O presente trabalho teve como objetivo reconstruir a trajetória da produção de diagnósticos comportamentais da infância, entre eles de TDAH, no encontro entre escola e família durante os primeiros anos de escolarização. Assim o foco deste trabalho é o processo de constituição de diagnósticos comportamentais na educação básica (pré-escola e a escola). Para a compreensão deste processo, esta pesquisa de cunho qualitativo foi desenvolvida numa perspectiva materialista histórico dialética, contando com a Teoria Histórico Cultural como seu principal subsidio teórico. O trabalho se desenvolve em dois momentos; o primeiro por meio de revisão bibliográfica, buscou identificar no percurso histórico principalmente do século XIX e XX, concepções e interpretações ideológicas, filosóficas e políticas que foram constituindo práticas científicas e sociais perante comportamentos considerados disruptivos e o não-aprender na infância. O segundo movimento, de caráter empírico, foi desenvolvido por meio de estudo de caso de uma criança de oito anos de idade, de classe média, que cursa as séries iniciais no sistema educacional privado do município de São Paulo. O acompanhamento deste caso foi efetuado entre março de 2012 e dezembro de 2013. O material empírico foi constituído por entrevistas com os pais desta criança, professora e alguns representantes da escola e profissionais que desenvolvem intervenções terapêuticas com ele a partir do seu diagnóstico. Espaços de convivência e encontros lúdicos com a criança foram chave para acessar conhecimentos e opiniões da criança com relação ao seu processo de escolarização, seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Tendo como base a materialidade histórica dessa produção, o trabalho destaca as visões hegemônicas que hoje se fazem presentes no campo do ideário pedagógico e que estão centradas na individualização dos problemas que são de ordem política, social e econômica. Destacamos também como esta compreensão vigora no contexto da ideologia e das políticas neoliberais que, se por um lado, enfraqueceram uma visão crítica dos fenômenos, das instituições e dinâmicas sociais (e dentro destas a escola), por outro, instauraram uma hiper-valorização da competência, a concorrência e o sucesso individual a qualquer custo (incluindo o uso de medicação), onde comportamentos fora do padrão, considerados disruptivos, são cada vez mais encarados como falhas pessoais, dando lugar à configuração de tais diagnósticos. Destacamos também a importância da educação na família, na escola e na sociedade no marco de uma educação de qualidade, na ressignificação de histórias de fracasso escolar e na desconstrução de diagnósticos que patologizam a infância e a educação / This study has aimed to reconstruct the trajectory of the production of behavioral diagnoses of childhood, including ADHD, the encounter between school and family during the early years of schooling. Thus, this work focuses on the process of formation of behavioral diagnoses in early childhood, primary and secondary education. To understand this process, this qualitative research was developed from a dialectical historical materialist perspective, relying on the cultural-historical theory as its main theoretical foundation. The work was developed in two stages; the first one was a literature review aimed to identify the historical path, mainly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, of ideological, political and philosophical concepts and interpretations which built scientific and social practices in the face of behaviors deemed disruptive and \"non-learning\" in childhood. The second movement, of empirical nature, was developed through a case study of a middle-class eight-year-old child who attends elementary school in the private education system in São Paulo city. This case was accompanied from March 2012 to December 2013. Empirical data consisted of interviews with the child\'s parents, teacher, some school officials and professionals who have developed therapeutic interventions with him since the diagnosis. Living spaces and playful meetings with the child were key to accessing the childs knowledge and views of his schooling process, diagnosis and treatment. Based on the historical materiality of this production, the work highlights the hegemonic views that are present today in the field of pedagogical ideas, which focus on the individualization of problems that are of political, social and economic order. We also highlight how this understanding prevails in the context of neoliberal ideology and policies which, on the one hand, have weakened a critical view of the phenomena, institutions and social dynamics (including the school) and, on the other hand, have introduced an over-valuation of competence, competition and individual success at any cost (including medication), in which non-standard behaviors considered disruptive are increasingly viewed as personal failures, giving way to the configuration of such diagnoses. We also highlight the importance of education in the family, school and society in the framework of a quality education in reinterpreting stories of school failure and in the deconstruction of diagnoses that pathologize childhood and education

M.A. / This investigation aims to address and explore the experience of sibling head injury which appears to have been largely neglected in research. It seeks those themes, emotions and thoughts which are central and significant to the sibling's experience. it explores the manner in which the event of sibling head injury is incorporated into the adolescent's emerging identity, sense of self and understanding of the world. Overall, this research aims to provide some understanding of what the experience of living with a head-injured sibling entails and the personal meaning it holds for adolescent siblings. The existential-phenomenological system of inquiry is employed as a mode of research in an effort to study this experience of adolescent siblings of head-injured persons. Siblings are understood as beings-in-the-world who coconstitute their realities and interpret and act upon their own existence. Qualitative access to this subjective realm or individual lifeworld of siblings, is attempted through a qualitative design, where rich data is collected through in-depth, open-ended interviews which facilitate unique and personal descriptions. Eight siblings of an adolescent or young adult age, were sourced through Headway and interviewed for the purpose of this study. The 'Adolescent Coping Scale' was administered to gain further qualitative information which could be incorporated into a greater understanding of sibling coping under such circumstances. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, providing the database from which intraindividual analyses and discussions were conducted on each participant. Only three of the original eight participants were selected for the purposes of in-depth analysis and final inclusion in the study, for reasons of manageability and research size. These participants were selected on the basis of their rich and varied descriptions. The analyses rendered an understanding of each sibling's perceptions, cognitive conflicts and emotional experience, while an inter-individual analysis of the accounts permitted an exploration of contrasting themes and emerging patterns. An integration of the research data revealed the complexity and ambiguities inherent in the sibling experience of head injury, and the long-term nature of such a phenomenon. This phenomenon was found to be characterised by much change and feelings of loss, by a pervasive sense of helplessness accompanied by anger and depression, by feelings of abandonment and of being alone in their experience. Such themes confirmed many of those explicated in the literature review. However, the research findings also suggest a sense of being overwhelmed by threatening emotions, a strong reliance on avoidance coping, and a specific complexity inherent in the sibling experience, which creates a challenging experience which is long-term and for some, may be perceived as getting worse over time. The value of this research lies primarily in the neuropsychological field of family interventions and rehabilitation. It is hoped that the in-depth description of the experience of ado!escent siblings of head injury, presented here, can promote a greater understanding of this experience, and facilitate the establishment of appropriate interventions which focus on the provision of much-needed education and support. It is also hoped that this understanding can assist in raising awareness of the stressful and long-term nature of such a phenomenon, in schools and universities, among peers, facilitators, counsellors - those who have daily contact with adolescents. It is proposed that future research explores those aspects of the sibling experience which mediate its nature, dynamics and severity. Studies investigating the role played by race, culture and religion, gender and age, as well as those which focus on the long-term consequences of such a phenomenon, are likely to facilitate a deeper and more in-depth understanding of the experience of sibling head injury.

本研究採質性研究（qualitative research）之深度晤談法（indepth interview）進行資料收集，再以紮根理論方法進行文本分析，共訪12位中年女性，本研究結果如下： 一、照顧家中失能老人中年女性之照顧經驗與感受 個案因「角色認同、婚姻綁樁、反哺回饋及無法承受之罪」承接照顧責任，面臨「專業照護技能學習、人際關係緊張疏離、生活陷入窘迫、家人支援不足」等壓力；透過「修正照顧認知、尋找照顧意義、暫離照護情境」調適壓力；家庭照護政策未見具體效益。 二、照顧家中失能老人中年女性之生命經驗 （一）身心知覺 個案出現身心變化，關心「健康」；對身體變化未積極面對。視更年期為正常發展，對荷爾蒙等醫療處置態度保守；性生活漸入佳境，部分個案偏重心靈契合。 （二）家庭關係 夫妻角色清楚分工，情感依附互補隨時間而質變，婚姻風暴者多已迎刃而解，夫妻做到「獨留心靈空間、相近的價值觀及穩定的經濟基礎」婚姻狀態即非常滿意；先生參與家中特殊兒童的照顧，影響婚姻滿意度。個案親子關係頗佳，隨年齡增加而變化；角色功能多似朋友，成人期親子關係轉為「互惠」。 （三）自我發展 個案自我圖像偏重社會我、心理我的描述，人際互動呈現多元自我，生命經驗中的依序或脫序事件均為中年女性之人生轉捩點，但更年期或停經則非其人生重要里程碑。 三、照顧家中失能老人對中年女性生命經驗之影響 照顧工作影響身心變化；影響夫妻「親密互動」及「依附關係」；對親子關係產生「連累子女、身教典範、矛盾依附」三項結果；對自我發展的「自我實現」及「老年與死亡準備」產生影響。 關鍵字：中年女性照顧者；生命經驗；失能老人；身心知覺；家庭關係；自我發展。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the life experiences of midlife women who caring disabled elders at home. Twelve midlife women participated in this research. In this study, the semi-structure and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Their answers were audio-taped as data collection. Ground theory analysis was used to analyze the data. The major findings were divided into three parts according the purposes of this study as follows: （1） The experience and perception of caring disabled elders which we found in this study： The reasons of midlife women caring disabled elders were the sense of responsibility, marriage connection, repay the kindness from disabled elders and didn’t want to be a guilty person. The stressors of caring disabled elders were short of homecare skills, the strain of interpersonal relationship, distress of daily life and deficiency of family support. The coping of the stressors were modifying the cognition of caring responsibility, finding the meanings of caring, and leaving the caring setting for a while. In this study, we didn’t find the efficacy of family care polity. （2）The life experience of mid-age women were divided into three parts： The first part result is psychosomatic perception, we found that women are going through psychosomatic change and more concerned about health. Climacteric is just a nature event for them, most mid-age women never minded that and refuse treatment by medicine. They also expressed the sexual relationship with their husbands are improving in the midlife. The second part is family relationship of the midlife women, we found the marital relations and parent-child relations were dynamic and changeable. The couples had the clear division of gender role, who had the conflicts and were handled finally. Free mind, independent, similar value and stable income were important key points of marriage satisfaction. The midlife women have good parent-child relationships who treat their children as friend. The relationship between midlife women and their adult children turn into mutual benefits. The third part is self development of the midlife women, we ask midlife women to descript themselves focusing on social self and psychological self. We found multiple dimensions of self when women interact with others . All of the twelve mid-age women thought that off time events or on time events are both the turn points in their life-cycle, but climacteric or menopause is not. It is just a nature event. （3）The influence of caring disabled elder for the life experience of midlife women： Caring disabled elder induced some psychosomatic symptoms, disturbing the intimate relations and emotion bond of couples. The influence of caring disabled elder for the parent-child relationships were children of midlife women need to help the caring work, mid-age women were the role model of their children and induced the contradiction between midlife women and their children. In the aspect of self development, caring disabled elder interrupted their plans of the future, reminded mid-age women to prepare their elder life and thinking about death issue. Key words：midlife women; caregiver; life experience; disabled elders; psychosomatic perception; family relationship; self development.

L'hébergement en centre de soins de longue durée d'un parent âgé atteint de démence marque une transition pour les personnes qui occupent un rôle d’aidant familial principal. Ces personnes, principalement des femmes, poursuivent leur engagement après l’hébergement et souhaitent être impliquées dans les décisions concernant les soins offerts à leur parent. Souvent l'hébergement survient au moment où la personne âgée n'est plus en mesure, compte tenu de ses déficiences cognitives, d'exprimer clairement ses besoins; les aidantes accordent alors une place centrale au rôle de représentante de leur proche hébergé. Cette étude avait pour but d’expliquer la transformation du rôle de représentante chez des aidantes familiales dont le parent atteint de démence vit dans un centre d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD). La méthode qualitative de la théorisation ancrée a été retenue pour expliquer ce processus social. Les résultats obtenus reposent sur 14 entrevues en profondeur réalisées auprès de filles dont le parent atteint de démence était hébergé depuis plus de six mois dans un CHSLD. Ces aidantes ont été sélectionnées selon une procédure d’échantillonnage théorique et l’analyse des données a été réalisée à partir de la transcription intégrale des entrevues en suivant trois niveaux d'analyse, soit la codification ouverte, axiale et sélective. Une proposition théorique, générée par voie inductive, met en lumière trois processus intermédiaires interreliés expliquant la transformation du rôle de représentante pendant l’hébergement du proche : 1) l’intégration dans le milieu ; 2) l’évaluation de la qualité des soins et 3) le développement de la confiance envers le milieu d’hébergement. Plus précisément, les aidantes déploient différentes stratégies d’intégration dans le milieu d’hébergement, soit l’établissement de relations de réciprocité et d’une collaboration avec le personnel soignant, ainsi que l’utilisation d’un style de communication diplomatique. Parallèlement, elles évaluent la qualité des soins en trois étapes : jugement, pondération et action. Finalement, une relation de confiance avec les membres du personnel de l’établissement se développe en lien avec cinq facteurs spécifiques, soit les premières impressions, la comparaison avec d’autres CHSLD, l’intérêt démontré par le personnel envers le proche, le fait d’être entendue et prise au sérieux et la transparence du milieu d’hébergement. Ces trois processus contribuent au bien-être du parent hébergé et à celui de l’aidante. Le développement de la confiance étant associé aux deux autres processus intermédiaires ainsi qu’au bien-être de l’aidante, il est le processus central de la théorie contextuelle qui émerge de cette recherche. Cette étude contribue au développement des connaissances, notamment en fournissant plusieurs éléments inédits de compréhension du processus de transformation du rôle de représentante des aidantes familiales, de même que des pistes pour soutenir ces aidantes dont le parent, souffrant de démence, n’est plus en mesure de prendre des décisions. La théorie contextuelle proposée dans le cadre de cette étude constitue les prémices d’une théorie de niveau intermédiaire portant sur le rôle de représentant des aidants familiaux dans le contexte plus général du système de santé. Des études réalisées dans d’autres contextes de soins et auprès d’aidants de proches vulnérables ayant d’autres types d’affections sont ainsi recommandées. / The institutionalization of an elderly parent, suffering from dementia, represents a transition for the primary family caregiver. Following the institutionalization, that person, mainly a female caregiver, pursues her engagement and wants to be involved in the parent’s care decision making. The admission often takes place when, due to cognitive impairment, the elderly is no longer able to clearly articulate his or her needs. At this point, family caregivers assume the central role of advocate, voicing the needs of their institutionalized relative. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explain, using a grounded theory approach, the social process of transformation of family caregivers’ advocacy role after nursing home admission of a relative suffering from dementia. Fourteen daughters, taking care of their cognitively impaired mother or father living in a nursing home for more than six months, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Participants were selected according to a theoretical sampling strategy. Transcribed verbatim was analyzed according to three analytical procedures: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. An inductively generated theoretical proposition reveals three interrelated processes to explain the transformation of the family caregiver advocacy role: 1) integration in the nursing home; 2) quality of care assessment; and 3) trust building. Caregivers use various strategies for their integration in the nursing home, namely establishing collaborative and reciprocal relationships with staff members and using a diplomatic style of communication. They simultaneously assess the quality of care following three steps: appraisal, valuation, and action. Finally, they build a trustful relationship with the health care team along five factors: the first impression, the comparison with other nursing homes, the interest shown by the staff towards the relative, the fact of being listened to and taken seriously by the staff, and the transparency of the institution. These three processes contribute to the well-being of the relative as well as with the well-being of the caregiver. As trust is related to most factors identified, it was identified as the core variable of the emergent theory proposed in this study. This study contributes to further our understanding of an important family role after nursing home admission of an elderly parent, i.e. the advocacy role. It suggests ways to support these caregivers whose cognitive impaired parent is not able to take his or her own decisions. The situation-specific theory proposed in this study lays the foundations of a middle-range theory on the advocacy role of family caregivers in the health care system. Further studies are needed in other care settings and with caregivers dealing with relatives affected by other ailments.

Cette recherche analyse la problématique de la collaboration école-famille et la réussite scolaire en Haïti. Considérant des cas d’élèves au profil social et scolaire contrasté, elle examine les points de vue d’une diversité d’acteurs impliqués dans l’éducation, tant au niveau formel qu’informel : 14 élèves, 17 parents, 7 enseignants, 7 membres de direction d’école, 3 inspecteurs, 2 conseillers pédagogiques et 6 intervenants (prêtres, psychologues, sociologue, médecin). Une approche multicas, à caractère ethnographique basée sur des entretiens approfondis a permis de croiser les regards de ces acteurs sur le cheminement scolaire des 14 cas d’élèves répartis dans huit établissements scolaires, du privé et du public, avec autant de cas de réussite et que de difficulté scolaire. À l’instar de la problématique que nous avons brossée au début de la thèse, les participants à notre recherche ont tous confirmé la vulnérabilité du contexte social en Haïti et ses répercussions sur le système scolaire : instabilité et insécurité sociopolitiques, précarité socioéconomique. Cette situation a transformé les structures familiales. Le système scolaire, dominé par le privé, est limité dans sa capacité d’accueil, ses ressources humaines, ses infrastructures matérielles et son programme de formation initiale et continue du personnel. C’est donc un système scolaire qui ne peut que difficilement soutenir l’apprentissage de ses élèves. En outre, la situation diglossique créole-français, qui prévaut dans la société et les écoles, freine en quelque sorte le progrès de plusieurs élèves. Au-delà des enjeux sociétaux évoqués par les acteurs, l’école au quotidien se dessine dans les discours comme lieu de résilience pour les élèves, inspiratrice de changement et la clé pour toute mobilité sociale dans l’avenir. L’éducation est toujours intégrée à un projet de société où la réussite scolaire devrait s’appuyer sur la collaboration de tous les acteurs. Il ressort la nécessité d’une grande mobilisation des jeunes eux-mêmes autour du métier d’élève et d’une compréhension partagée de la parentalité et de ses défis par les protagonistes de l’éducation. Les résultats soulèvent également l’importance d’une synergie sociétale autour de l’école, axée sur la coopération de tous au profit de l’apprentissage des élèves. En Haïti, la collaboration école-famille est plus complexe que dans d’autres contextes nationaux. Tout d’abord, les familles constituent la plus importante source de financement de l’éducation au pays à cause de l’hégémonie de l’école privée et de l’insuffisance du soutien étatique au fonctionnement des écoles publiques. Également, les parents d’élèves et leurs enfants, même ceux qui sont en difficulté scolaire, placent une très grande confiance en l’école et un grand espoir d’amélioration de leur sort grâce à la réussite scolaire. Cependant, des contraintes objectives de toutes sortes empêchent la majorité des parents de faire un suivi scolaire à la hauteur des besoins des élèves et des attentes de l’école. En congruence avec la recherche dans d’autres contextes nationaux, la collaboration école-famille se révèle plus compliquée dans le cas des parents éloignés de la culture scolaire, et les parcours scolaires les plus problématiques sont ceux d’élèves dont l’encadrement parental se révèle plus faible. Dans le contexte d’Haïti, un fait demeure hautement préoccupant : l’incapacité de l’école de compenser la précarité des conditions de vie des élèves et des parents, par une mobilisation efficiente de son capital (engagement du personnel dans la réussite des élèves; disponibilité des infrastructures matérielles, pédagogiques, didactiques; formation continue des enseignants; etc.). Nous notons aussi un décalage dans les attentes réciproquement formulées par les différents acteurs. / This research analyses the following problematic: school-family collaboration and school success in Haiti. By contrasting cases of diverse social and academic profiles, it examines the points of view of various actors involved in education, as much at the formal as at the informal level: 14 students, 7 teachers, 7 members involved in school leadership, 2 pedagogical counselors, and 6 others involved in schools (priests, psychologists, sociologist, doctor). A multiple-case ethno-biographical approach based on depth interviews allowed for the cross-referencing of these actors concerning the academic course of 14 students found in 8 different schools from both the private and public sectors, and with as many cases of success and of failure among the 14 students. In line with the problematic given at the beginning of this thesis, the participants in our research all confirmed the vulnerability of the Haitian social context and its repercussions on the school system: sociopolitical instability and insecurity, and socio-economic precariousness. This situation has transformed familiar structures. The school system, mostly private, is limited in its capacity to absorb students, in its human resources, in its material infrastructures, and in its programs for initial and ongoing training of its personnel. As such, it is a school system that can only support with difficulty the learning of its students. Besides that, the double-language situation (creole-french) found in society and in schools slows somewhat the progress of students. Over and above what actors evoke as social elements that are at stake here, daily life in school appears, according to their conversations, as a place of resilience for the students, a place that inspires change and one that is key to all future social mobility. Nevertheless, education is part of a societal project wherein school success should mobilize the collaboration of all actors. There follows a need for a greater mobilization of the young themselves regarding the task of a student, and of shared understanding of parenting among protagonists. Results also show the importance of social synergy around school, one based on the cooperation of all to the benefit of student learning. In Haiti, school-family collaboration is more complex that in other national contexts. Here, to begin with, families are the most important financial source of education in the country because of the hegemony of private schools and of the insufficient State support for the functioning of schools. Also, parents of students and their children, even those experiencing academic difficulty, place great trust in the school and have great hope of improving their lot thanks to success in school. However, objective constraints of all kinds prevent the majority of parents from following students academincally at the level of the needs of the students and of the expectations of the school. Congruent with research in other national contexts, school-family collaboration is shown to be more complicated in the case of parents distant from the school culture, and the most problematic school histories of students are those where parental support and concern seem to be the weakest. In the Haitian context, one fact remains as a major preoccupation: the incapacity of schools to compensate for the precariousness of the lives of students and parents by an efficient mobilization of their capital (commitment of personnel to the success of students; availability of material, pedagogical, and didactic infrastructures, ongoing training of teachers, etc.). We note, too, the differing levels of expectations reciprocally formulated.

Les personnes en situation d’itinérance, principalement des hommes, représentent pour certains une culture au sein de laquelle on identifie des personnes atteintes de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances. Déjà vulnérables de par leur statut domiciliaire précaire, les personnes atteintes de cette concomitance le sont davantage et tendent à être plus isolées de leur famille que celles ne rencontrant pas cette double problématique. Le soutien familial est toutefois reconnu comme un élément favorisant l’engagement de comportements de santé et réduisant l’itinérance. Le but de cette étude était alors de décrire, du point de vue des hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances, les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leur famille. Pour ce faire, le devis choisi fût une ethnographie ciblée. Différents degrés d’observation participante au sein de la Mission Old Brewery et des entrevues avec neuf informateurs-clés ont été les principales méthodes de collecte des données. L’analyse des données qualitative était soutenue par le guide proposé par Roper et Shapira (2000) ainsi que l’épistémologie constructiviste et l’approche systémique familiale de Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) qui furent les cadres de référence de cette étude. Les résultats font ressortir trois thèmes explicitant 1) l’influence du contexte de vie dans les relations familiales, 2) la teneur conflictuelle de ces relations ainsi que 3) le soutien familial perçu. Finalement, des recommandations pour la pratique infirmière ainsi que des pistes pour de futures recherches sont suggérées. / Homeless people are largely represented of men and account for some culture in which we identify people with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse. Already vulnerable because of their precarious housing status, people with this conjunction are even more vulnerable and tend to be more isolated from their families than those who don’t meet this dual challenge. Family support is however recognized as an element favoring the commitment of health behaviors and reducing homelessness. The purpose of this targeted ethnography was to described, in terms of men experiencing homelessness suffering from co-occurring mental health and substance abuse, their relationships with their families. Different degrees of participant observation in the Old Brewery Mission and interviews with nine key informants were the main data collection methods. The analysis of qualitative data was supported by the guide proposed by Roper and Shapira (2000) and constructivist epistemology and the family systematic approach of Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) who were the frameworks of this study. The results highlight three themes explaining 1) the influence of the living environment in family relationships, 2) the conflictual content of these relations and 3) the perceived family support. Finally, recommendations for nursing practice and ways to future research are suggested.

近年來在性別主流化的趨勢下，各類國家考試紛紛取消男女報考的性別限制，以往調查人員特考每年招考一期，每期平均招考80人，女性名額卻僅5至10人，自民國95年調查班第44期招考已撤除男女名額之限制，大幅增加調查局女性同仁人數，女性調查官的增加，為一向清一色以男性為主的調查局注入新的機會與挑戰。已婚女性調查官如何兼顧家庭與工作，渠等工作滿足的情形與家人關係等值得深入探究。 本研究以調查局除局本部外，全省北中南東各外勤處站之已婚女性調查官為研究對象，採取立意抽樣，選擇10位資訊豐富且具代表性之已婚女性調查官以深度訪談法進行研究，訪談大綱分為個人特質、工作滿足及家人關係三個部分，訪談過程中力求秉持嚴謹、誠信、人身安全、隱私等研究倫理原則。本研究結論如下：一、優渥待遇，提昇工作滿足─受訪者均表示調查局優渥的薪資以及福利，是其工作滿足與成就感的來源之一；二、對於職場文化的不適應，將會影響同仁工作滿足的程度；三、主管過度的關心，會造成屬下在工作上的困擾與壓力，連帶影響渠工作滿足以及家人關係；四、公正客觀的績效考評制度，能夠增強同仁的工作滿足與工作投入程度，並且引導同仁走向正確的工作方向；五、家人支持，工作家庭得兼─能夠得到家人的諒解與支持，是已婚女性調查官兼顧工作與家庭的最大原因；六、工作使然，自信自主兼具─工作性質特殊，養成女性調查官獨當一面、自主自信的個性；七、心靈契合，創造夫妻和諧─無論配偶的觀念以及職業為何，只要夫妻能夠理性溝通，相互體諒，就能夠創造良好的夫妻關係。 根據上述研究結論，本研究之建議如下：一、改革考評制度，鼓舞信心；二、透明升遷管道，重建信任；三、強化各項設施，安心工作；四、定期活動參訪，家人支持；五、貫徹倫理守則，行政中立。本研究後續研究方向為擴大研究範圍，及擴大研究對象，以期研究內容更加豐富完整。 / With the trend of gender mainstreaming in recent years, gender limitations have been removed from applicant qualification of many national exams. Since 1996, the year the limitation on the numbers of male and female applicants was removed from the applicant qualification of the Special Examination for Investigation Agents of the Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau, the number of female agents in the Investigation Bureau has been increasing significantly. New opportunities and challenges have been injected into the Investigation Bureau where most agents were male. How do married female Investigation Bureau agents look after both their families and their work? Issues such as their job satisfaction and their relationships with their families are worthy to be further explored. In this study, 10 experienced and representative married female Investigation Bureau agents were selected via purposive sampling as subjects for an in-depth interview. The interview contains 3 parts: the personal quality part, the job satisfaction part, and the family relationship part. The conclusions of this study are listed below: 1.High salaries and benefits offered by the Investigation Bureau help to increase job satisfaction. 2.Not being able to adapt to the workplace culture may influence colleagues’ job satisfaction. 3.Overconcern from a supervisor creates pressure and disturbance in an employee’s work and further influences employee’s job satisfaction and employee’s relationships with their families. 4.An objective performance evaluation system helps to increase employees’ job satisfaction and devotion to their work, leading them to the right direction at work. 5.Understanding and supports from families are the most important reasons behind married female Investigation Bureau agents being able to look after both their jobs and their families. 6.The special properties of the job make female Investigation Bureau agents more independent and confident. 7.As long as a couple can communicate with each other rationally and try to understand each other, no matter what their jobs are, they can build a wonderful husband-wife relationship. According to the research findings, this study proposes the following suggestions: 1.Improve the performance evaluation system to develop a more comprehensive and fairer evaluation method. 2.Build open and fair channels for promotions. 3.Build various facilities (e.g. nursery rooms and lady’s rooms) for female employees to work without worries. 4.Hold all kinds of activities and invite employees’ families and friends so that they can understand more about the job content in the Investigation Bureau. 5.Carry out work ethics and administrative neutrality.

Se ha estudiado una muestra de 130 niños , internados en una Institución por problemáticas sociofamiliuares, a los cuales se dividió en dos grupos según su rendimiento académico, aceptable o deficiente.Analizadas las variables individuales y socioambientales que diferenciaban ambos grupos, mediante análisis estadísticos multivariantes, los resultados evidenciaron que los trastornos conductuales, la conducta antisocial y los trastornos psicoafectivos, están relacionados cn un rendimiento escolar deficiente. También se observó que un buen nivel de adaptación y una relación familiar favorableestán relacionados con un rendimiento escolar aceptable y por último, los resultados reflejaron una mayor vulnerabilidad en las niñas que en los niños al estrés psicosocial / We have studied a sample of children living in a institution because of social and family problems, who were divided into two groups according to their academic performance acceptable and deficient.After we have analysed both the individual and the social and environmental variants which differentiated both groups through multivariates statistical analysis, the results showed that the disturbances of behaviour, the nos social behaviour and the emotional disturbances, has bearing on an deficient school performance.And also the results showed that a good adaptation level and a favourable family relationship has a bearing on an acceptable schol performance. The findings show a greater vulnerability of girls to psicosocial stress.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

L‟objectif de toute analyse économique sur l‟offre de travail, est en général, de mieux cerner les problématiques liées à l‟emploi permettant de décliner des politiques en direction du marché du travail. Cette thèse n‟échappe pas à cet objectif bien qu‟elle soit orientée vers les femmes. A partir des analyses développées dans cette thèse, nous avons apporté un nouvel éclairage sur les facteurs déterminants qui poussent ou empêchent la femme sénégalaise à intégrer le marché du travail. Les approches théoriques développées, nous ont conduit à considérer la nature des relations conjugales, les différentes perceptions du travail et des obligations familiales correspondants à différents types de comportements féminins d‟offre de travail. Le comportement d‟offre de travail de la femme sénégalaise est ainsi influencé par des caractéristiques individuelles telles que l‟âge, le niveau d‟éducation, et des caractéristiques familiales courantes telles que la présence d‟enfant(s) de moins de 5ans dans le ménage, la présence d‟un conjoint (statut matrimonial), le revenu du conjoint, la taille du ménage, le statut monétaire matérialisé par la pauvreté, le versement de transferts à des descendants ou ascendants.Par le biais de la modélisation logistique dichotomique et multinomiale, nous avons montré que le niveau d‟éducation est positivement corrélé à la participation des femmes sur le marché du travail et constitue de surcroît, un ticket d‟entrée dans le secteur public. Contrairement au statut matrimonial (être mariée), la présence d‟enfants de moins de 5 ans et le revenu du conjoint ne semblent pas être un obstacle à l‟intégration des femmes sur le marché du travail, mais cette présence d‟enfant semble orienter les sénégalaises vers le secteur informel au détriment des autres secteurs (public et privé formel). Ce qui est souvent motivé par les conditions de travail plus flexibles dans ce secteur permettant aux femmes de concilier activités économiques et obligations familiales. Par ailleurs, les femmes appartenant aux ménages pauvres semblent être plus disposer à offrir du travail que celles appartenant aux ménages non pauvres, mais elles ont moins de chances d‟être dans le secteur public, le secteur privé formel et dans une moindre mesure dans les ambassades et ONG que dans l‟informel par rapport à celles qui ne sont pas pauvres. / The objective of any economic analysis of the elabor supply is generally to better understand issues related to employment allowing formulating policies towards the labor market. This thesis is not an exception to this objective although it focuses exclusively on women. From the analysis of the present thesis, we have shed new light on the main factors driving or inhibiting the senegalese woman to enter the labor market. The theoretical approaches developed have led us to consider the nature of marital relationships, the different perceptions of work and family obligations corresponding to different types of female behavior of labor supply. Through a dicotomous and multinomial logit model, we have shown that the behavior of labor supply of senegalese women is influenced by individual characteristics such as the age and education level, and standard family characteristics such as the presence of under 5 years old child/children in the household, the presence of a spouce (marital status), the income of the spouse, the householf size, the monetary status indicated by the poverty, the remittances to descendants or ascendants.