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Denna studie har haft för avsikt att undersöka hur damidrott och kvinnliga idrottare representeras på den TV-sända Idrottsgalan samt hur innehållet i programmen bidrar till konstruktionen av dessa representationer. I ett första skede tillämpades en kvantitativ innehållsanalys på de 17 avsnitten av Idrottsgalan. Utifrån vårt framtagna kodschema har vi kunnat utläsa generella mönster vad beträffar hur ofta damidrotten och kvinnliga idrottare uppmärksammas i programmen. Med hjälp av den kvalitativa semiotiska analysen har vi vidare, genom att fokusera på de två specifika avsnitten från år 2002 och 2016, åskådliggjort den djupare mening som sträcker sig bortom det manifesta. Resultaten har pekat på att damidrott och kvinnliga idrottare generellt är underrepresenterade och att sporten fortfarande främst är en arena av och för män. / This study was intended to investigate how women's sports and female athletes are represented on the televised Idrottsgalan and how the setting of the programs contribute to the construction of these representations. First we applied a quantitative content analysis of the 17 sections of Idrottsgalan. Based on the coding scheme that we developed, we have been able to deduce general patterns in terms of how often women's sport and female athletes occur in the programs. Using the qualitative semiotic analysis, we have also focused on two specific episodes from 2002 and 2016 and illustrated the profound meaning that goes beyond the manifest. The results have indicated that women's sports and female athletes are underrepresented in general and that the sport is still primarily an arena by and for men.

This paper explores the disparities in media coverage between men’s and women’s sports. It utilises the media coverage of the German sports news outlet, Sportschau, to examine the differences in terms of language, depth, amount, and framing between the 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup and the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup. Through a comparative Content analysis, this study aims to uncover disparities in the media coverage of men’s and women’s football in Germany. By using Feminist Media Studies Theory, it seeks to reveal potential biases, inequalities, and differences in the portrayal of gender in sports media. The paper is applying qualitative and quantitative data analysis to gather broader insights to understand different aspects and perspectives of the media coverage. The research reveals enduring gender biases in German sports media. Sexist language was more common in the coverage of the women’s tournament as well as an emphasis of feminine qualities, personal narratives, and struggles.

This study aims to explore the mosaics in the Sala delle Palestrite at Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, Sicily. These mosaics depict women wearing garments that resemble modern bikinis. However, upon closer examination of the roles of these ten women, it becomes evident that their attire is a form of Roman underwear, worn in an athletic context. Rather than being bikini-dressed figures, the women in the mosaic are athletes engaged in various sports activities from both ancient Greek and Roman cultures. The concept of aretḗ, which celebrates the ideal combination of strength, beauty, and harmony, often explains why Greek athletes are depicted nude. In contrast, the clothed female athletes in the mosaic suggest a different interpretation of female aretḗ, highlighting a paradox between the ideal representations of male and female athletic bodies. This depiction may however also signal an increase in women's autonomy during the 4th century AD, possibly resulting from broader cultural and social changes that reduced restrictions on women during this period. Furthermore, this study argues that these female athletes embody not only progressive but also aristocratic values. The mosaic reflects the upper class's interest in using artistic expressions to convey social status and intellectuality within their homes. With the increased social freedoms of the period, including women's rights to own land, the mosaic could represent the villa's domina attempt to portray a new image of women, diverging from traditional roles. Although the mosaic indicates greater social freedom for aristocratic women, it also reveals the persistence of traditional values in its stylistic expression. Given the historical association between women, fertility, and physical activity, the athletes' bodies might serve to communicate female aretḗ, often linked with fertility and reproduction. Alternatively, this could also highlight a recurring issue in art history; the limited representation of the female body, especially in contexts like athleticism, which did not conform to traditional portrayals of women. In conclusion, the mosaics offer a complex portrayal of female athletes that reflect both progressive and traditional values, illustrating broader social changes and the evolving roles of women in ancient society. It is thus unique evidence of the early female liberation.

No / Objective To evaluate landing strategies of female football and basketball athletes with relation to possible injury mechanisms and disparity in injury. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Participants 52 female football players and 41 female basketball players. Main outcome measures Frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was measured during the single leg land (SLL) and drop jump (DJ) screening tasks. Results 2 × 2 × 2 mixed factorial ANOVA showed significant main effects were observed for sport, whilst significant interaction effects were seen between sport and task. Females in both sports exhibited significantly greater FPPA values during the SLL task than the DJ task (p < 0.001). Basketball players demonstrated significantly greater FPPA values during SLL than football players (p < 0.001), whilst no differences were found between sports in the DJ task (p = 0.328). Conclusion Female basketball players display greater FPPA values during unilateral landing tasks than female football players which may reflect the greater ACL injury occurrence in this population. Injury prevention programs in these athletes should incorporate unilateral deceleration and landing tasks and should consider the specific injury mechanisms in each sport.

[Truncated abstract] Broadly, research literature on the physiological aspects of water polo game play is limited, but particularly so in the women's game. Moreover, significant changes to game rules in recent years are likely to have had an impact on the game demands. Therefore, this research project sought to investigate the physiological characteristics of contemporary elite female water polo players and the demands of match play. Overall, the five studies comprising this thesis aimed to improve the practical knowledge of coaches and sport scientists concerning the training and monitoring of players. Study one (Chapter 3) compared two water polo-specific field tests of aerobic and/or match fitness (MSST, multistage shuttle swim test; and WIST, water polo intermittent shuttle test) with a traditional incremental swimming test to exhaustion (IST, 5 x 200 m). Prior to this study, the physiological responses to the MSST and WIST were not well understood. Additionally, the degree of association between these two tests was unknown. Therefore, 14 Australian National Women's Water Polo Squad players performed the MSST and WIST, and 13 players from a National Water Polo League club performed the MSST, WIST and IST, on separate occasions. Peak heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained for all tests. Expired air was collected post test for the National League players. The results showed that the National Squad players performed significantly better in the MSST (636 ± 114 vs. 437 ± 118 m, p < 0.001) and WIST (270 ± 117 vs. 115 ± 57 m, p < 0.001) than the National League players. ... Absolute decrement yielded TE of 0.55 s (-0.42-0.81), CV of 26.0% (19.3-41.0) and ICC of -0.002 (-0.44-0.44). Relative (%) decrement yielded TE of 1.6% (1.2-2.3), CV of 27.2% (20.1-42.9) and ICC of -0.02 (-0.46-0.42). Results indicate that total time was a reliable measure, whilst decrement was not. Similar to land-based RSA tests, total time should be the criterion measure of performance in the RST. The RST can form part of a specific battery of field tests for water polo, and can also be used as a conditioning tool. The final study (Chapter 7) was a nutritional-intervention study. Based on the time-motion data from study three, a 59-min match simulation test (MST) was designed to mimic the activity profiles and physical demands of water polo match play. Using a randomized cross-over double-blind design, 12 Australian National Women's Water Polo Squad players ingested 0.3 g·kg-1 of NaHCO3 or placebo, 90 min before performing the MST, which included 56 x 10-m maximal-sprint swims as the performance measure. Although pre-exercise ingestion of NaHCO3 was effective in enhancing extracellular pH and bicarbonate levels, the percentage difference in mean sprint times between trials showed no substantial effects of NaHCO3 (0.4; ±0.9%, effect size = 0.09; ±0.23, p = 0.51). The results suggest that elite water polo players should not expect enhancement in intermittent-sprint performance from NaHCO3 supplementation. These findings are contrary to previous NaHCO3 studies on simulated team-sport performance, but this investigation is unique in that it examined highly-trained athletes performing sport-specific tasks. In conclusion, the findings of this thesis add to the existing literature on the applied physiology of women's water polo. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from these findings will lead to more appropriate conditioning, testing and selection outcomes.

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Good timing is important for all daily motion, even more so for athletes where the smallest movements can make the difference between a goal and miss. Despite this, there has been little research into just how timing ability is related to sport performance. Therefore the present study used a between-within groups experimental design with a sample of female elite- and semi-elite soccer players to describe the effects of a synchronised metronome training (SMT) intervention on lower-limb movement, and accuracy and speed, in a soccer-related stepping task. Participants were randomly assigned to receive SMT (n = 12) or to the control group (n = 12). The SMT group received 12 hours of Interactive Metronome (IM) training over four weeks. Pre- and post-test results showed a strong effect of SMT in improving timing and rhythmic ability. An effect of SMT on accuracy in the stepping task was seen, signifying an effect on motor planning ability. Correlational analyses showed some evident effects of IM on the kinematic parameters, as indicated by relationship between timing and rhythmicity ability with increased movement segmentation, though this did not reach significance. These results present new information and provides support for kinematic analysis to be used in future studies to address the effect of SMT. / God timing är viktig för alla dagliga rörelser, och än mer viktigt är det för idrottare där minsta lilla rörelse kan innebära skillnaden mellan mål och miss. Trots detta finns lite forskning om hur förmåga till timing kan förbättra sportsliga prestationer. Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur synkroniserad metronomträning (SMT) påverkade prestationen och rörelsedynamik i en fotbollsrelaterad uppgift. I studien deltog 24 aktiva fotbollsspelare från Damallsvenskan och Division 1, varav 12 fick träna med SMT under fyra veckor. Resultatet visade att SMT påverkade exaktheten i utförandet av den fotbollsrelaterade uppgiften, vilket indikera en effekt på motorplaneringsförmåga. Denna studie jämför för första gången 3D-kinematikdata från före- och efter träning med SMT samt med en kontrollgrupp, 3D-kinematikanalysen av rörelsesegmentering och kumulativ 3D-distans visade inga övertygande relationer mellan SMT och rörelsedynamiken efter IM-träning. Däremot visade korrelationen stöd för en relation mellan rörelsesegmentering och timingförmåga. Därför stödjer denna studie tidigare forskning kring timing och motorisk prestation, och det finns tillräckligt med bevis för att motivera vidare analyser av kinematiska parametrar för att studera effekten av SMT och rörelsedynamik.

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