriz Morfológica no Projeto Conceitual. Na seqüência utilizou-se a ferramenta de Projeto de Experimentos (Design of Experiments - DOE) para avaliar a estimativa de preço frente às possíveis configurações do produto. Com a Matriz de Pugh, alternativas de conceito de produto foram avaliadas possibilitando a escolha do melhor conceito de produto. No Projeto Detalhado, foi aplicada ferramenta de Análise dos Modos de Falha e seus Efeitos (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis - FMEA), utilizado de forma integrada com o QFD, para identificar as falhas atuais e potenciais e seus efeitos em sistemas e processo. Em função das demandas identificadas, foram definidas e implementadas melhorias no produto. Observou-se a adequabilidade destas ferramentas de projeto para aplicação de forma integrada, garantindo um fluxo contínuo de informações rastreáveis e que tendem a levar à uma reduzida chance de perdas ao longo do processo. / There are few examples in literature about the integration of project tools along the product development phases. The main research objective in thesis is to integrate some tools that facilitate the information flow along the product development phases, more specifically in Informational Project, Conceptual Project and Detailed Project phases. The product improvement “support for Vehicular Natural Gas” was the object of study in thesis. The main idea is that the information output from one tool is the input information of the subsequent tool. Starting from the Informational Project phase it was performed qualitative and quantitative market researches with the purpose of identifying the customers' demands for the studied product. The customers’ demands were the entrance data of the QFD (Quality Function Deployment) tool resulting in the product requirements and their respective specifications-goal. In Concept Project the product requirements were converted in functions and further different concepts were generated through the Morphologic Analysis. In the sequence, it was used the DOE (Design for experiments) tool to evaluate the estimate price to the possible products' configurations. The Pugh Matrix tool was used for concepts evaluation and choice. The FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) tool integrated with QFD was useful for current and potential failures identification and impact analysis in the system and process. With the application of these five tools the users’ demands were identified and improvements to the product were performed. The chosen tools proved to be adequate for integration, assuring that a continuous trackable information flow was attained with presumable reduced information loss, along the Product Development Process phases.

Die sichere Einleitung und Übertragung der wirkenden Kräfte ist Bedingung für die Funktionsfähigkeit und die vollständige Ausnutzung der Tragfähigkeit von Textilbetonbauteilen und -verstärkungsschichten. So kann es bei ungünstiger Konfiguration und Anordnung der Einzelkomponenten des Verbundbaustoffes zur Ausbildung einer Vielzahl verschiedener Verbundversagensformen kommen. Diese umfassen neben der Bildung von verbundschädigenden Delaminations- und Spaltrissen lokale Abplatzungen der Betondeckung oder einen vorzeitigen Auszug der Garne aus dem Beton. Besonders beansprucht sind in diesem Zusammenhang die bei einer Anwendung von Textilbeton erforderlichen Endverankerungs- und Stoßbereiche der textilen Bewehrungen. Zur sicheren Ausbildung und Bemessung dieser wichtigen Detailpunkte liegen jedoch momentan noch keine umfassenden und zusammenhängenden Untersuchungen vor. Hauptziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war daher eine systematische Erforschung und Beschreibung des Tragverhaltens von Textilbeton in Endverankerungs- und Übergreifungsbereichen. Eine funktionierende und schädigungsfreie Verbundkraftübertragung bildet die Grundlage für die sichere Lasteinleitung und -übertragung. Daher wurden im ersten Teil der Arbeit ausführliche Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der zwischen Bewehrungstextil und Feinbetonmatrix wirkenden Kräfte und -mechanismen durchgeführt. Nach der Entwicklung eines geeigneten Versuchsaufbaus erfolgten umfangreiche Parametervariationen zur experimentellen Überprüfung des textilspezifischen Verbundverhaltens. Den Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen bildete die Identifikation und Bewertung der aus verschiedenen Verarbeitungsparametern der textilen Bewehrungen resultierenden Verbundeinflüsse. Die Versuchsergebnisse ermöglichen die Bestimmung der zugehörigen Verbundspannungs-Schlupf-Beziehungen (VSB) mithilfe eines erarbeiteten Modellierungsverfahrens. Die so ermittelten Verbundkennwerte bilden die Grundlage für die weiteren rechnerischen Untersuchungen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit erfolgten Forschungen zum Tragverhalten von Endverankerungsbereichen. Hierbei stand der im Regelfall bemessungsrelevante Grenzzustand eines vorzeitigen Auszuges der Textilien aus der Betonmatrix im Mittelpunkt. Die Arbeiten umfassten experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung der Kraftübertragung. Aufbauend auf die ermittelten Verbundkennwerte wird ein unabhängiger analytischer Auswertealgorithmus zur Beschreibung des Verbundtragverhaltens in Endverankerungsbereichen dargestellt. Dieser ermöglicht eine detaillierte rechnerische Bestimmung der erforderlichen Endverankerungslängen von Textilbeton in Abhängigkeit konkreter bzw. untersuchter Bewehrungstextilien. Den dritten Forschungsschwerpunkt bildeten Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten von Übergreifungsstößen in Textilbetonbauteilen. Mithilfe von umfassenden experimentellen und theoretischen Analysen an unterschiedlich konfigurierten und bewehrten Textilbetonen konnten die maßgebenden Versagensmechanismen untersucht und grundlegende Vorgaben für die Bemessung und Ausführung der Übergreifungsbereiche abgeleitet werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden anhand von großformatigen Bauteilversuchen mit entsprechend konstruierten Übergreifungsstößen bestätigt. Zum Abschluss wird ein vereinfachtes Ingenieurmodell vorgestellt. Dieses erlaubt eine allgemeingültige und hinreichend genaue Bemessung der untersuchten Detailpunkte unter Beachtung der maßgebenden Grenzzustände. / The safe introduction and transmission of forces is a requirement for the workability as well as the possibility to make full use of the load bearing capacities of components and strengthening layers made of textile reinforced concrete. Accordingly, an unfavourable configuration and arrangement of the composite material’s individual components can lead to various modes of bond failure. These can result from the formation of bond damaging delamination cracks and longitudinal matrix splitting, local spalling of the concrete layer in the outer reinforcement layers or early yarn pull-out from the concrete. In this context, the areas of end anchorage and lap joints of the textile reinforcement, which cannot be avoided when using textile reinforced concrete, are particularly prone to failure. However, no comprehensive and coherent investigations regarding the safe configuration and dimensioning of these essential details are available yet. Consequently, systematic research into textile reinforced concrete’s load-bearing behaviour in the areas of end anchorage and lap joints and the subsequent description was the main goal of this dissertation. A working and damage-free transmission of bond force is the basis for a faultless load transmission and introduction. As a result, extensive tests concerning the characterization of the mechanisms and forces acting between reinforcing textile and fine grained concrete matrix were carried out as the first part of the investigations. After an appropriate test setup had been developed, a great variety of parameters was applied to experimentally examine the bond behaviour specific to the textile. The determination of the influencing factors resulting from various parameters in the textile reinforcement’s processing was a focus in the research. Based on a specifically developed modelling technique, the test results could be used to calculate the corresponding bond stress-slip-relation. The bond parameters, which were determined like this, served as the basis for the following calculations. The second part of the investigations was concerned with the load-bearing behaviour in end anchorage areas. In this case, the limit state of a yarn pull-out from the concrete matrix, which is usually essential for the dimensioning, was at the centre of attention. The investigations encompassed experimental and theoretical tests regarding the description of the force transmission. Based on the determined compound parameters, an independent analytic evaluation algorithm, which served to describe the load carrying behaviour of the bond in the end anchorage area, was presented. Through this algorithm, the detailed calculation of the required end anchorage lengths of textile reinforced concrete depending on the specific reinforcement textile was possible. The third research focus was on tests regarding the load-bearing behaviour of lap joints in textile reinforced concrete components. With the help of comprehensive experimental and theoretical analyses of variously configured and reinforced textile reinforced concretes, the decisive failure mechanisms were examined. Furthermore, fundamental demands for the dimensioning and execution of the lap joint areas could be derived. The findings were confirmed through tests on large-sized building components with corresponding lap joints. At the end of the investigations, a simplified engineering model is presented. This model makes a universally valid and exact dimensioning of the examined details possible while also paying attention to the decisive limit states.