Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 estevao_if_me_sjrp.pdf: 1151592 bytes, checksum: 9e2d3a0a29b1ad6405857d13d891a9f1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A beta talassemia é um dos mais freqüentes distúrbios genéticos no mundo. Estima-se que 1,5% a 3% da população mundial seja portadora do traço talassêmico. Esses portadores geralmente são oligo ou assintomáticos e têm uma expectativa de vida semelhante à dos não portadores. Entretanto, níveis elevados de ferritina sérica têm sido observados em alguns estudos comparativos entre beta talassemia heterozigota e não portadores e, alguns indivíduos, que nunca foram transfundidos, apresentam sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de sobrecarga de ferro. A fisiopatologia dessa complicação continua em discussão. Vários pesquisadores têm sugerido um efeito modulador da mutação do gene da beta globina e mutações em genes codificadores de proteínas relacionadas ao metabolismo do ferro. Mutações no gene HFE são as mais freqüentemente associadas à hemocromatose hereditária. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a freqüência das mutações C282Y e H63D no gene HFE em portadores de beta talassemia heterozigota e analisar sua influência no metabolismo do ferro. Foram estudados 162 portadores de beta talassemia heterozigota, residentes na cidade de São Carlos ou região, caucasóides e, acompanhados no serviço de Hematologia. O diagnóstico de traço talassêmico foi confirmado em todos por meio do eritrograma e da quantificação da Hb A2 e Hb fetal por HPLC. O metabolismo do ferro foi avaliado pelas dosagens de ferro sérico, capacidade total de ligação do ferro, ferritina e saturação da transferrina e, a análise molecular das mutações no gene HFE, pela técnica de PCR-RLFP. Foram realizadas análises de correlação linear de Pearson por idade e gênero entre hemoglobina... / Beta thalassemia is one of the most frequent genetic disorder in the world. It is estimated that 1.5% to 3% of the world population is a thalassemia carrier. These individuals are generally slightly symptomatic or asymptomatic and they have a life expectancy similar to those who are non-carriers. However, high levels of serum ferritin have been observed in some comparative studies between heterozygous for beta thalassemia and non-carriers, and some individuals that were never transfused, present clinic and laboratories signs of iron overload. The physiopathology of this disease continues in discussion. Several researchers have suggested a modulator effect from the mutation of the beta globin gene and mutations in genes related with the iron metabolism. Mutations of the gene HFE are the most frequently associated to the hereditary hemochromatosis. The aim of this study was evaluate the frequency of C282Y and H63D mutations in the HFE gene in beta thalassemia carriers, and analyze its influence in the iron metabolism. 162 beta thalassemia carriers, Caucasoid, residing in the city of Sao Carlos or region and accompanied in the Hematology service were studied. The diagnostic of thalassemia trait was confirmed in every one through a complete erythrogram and quantification of Hb A2 and Hb fetal by HPLC. The iron metabolism was evaluated by serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin and percent saturation of transferring. The molecular analysis of the mutations in the HFE gene was made by PCR-RLFP. There were made analysis of linear Pearson’ correlation, by age and gender, among hemoglobin, Hb A2, VCM and among reticulocytes count and the values of saturation of transferrin and serum ferritin.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.

Le fer (Fe) est un élément indispensable à la vie. Sa capacité à perdre ou à gagner un électron lui permet d’être un cofacteur de choix pour de nombreuses réactions enzymatiques telles que la photosynthèse, la synthèse d’ADN ou la respiration. Cependant, le fer est très réactif et potentiellement toxique pour la cellule. Les plantes doivent donc strictement réguler leur homéostasie en fer afin d’éviter toute carence ou tout excès préjudiciable pour leur organisme. Parmi les acteurs du maintien de l’équilibre ferrique, les ferritines jouent un rôle majeur. Chez les végétaux, elles sont principalement régulées transcriptionnellement. Le gène modèle des ferritines, AtFER1, est régulé par au moins trois voies indépendantes (l’excès de fer, la carence en phosphate, et l’alternance jour/nuit). Toutefois, la façon dont ces signaux s’intègrent au niveau de son promoteur n’est pas formellement établie. Mon travail a consisté à mettre en place une étude fonctionnelle du promoteur d’AtFER1 en caractérisant des lignées stables d’Arabidopsis thaliana exprimant le gène rapporteur GUS (β-glucuronidase) sous le contrôle de différentes versions du promoteur d’AtFER1 (délétions en 5’ et en 3’, mutagenèse dirigée) selon différents traitements (e.g. disponibilité en fer). Cette approche a mis en évidence le rôle clef de certains éléments cis du promoteur. Des cribles simple hybride chez la levure sur ces éléments ont permis l’identification du facteur de transcription bHLH105/ILR3 comme régulateur potentiel d’AtFER1. Une caractérisation moléculaire et physiologique des mutants ilr3 a démontré l’implication de ce facteur dans la réponse des plantes à l’excès de fer. Elle a aussi mis en évidence qu’ILR3 avait un rôle central d’intégrateur dans l’homéostasie du fer chez les plantes. D’autre part, des données suggéraient qu’un long ARN non codant (At5g01595) pouvait potentiellement réguler AtFER1. Une caractérisation des mécanismes potentiellement impliqués a démontré que cette régulation n’était pas avérée.Les mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques mis en place par les végétaux en réponse à une carence en fer sont relativement bien décrits. A l’inverse, peu d’informations sur la réponse des plantes à un « excès » de fer sont disponibles. Dans ce contexte, une expérience visant à décrypter, au niveau du transcriptome (puces à ADN), la dynamique de la réponse précoce (de quelques minutes à 2 heures) à un excès de fer a été mise en place. Une analyse de variance a été réalisée sur les données d’expression générées afin d’identifier les gènes dont l’expression est affectée par le traitement. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement focalisés sur l’identification de facteurs de transcription, acteurs majeurs du maintien de l’homéostasie du fer. Parmi eux, WRKY33, WRKY40, ZAT10 et MYB51, tous liés à la réponse au ROS, semblent avoir un rôle clé dans la réponse précoce au fer.D’autre part, un mécanisme clé de l’homéostasie du fer est le prélèvement. Une précédente étude a montré que la nutrition en fer était facilitée par la synthèse et la sécrétion de composés phénoliques via le transporteur PDR9. Une caractérisation des mutants pdr9 a permis d’établir que d’une part (i) ses composés pouvaient être stockés dans les vacuoles des cellules racinaires, et d’autre part (ii) qu’ils permettaient l’entrée de fer via le système de prélèvement gouverné par le mécanisme FRO2/IRT1.Mes travaux de thèse ont permis d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur les mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques impliqués dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie du fer chez Arabidopsis. / Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient required for life. Since it can transfer electrons, Fe is a crucial cofactor for several enzymatic reactions such as photosynthesis, DNA synthesis or respiration. However, Fe is potentially toxic for the cells as it can react with oxygen and generate ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). Therefore plants have evolved robust strategies to monitor Fe homeostasis in order to avoid Fe deficiency or excess that could be detrimental for their growth and development. Among the molecular actors involved in Fe homeostasis sensing, ferritins are central actors. In plants, ferritins are mainly transcriptionally regulated. AtFER1 (model of ferritin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by at least three independent environmental pathways (Fe excess, phosphate deficiency and diurnal/circadian rhythms). However, how these environmental signals are integrated at AtFER1 promoter remains elusive. During my PhD, I have functionally characterized the AtFER1 promoter in different growth conditions (i.e. Fe availability), using GUS as a reporter gene. This approach leads to the identification of specific cis-regulatory sequences within the AtFER1 promoter. Yeast one-hybrid screens using these cis-regulatory elements allowed the identification of the transcription factor bHLH105/ILR3 as putative transcriptional regulator of AtFER1 expression. In addition, molecular and physiological characterization of ilr3 mutants (gain- and loss-of-function mutations) brought out the involvement of ILR3 in plant responses to Fe excess and confirmed that ILR3 is a central integrator of Fe homeostasis in plants. I have also investigated the potential role of a long non-coding RNA in controlling AtFER1 expression. A deep characterization of the mechanisms potentially involved in this process demonstrated that this long non-coding RNA is most probably not involved in the control of AtFER1 expression. The molecular mechanisms by which plants face and adapt against Fe deficiency are well documented, however, very few data are available with regard to Fe excess. In this context, we set up a transcriptome analysis (microarrays) aiming at deciphering the dynamics of the early response (i.e. prior AtFER1 expression is induced) to an excess of Fe in A. thaliana. An analysis of variance was performed on the expression data generated in order to identify genes whose expression is affected by the treatment. We particularly focused on the identification of transcription factors that are major players in the regulation of gene expression in response to Fe and ROS excess. Among them, WRKY33, WRKY40, ZAT10 and MYB51 have been identified. Finally, I have been investigating the mode of action of PDR9, a transporter involved in the secretion of phenolic compounds in response to Fe deficiency. Through the characterization of pdr9 mutants, I have shown that the secreted phenolic compounds (i) allow the entrance of Fe via the FRO2 / IRT1 mechanism and (ii) that these compounds are stored in the vacuoles of the root cells before secretion.In conclusion, my PhD brings new elements on the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in maintaining Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.

Diatoms play a fundamental role in marine food webs, and significantly contribute to global primary production and carbon sequestration into the deep ocean. In many offshore areas of the open ocean, iron (Fe) input is low, and its availability often limits phytoplankton biomass. Recently, gene sequences encoding ferritin, a nearly ubiquitous iron storage and detoxifying protein, have been identified in pennate diatoms such as Pseudo-nitzschia, but not in other Stramenopiles (which include centric diatoms, brown algae and some protist plant parasites) or Cryptophyte relatives. Members of this genus readily bloom upon addition of iron to Fe-limited waters, and are known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Until now, the reason for the success of pennate diatoms in the open ocean was uncertain; however, expressing ferritin would allow pennate species to store Fe after a transient input, using it to dominate Fe stimulated algal blooms. Here, the ferritin gene was cloned from the coastal pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia multiseries, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using liquid chromatography. The ferritin protein sequence appears to encode a non-heme, ferritinlike di-iron carboxylate protein, while gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE indicate that this ferritin is part of the 24 subunit maxi-ferritins. Spectroscopically monitoring the addition of Fe(II) to a buffered ferritin solution shows that the P. multiseries protein demonstrates ferroxidase activity, binding iron and storing it as Fe(III) in excess of 600 equivalents per protein shell. In keeping with the typical stoichiometry of the ferroxidase reaction, oxygen (O₂) is consumed in a 2 Fe:O₂ratio while hydrogen peroxide is produced concurrently. iii Diatoms evolved from secondary endosymbiosis involving eukaryotic red algae; however, a broad phylogenetic comparison suggests that P. multiseries ferritin was likely acquired via lateral gene transfer from cyanobacteria – not from its ancestral endosymbionts. Until recently, no other ferritins have been identified in diatoms, and the protein characterized here is unique in that it seems to be derived from a prokaryotic organism yet it occurs in a marine eukaryote. These findings have direct implications for the success of pennate diatoms in both Fe rich coastal waters and upon Fe addition in the open ocean. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

Der Transport von Sauerstoff im Organismus ist die Hauptaufgabe von Eisen im Säugetier und somit auch im Pferd. Unter bestimmten Einflussfaktoren, wie z.B. akuten Infektionen, kann es zu einer Umverteilung von Eisen im Gewebe und im Blut bei Pferden kommen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, verschiedene Eisenparameter wie Serum-Eisen, Ferritin, ungesättigte Eisenbindungskapazität (UIBC), totale Eisenbindungskapazität (TIBC) und die Eisensättigung beim adulten gesunden und kranken Pferd zu bestimmen. Dafür wurde eine adulte Pferdepopulation anhand von bestimmten Einschlusskriterien, wie dem Serum-Amyloid A (SAA) Wert, der Anzahl an Blutleukozyten und weiteren klinischen Symptomen, wie einer erhöhten Körperinnentemperatur, die auf eine akute systemische Entzündung hindeuten können, eingeteilt. Sowohl bei den gesunden (n = 71) als auch bei den kranken Pferden (n = 65) wurde einmalig eine Blutprobe zur Bestimmung der hämatologischen, der klinisch-chemischen sowie der Eisenstoffwechselparameter entnommen. Durch die Ergebnisse der SAA-Gehalte im Blut bestätigte sich die Diagnose der akuten systemischen Entzündung bei den kranken Pferden, da die Pferde SAA-Werte > 7 μg/ml (Referenzwert für gesunde adulte Pferde, LABOKLIN GMBH & CO.KG) zeigten und sich ihre medianen Gehalte bei 412 μg/ml befanden. Die Eisenparameter im Serum, wie der Ferritin-Gehalt, der Eisen-Gehalt, die UIBC, die TIBC und die Eisensättigung zeigten hochsignifikante Unterschiede zwischen den gesunden und den kranken Pferden. Es ließ sich ein Abfall der Konzentrationen des Eisens, der Eisensättigung und ein Anstieg der Ferritin-Konzentration und der UIBC und TIBC im Serum bei den kranken Pferden darstellen. Diese Veränderungen der Eisenstoffwechselparameter lassen vermutlich auf eine Umverteilung von Eisen im Organismus bei einer akuten systemischen Entzündung schließen und könnten möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit anderen Akute-Phase-Proteinen als Marker von Entzündungen genutzt werden.:Inhalt 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literaturübersicht ............................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Chemische Grundlagen, Verteilung und Vorkommen ................................................ 2 2.2 Eisenmetabolismus .................................................................................................... 2 2.2.1 Aufnahme und Resorption von Eisen beim Säugetier ......................................... 2 2.2.2 Transport und Speicherung von Eisen beim Säugetier ........................................ 3 2.2.3 Verluste und Wiederverwertung von Eisen beim Säugetier ................................. 4 2.3 Physiologische Funktionen von Eisen beim Säugetier ............................................... 4 2.3.1 Funktionseisen ..................................................................................................... 4 2.3.2 Speichereisen ...................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Rolle des Eisens in Entzündungsprozessen beim Pferd .......................................... 10 2.4.1 Rolle von Eisen bei Infektionserregern .............................................................. 10 2.4.2 Rolle von Eisen bei Entzündungsprozessen ...................................................... 11 2.5 Eisen in der Fütterung .............................................................................................. 13 2.5.1 Bedarf von Pferden ............................................................................................ 13 2.5.2 Eisengehalte in Futtermitteln ............................................................................. 13 2.5.3 Supplementierung von Eisen ............................................................................. 14 2.6 Eisenmangel beim Pferd .......................................................................................... 14 2.7 Toxizität von Eisen ................................................................................................... 15 3. Publikation ..................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Untersuchung zum Eisenstoffwechsel im Blut bei gesunden adulten Pferden und bei Pferden mit einer akut entzündlichen Erkrankung .......................................................... 17 4. Diskussion ..................................................................................................................... 29 5. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................ 35 6. Summary ....................................................................................................................... 37 7. Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ 39 8. Danksagung ................................................................................................................... 44

Avec pour problématique une importante variabilité des lots de production vaccinale contre la diphtérie, une analyse intégrative du métabolisme central, du fer et du transcriptome de Corynebacterium diphtheriae, cultivé en conditions les plus proches de la culture industrielle, ont permis d’élargir les connaissances sur le comportement de la bactérie en conditions de production industrielle, et plus particulièrement sur l’existence de corrélations entre activité métabolique et virulence. L'analyse du métabolisme central et la comparaison de l'expression des gènes de C. diphtheriae, ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importance du maltose dans l'établissement de la virulence. Ce sucre, largement présent dans notre alimentation, est ainsi rencontré par la bactérie lors de son processus de colonisation de l'hôte. La consommation du maltose lors de la phase stationnaire, coïncident avec la production de la toxine, semble ainsi liée aux réactions de maintenance et à la production de métabolites secondaires plutôt qu'à la croissance. Plusieurs gènes liés à la capture et au catabolisme du maltose sont liés à la production de la toxine diphtérique. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation sont complexes, impliquant plusieurs régulateurs. Une étude sur les besoins en fer de la bactérie et les liens avec la pathogénicité a été réalisée. En effet, le gène de la toxine diphtérique est régulé par DtxR, répresseur activé par Fe2+. Elle a permis d'évaluer la capacité de stockage en fer de la bactérie et la limite de concentration intracellulaire pour obtenir une production de toxine. Un effort a été apporté afin de visualiser les ferritines synthétisées par la bactérie par la technique NanoSIMS. Enfin, l'analyse de l'expression des gènes de C.diphtheriae cultivé en condition de limitation en fer et supplémentée en fer a apporté une quantité d'informations sur les liens entre métabolisme central et du fer, virulence et stress oxydatif. Cette démarche a été mise à profit afin de proposer à l'industriel des pistes d'optimisations du procédé et d’améliorations de la productivité en toxine diphtérique. Via l’ajustement de certains paramètres physico-chimiques (visant l'oxygénation et une meilleure métabolisation du maltose), il est possible d'obtenir un gain de production significatif (titre final en toxine multiplié par 2,5). La productivité spécifique en toxine peut être également multipliée par 2,2 par une astucieuse étape de dilution et recyclage de la biomasse en fin de culture / Faced with an important variability in production yields of vaccines against diphtheria, a dynamic systemic approach, including central and iron metabolism and transcriptome analysis, led to an improved knowledge of Corynebacterium diphtheriae physiology, notably as regards the connection of central metabolism and virulence. Gene expression analysis coupled to metabolic characterization enabled a correlation between maltose consumption and virulence to be established. Because of the typical human diet, maltose is present in the human oropharynx where it may serve as a key nutrient source for C. diphtheriae. Maltose consumption during stationary phase, coupled with toxin production, seems to be linked to maintenance and secondary metabolites rather than growth. Several genes, including uptake and catabolism of maltose, are related to diphtheria toxin production. However, mechanisms of regulation are complex and may involve several transcriptional regulators. Bacterial iron requirements and its relation to pathogenicity were considered. Indeed, diphtheria toxin gene is regulated by Fe2+ activated DtxR. These studies revealed that C. diphtheriae is able to store an important quantity of intracellular iron within ferritin-like proteins visualized by NanoSIMS microscopy and the definition of an intracellular threshold concentration provoking expression of toxin production. Finally, genome-wide gene expression analysis of C.diphtheriae in iron starvation and iron excess conditions provided information on relations between central and iron metabolism, virulence establishment and oxidative stress. The resulting knowledge was exploited to suggest process optimization strategies to enhance toxin production, currently being assessed by the industrial partner. Adjusting some key physico-chemical parameters (targeting oxygenation and better maltose metabolization) enabled significant gains in toxin production (2.5 fold increase). Specific productivity could be increased by 2.2 thanks to a novel biomass dilution and recycling step at the end of the culture

As síndromes talassêmicas (?- e ?-talassemia) são as desordens mais comuns e frequentes associadas com eritropoese ineficaz. O desbalanço na produção das cadeias ?- e ?-globinas resulta no comprometimento da produção de eritrócitos, em anemia e aumento de progenitores eritroides no sangue periférico. Enquanto os pacientes homozigóticos afetados por essas desordens demonstram alterações características dos parâmetros relacionados a eritropoese, a relação entre grau de anemia, eritropoese alterada e disfunção do metabolismo de ferro ainda não foram investigados nos indivíduos com ?+-talassemia heterozigótica ou ?+-talassêmia. Duzentos e vinte seis indivíduos (75 do gênero feminino e 151 do gênero masculino) foram recrutados e divididos em 5 grupos: Controle (n=28), doadores de sangue regulares (DSR, n=23), ?+-talassemia heterozigótica (TAT, n=14), ?+-thalassemia (traço ?-talassêmico, TBT, n=20) e ?0-talassemia, (?-talassemia maior, BTM, n=27). As amostras foram analisadas para parâmetros hematológicos (Micros ABX 60); ferro sérico, capacidade total de ligação ao ferro e saturação de transferrina por método colorimétrico (Pointe Scientific, Inc., Canton, MI, USA), ferritina e proteína C-reativa ultra sensível por imunoensaio (Immulite 1000); receptor solúvel de transferrina, eritropoetina, fator de diferenciação do crescimento 15 (R&D Systems) e hepcidina (Intrinsic LifeSciences, La Jolla, CA) por ELISA. As razões sTfR/log ferritina e (hepcidina/ferritina)/sTfR foram calculadas para avaliar o metabolismo do ferro. sTfR/log ferritina pode distinguir depleção dos estoques de ferro de eritropoese deficiente de ferro, enquanto (hepcidina/ferritina)/sTfR pode avaliar os estímulos contrários (disponibilidade de ferro e atividade eritropoética) que controlam a síntese de hepcidina e a absorção de ferro, na ausência de estímulos inflamatórios. Foi demonstrado que TAT teve significativa redução da hepcidina e aumento do receptor solúvel de transferrina, com parâmetros hematológicos relativamente normais. Em contraste, todos os parâmetros hematológicos de TBT foram significativamente diferentes do Controle, incluindo aumento dos níveis do receptor solúvel de transferrina, ferritina, eritropoetina e fator de diferenciação do crescimento 15. Essas alterações em ambos os grupos sugerem um balanço alterado entre eritropoese e metabolismo de ferro. Os índices sTfR/log ferritina e (hepcidina/ferritina)/sTfR estão, respectivamente, aumentado e reduzido comparados ao Controle, proporcional a severidade de cada grupo talassêmico. Em conclusão, destacamos que, pela primeira vez, foram descritas alterações no metabolismo de ferro em indivíduos com ?+-talassemia heterozigótica. Esses dados demonstram que, no contexto da saúde pública, são necessários identificação e acompanhamento dos portadores de ?+-talassemia. / The thalassemia syndromes (?- and ?-thalassemia) are the most common and frequent disorders associated with ineffective erythropoiesis. Imbalance of ?- or ?-globin chain production results in impaired red blood cell synthesis, anemia and more erythroid progenitors in the blood stream. While patients affected by these disorders show definitive altered parameters related to erythropoiesis, the relationship between the degree of anemia, altered erythropoiesis and dysfunctional iron metabolism have not been investigated in both carriers of ?-thalassemia and ?-thalassemia. 226 subjects (75 females and 151 males) were recruited to this study and divided in 5 groups: Control (n=28), repeat blood donors (DSR, n=23), ?+-thalassemia heterozygous carriers (TAT, n=14), ?+-thalassemia (?-thalassemia trait, TBT, n=20) and ?0-thalassemia, (?-thalassemia major, BTM, n=27). Samples were tested for hematological parameters (Micros ABX 60); serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation by the colorimetric method (Pointe Scientific, Inc., Canton, MI, USA), ferritin and high sensitive C-reactive protein by immunoassay (Immulite 1000); soluble transferrin receptor, erythropoietin and growth differentiation factor 15 (R&D Systems) and hepcidin (Intrinsic LifeSciences, La Jolla, CA) by ELISA. Were calculated the ratios sTfR/log ferritin and (hepcidin/ferritin)/sTfR to evaluate iron metabolism. sTfR/log ferritin can distinguish storage iron depletion from iron-deficient erythropoiesis, while (hepcidin/ferritin)/sTfR can be utilized to explore and quantify the opposing forces (i.e. iron availability and erythropoietic activity) regulating hepcidin synthesis and iron absorption in absence of inflammatory stimuli. We demonstrate that TAT have a significantly reduced hepcidin and increased soluble transferrin receptor levels but relatively normal hematological findings. In contrast, TBT have all hematological parameters significantly different from controls, including increased soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, erythropoietin and growth differentiation factor 15 levels. These changings in both groups suggest an altered balance between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. The indexes sTfR/log ferritin and (hepcidin/ferritin)/sTfR are respectively increased and reduced relative to controls, proportional to the severity of each thalassemia group. In conclusion, we emphasize that, for the first time in the literature, subjects with heterozygous ?+-thalassemia have altered iron metabolism. Our data demonstrate that within the context of public health, identification and monitoring of patients with ?+-thalassemia are needed.