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In 2015, Argentina witnessed an upsurge of feminist mobilization due to the rising numbers of feminicides, which motivated the foundation of Ni Una Menos and a broad feminist movement. The aim of the movement is to initiate measures against psychological manipulation, physical-, sexual- and institutional violence against women. Since the beginning of the movement, feminists have enabled mass mobilization which resulted in legislative changes regarding legal and free abortion. The studys’ purpose is to examine the strategies that have been crucial for the amplification of a large scale feminist activism, as well as the challenges faced when navigating social and political resistance in Argentina. This is carried out through semi-structured interviews with feminist activists from Buenos Aires, the data has been analyzed qualitatively, additionally with a phenomenological approach. The results from the interviews demonstrate a complexity of strategies and challenges, including the political context, societal actors, as well as the role of media. The feminist movement faces multiple obstacles such as the described political setback and exclusion of women in all societal levels, despite this, feminist activists continue to mobilize and fight for social justice.

This research contributes a detailed personal account of a FEMEN activist. It presents an autophenomenographic analysis of cultural artefacts, including a Retrospective Diary, resulting from the activity of Yelena Myshko in FEMEN between 2012 and 2014. Previously FEMEN has been used as raw material for external analysis by press and academics to fit their individual agendas. To counteract this, Myshko’s research proposes an insider perspective on FEMEN activism. She writes herself in response to academics and FEMEN leader Inna Shevchenko who ignore the contribution of FEMEN Netherlands. Myshko merges author/researcher/researched and uses evocative storytelling to provide an introspective account of sextremism, connecting it to relevant embodiment concepts that illustrate its technology of empowerment and unintended side effects.   Through an autophenomenographic analysis of her personal experience, Myshko suggests how FEMEN employs sextremism to create soldiers of feminism. Her research proposes that sextremism is an attitude, a way of life and technology of resistance. For Myshko, sextremism embodies feminist polemic that turns against patriarchy through topless protest. Through personal accounts she illustrates how she internalized this aggressive femininity during physical and mental training. Myshko argues that in protest FEMEN activists communicate to the public and mobilize new activists through feminist snap. In addition, Myshko observes that sextremism produces visual activism that internalizes feminist polemic and transforms it into figurative storytelling. Myshko explains how she reproduced sextremism through body image that made her assertive and empowered her in action.   In turn Myshko demonstrates how personal accounts of sextremist embodiment and problems encountered as a woman in the world reproduce FEMEN’s fight in the media. Myshko analysis interviews with the press where she pinpoints topical feminist issues, making FEMEN real and relevant in Western society. Myshko observes that the media appropriated the spectacle created by FEMEN Netherlands but often distorted it and bend the news to fit its own agenda. In addition, the media criticized FEMEN Netherlands for cross-passing national values and power symbols. For Myshko, sextremism is empowering but also destructive. It promotes an unapologetic self-critical attitude that accumulates collateral damage in battle. The sporadic and restrained relationships between activists does not allow intimacy. Because of the eye of the media, tenderness is perceived as weakness and is not aloud. The combination of criticism, media scrutiny and police persecution hurt Myshko’s feelings. These unresolved feelings of hurt led to resentment and disengagement from FEMEN.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux manières dont se déploie le militantisme féministe au Togo, en interrogeant plus précisément la structure de l’espace de la cause des femmes, les stratégies employées par les militantes de différentes générations, leurs expériences du militantisme et leurs perceptions du féminisme dans un contexte ouest-africain où le féminisme est souvent connoté péjorativement. À partir d’une collecte de données ayant combiné des entretiens semi-dirigés, des observations participantes et une veille des réseaux sociaux, elle dresse un portrait des « féminismes », des « féministes », de leur militantisme et de l’espace dans lequel ces « féministes » militent au Togo. Cette recherche doctorale a permis de montrer un espace togolais de la cause des femmes foisonnant, marqué par la passion et l’intensité de l’engagement des militantes principalement issues d’une élite privilégiée. Même si l’émergence d’un discours féministe plus affirmé et plus globalisé a été discernée, le militantisme féministe, chez toutes les générations, est généralement exprimé en termes de promotion des droits des femmes et de l’égalité des genres, et est axé autour du principe de la négociation et de modalités d’action collective peu contestataires. La jeune génération de féministes se distingue surtout par la place importante qu’elle accorde aux plateformes digitales comme canal de communication. Les analyses ont montré que les militantes de l’espace togolais et ouest-africain de la cause des femmes adoptent une pluralité d’identités féministes qui sont néanmoins traversées par des expériences communes et une volonté partagée de défendre les droits des femmes, en tant que femmes. En adoptant une interprétation plus souple du militantisme et du féminisme en contexte ouest-africain, cette thèse permet de rendre compte des expériences particulières des militantes togolaises, mais aussi des tendances historiques et transnationales plus larges dans lesquelles elles s’inscrivent. / This thesis examines the ways in which feminist activism unfolds in Togo, focusing specifically on the structure of the women's rights movement, the strategies employed by activists from different generations, their experiences with activism, and their perceptions of feminism in a West African context where feminism is often negatively connoted. Through a combination of semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and social media monitoring, it paints a picture of "feminisms", "feminists", their activism, and the environment in which they operate in Togo. The research shows a thriving Togolese women's rights movement marked by the passion and intensity of the engagement of activists, mostly from a privileged elite. While the emergence of a more assertive and globalized feminist discourse has been discerned, feminist activism, across all generations, is generally expressed in terms of promoting women's rights and gender equality, and is centered around the principle of negotiation and non-subversive collective action. The younger generation of feminists is distinguished by the significant importance they assign to digital platforms as a communication channel. The analysis showed that women's rights activists in Togo and West Africa adopt a plurality of feminist identities that are informed by common experiences and a shared commitment to defending women's rights as women. By adopting a more flexible interpretation of feminism and activism in the West African context, this thesis sheds light on the specific experiences of Togolese activists as well as broader historical and transnational trends in which they are embedded.