本文以Levine（1991）設計流動性與經濟成長的理論模型，為主要架構來分析，針對金融中介幫助流動性風險改善做一探討。實證對象為亞洲地區之台灣、南韓與菲律賓三國，實證方法採用傳統最小平方法與近代發展的共整合檢定法，檢測成長指標與流動性指標的關係，實證結果發現台灣地區大部分的成長指標與流動性指標之間為顯著正向的關係，而南韓只有一小部份的指標之間為正向的關係但檢定結果可能不顯著，菲律賓的情形也是有一小部份的指標之間為顯著正向的關係。所以本文的實證結果如同大部分的實證文獻所提，金融中介的發展對實質經濟成長有正的影響，但有可能因為解釋變數的選取、實證國家選擇的差異、樣本時間的長短與模型設定的不同，而導致不同的結果。

This doctoral thesis contains three empirical research papers that center on the topics of private equity and the role of advisors in mergers and acquisitions. "Your Former Employees Matter: Private Equity Firms and Their Financial Advisors” is a study of how social networks that are formed by previous employment relations affect private equity firms’choice of financial advisors. A financial advisor is more likely to advice on a transaction if a former employee is one of the private equity professionals who constitute the deal team for the particular transaction. In turn, information and deals are sourced to private equity firms from sell-side financial advisors within the previous employment network. "Dual Role Advisors and Conflicts of Interest” focuses on the potential conflicts of interest that may arise when an advisor to a firm targeted in a merger or acquisition is simultaneously involved in financing the bidder. Overall, the results suggest that investment banks in these situations may not have fulfilled their obligation of obtaining the highest possible price on behalf of the seller. "Private Equity Firms and Quick Flip Sales” examines the particulars of quick flip investments and three hypotheses that may explain their prevalence. Private equity firms typically are long term investors, but occasionally exits take place in less than 18 months. Results point to that such quick flips may partly be due to conflicting interests between the limited and general partners. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2010. Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser</p>

This thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, titled "Aggregate Risk and Bank Risk-Taking", I propose a general equilibrium model in which strategic interactions between banks and depositors may lead to endogenous bank fragility and a drop in investment and output. With some opacity in bank balance sheets, depositors form expectations about bank risk-taking and demand a return on bank deposits according to their risk. This creates strategic complementarities and possibly multiple equilibria: in response to an increase in funding costs, banks may optimally choose to pursue risky portfolios that undermine their solvency prospects. In a bad equilibrium, bank lending is crowded out by risky asset purchases and weak economic fundamentals lead to a banking crisis. Policy interventions face a trade-o¤ between alleviating banks' funding conditions and strengthening their risk-taking incentives. Due to this trade-off, liquidity provision to banks may eliminate the good equilibrium when it is not targeted. Targeted interventions have the capacity to eliminate the bad equilibrium. The second chapter, titled "Gambling Traps", analyzes macroeconomic dynamics under this framework in a dynamic general equilibrium model. I show that self-fulfilling expectations about high bank risk-taking may lead to 'gambling traps' associated with slow recovery from crises. In a gambling trap, high bank funding costs hinder the accumulation of bank net worth, leading to a prolonged period of financial fragility and a persistent decline in economic activity. I bring this model to bear on the European sovereign debt crisis, in the course of which under-capitalized banks in default-risky countries experienced an increase in funding costs and raised their holdings of domestic government debt. The model is quantified using Portuguese data and accounts for macroeconomic dynamics in Portugal in 2010-2016. Finally, I show that subsidized loans to banks, similar to the European Central Bank's longer-term refinancing operations (LTRO) may perpetuate gambling traps. The third chapter, titled ''Shadow Banking and Market Discipline on Traditional Banks'', is joint work with Matthieu Darracq-Paries, Christo¤er Kok, and Dawid · Zochowski. In this chapter, we present a general equilibrium banking model in which shadow banking arises endogenously and undermines market discipline on traditional banks. We show that depositors' ability to re-optimize in response to crises imposes market discipline on traditional banks: these banks optimally commit to a safe portfolio strategy to prevent early withdrawals. With costly commitment, shadow banking emerges as an alternative banking strategy that combines high risk-taking with early liquidation in times of crisis. We bring the model to bear on the 2007-09 financial crisis in the United States, during which shadow banks experienced a sudden dry-up of funding and liquidated their assets. We derive an equilibrium in which the shadow banking sector expands to a size where its liquidation causes a fire-sale and exposes traditional banks to liquidity risk. Higher deposit rates in compensation for liquidity risk also weaken threats of early withdrawal and traditional banks pursue risky portfolios that may leave them in default. Financial stability is achieved with a tax on shadow bank profits or collateralized liquidity support to traditional banks.

Cette thèse se compose de trois articles qui s’insèrent dans une même problématique sur les interrelations entre les secteurs financier et réel en Corée du sud. Notre analyse empirique a vérifié le bon fonctionnement de certains composants du mécanisme de transmission entre les secteurs financier et réel. Tout d'abord, nous avons constaté que le canal du crédit bancaire a fonctionné comme l'un des canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire (Chapitre1). Ensuite, nous avons vérifié empiriquement que la capitalisation des banques est un facteur important dans la transmission des chocs de politique monétaire (Chapitre2). Enfin, notre analyse sur l’interaction entre le prix de l’immobilier et le crédit bancaire a montré qu’il existait une relation à long terme entre les prix de l'immobilier et les prêts bancaires (Chapitre 3). Comme vérifié empiriquement dans notre analyse, le secteur financier et le secteur réel sont étroitement liés par le choc financier ou réel. Les résultats mettent en valeur les points suivants vis-à-vis des politiques monétaires et de supervision. Premièrement, il est important que la politique monétaire prenne en compte la régulation du capital et son effet sur l’économie. Deuxièmement, en prenant en compte le fait que le prêt hypothécaire est très étroitement lié à la conjoncture économique en Corée, l’instrument de la politique macroprudentielle pour réduire la procyclicité est nécessaire. La banque centrale et l’autorité prudentielle peuvent collaborer à développer ces instruments. / This thesis consists of three Articles that fit into the same issue on the interrelationships between the financial and real sectors in South Korea. Our empirical analysis has verified the correct functioning of certain components of the transmission mechanism between the financial and real sectors. Firstly, we found that the bank lending channel has functioned as one of the transmission channels of monetary policy (Chapter 1). Then, we verified empirically that the capitalization of banks is an important factor in the transmission of monetary policy shocks (Chapter 2). Finally, our analysis of the interaction between property prices and bank lending has shown that there is a long-term relationship between property prices and bank lending (Chapter 3). As empirically verified in our analysis, the financial sector and the real sector are closely linked through shocks, either financial or real. The results highlight the following points vis-à-vis the monetary policy and macroprudential policy. First, it is important that monetary policy takes into account the capital regulation and its effect on the economy. Second, taking into account the fact that the mortgage is very closely linked to the economic situation in Korea, macroprudential policy instruments is required to reduce procyclicality. The central bank and the supervisory authority can collaborate to develop these instruments.

Submitted by Walter Gomes da Silva Junior (waltergomesjr@gmail.com) on 2018-08-28T19:07:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-08-28T19:11:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-08-28T20:59:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T20:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Os spreads bancários na América Latina apresentam altos patamares, quando comparados a outras regiões e economias do mundo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise comparativa dos fatores determinantes do spread bancário, nas principais economias da América Latina, para isso, utilizaram-se dados agregados de 73 economias do mundo, sendo 11 delas países da América Latina. Partindo-se de uma base com 51 variáveis independentes, foram gerados modelos de regressão em painel. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam, que o patamar dos spreads praticados na América Latina, são principalmente impactados pela inadimplência, provisões de crédito, custos administrativos e de pessoal, concentração bancária e diversificação das receitas. / The banking spreads in Latin America show high levels when compared to other regions and economies of the world. This work has the objective of comparative analysis of the determinants factors of the banking spreads in the main economies of Latin America, for that, was used aggregated data of 73 economies in the world, 11 of which are Latin American countries. Starting from a base with 51 independent variables, panel regression models were generated. The results show that the level of spreads in Latin America is mainly impacted by nonperforming loans, the level provisions, administrative and personnel costs, banking concentration and revenues diversification.

Le Luxembourg est le 3ème exportateur mondial de services financiers. Il figure parmi les pays qui accueillent le plus d’investissements directs en provenance de l’étranger, ce qui indique l’intensité de ses liens avec l’économie mondiale. Le but de ce travail est d’analyser l’influence éventuelle d’une économie mondiale caractérisée par l’interdépendance des marchés réels et financiers sur l’économie Luxembourgeoise. Chapitre 1 présente une analyse des interactions de l’économie Luxembourgeoise avec le monde extérieur. Le chapitre suivant est consacré à la revue de la littérature portant sur la modélisation de l’intermédiation financière au niveau macroéconomique, couvrant plusieurs types d’approches de modélisations. Enfin, le troisième chapitre comporte un modèle macroéconométrique multi-pays construit et analysé afin de simuler les scénarios plausibles. Le modèle y est présenté avec ses fondements théoriques, les résultats des simulations et une comparaison avec d’autres modèles. La nouveauté du modèle réside dans sa prise en compte du commerce international désagrégé en services financiers et autres, et des investissements internationaux en portefeuille avec leurs flux de titres et de capitaux, ainsi que de leur impact sur la croissance économique. Les résultats des simulations montrent que ce cadre d’analyse donne parfois des résultats différents par rapport aux modèles standards. Nombre de scénarios qui ne peuvent être simulés par d’autres modèles, tels que la baisse des flux internationaux d’investissements de portefeuille, sont également analysés et confirment la forte vulnérabilité du Luxembourg aux chocs externes qui ont lieu sur les marchés financiers. / Luxembourg is world’s third financial services exporter and one of world’s top recipients of foreign direct investment in value as well as per capita terms, which highlight its strong linkages with world economy. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze possible outcomes for the very small and very open economy of Luxembourg in a world environment, where real and financial markets affect each other. To better understand the characteristics of the economy and economic mechanisms behind them, a thorough analysis with emphasis put on the interactions with the outside world based on available data and relevant literature is presented (Chapter 1). Subsequently a survey of literature devoted to modeling financial intermediation at macroeconomic level across various types of modeling approaches is offered (Chapter 2). Finally, a multi-country macroeconometric model built to simulate possible scenarios is presented and analyzed (Chapter 3) with its theoretical background, simulations’ results and comparison with other models. The model is novel in that it accounts for international trade disaggregated into financial services and the rest, and international portfolio investment in securities and equity flows, that have a significant impact on the country’s economic growth. Simulations’ results show that such a framework generates sometimes markedly different results than more standard models. A number of scenarios which cannot be simulated in other models, such as American stock market fall or a decrease in international portfolio flows, are also analyzed and confirm the high vulnerability of Luxembourg economy to external shocks originating in financial markets.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T10:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 2341345 bytes, checksum: 7283bd13c0d58afa344b806685e77f7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:34:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 2341345 bytes, checksum: 7283bd13c0d58afa344b806685e77f7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 2341345 bytes, checksum: 7283bd13c0d58afa344b806685e77f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-01 / O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar os fatores que influenciam a demanda das firmas brasileiras (restritas e irrestritas) por financiamento, e quais os efeitos de choques no setor de intermediação financeira sobre o produto e sobre essa demanda no Brasil. Buscou-se na metodologia Insumo-Produto, e em suas recentes abordagens, elementos que contribuíssem para o entendimento das restrições de oferta na decisão de estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras. Foram construídas Matrizes de Contabilidade Social e Financeiras, as quais evidenciam a variação de ativos e passivos dos agentes econômicos, e por meio delas, foram extraídos multiplicadores do produto, que representam o efeito de choques exógenos sobre a produção brasileira. O impacto de choques no setor de intermediação financeira sobre o produto dos demais setores de atividade econômica foi denominado: Multiplicador Financeiro Setorial (MFS), por permitir visualizar o impacto de restrições dos fluxos financeiros no nível do setor. O impacto de restrições financeiras no nível da firma foi analisado com o modelo de Almeida e Campello (2010), destacando que a demanda por recursos externos é menos sensível ao fluxo de caixa em firmas mais propensas a sofrer restrições financeiras, o que implica na aceitação de que as decisões de investimento e financiamento são endógenas, ao menos para a firmas restritas, ressalvando as proposições tradicionais da teoria de estrutura de capital, como Dynamic Trade-off (DTO) e Pecking Order Theory (POT), bem como a necessidade de tratamento especial na modelagem econométrica. O modelo de Flannery e Rangan (2006), estimado pelo Método das Variáveis Instrumentais, de forma a considerar a restrição financeira, revela a importância de diversos fatores determinantes do endividamento além do fluxo de caixa, como tamanho, tangibilidade, risco, elementos relacionados a janelas de oportunidades, o custo da dívida e o efeito negativo do MFS, que o destaca como indicador da sensibilidade setorial. Estimando o modelo de Shyam-Sunders e Myers (1999), pelo Método dos Momentos Generalizados, também de forma a considerar a presença de restrição, observou-se que a POT é adequada para explicar a decisão de estrutura de capital somente das empresas irrestritas. / The goal of this research is to analyze the factors influencing the demand of Brazilian firms (restricted and unrestricted) for funding, and what the effects of shocks in the financial intermediation sector on the product and this demand in Brazil. Sought in the input-output methodology, and its recent approaches, elements that contribute to the understanding of supply constraints in the decision of capital structure of Brazilian companies. Were built a Financial and Social Accounting Matrix, which show the variation of assets and liabilities of economic agents, and through them, were extracted product multipliers, representing the effect of exogenous shocks on the Brazilian production. The impact of shocks in the financial intermediation sector about the product from other economic sectors was called: Financial Sector Multiplier (MFS), it allows to visualize the impact of restrictions on financial flows at the sector level. The impact of financial constraints at the firm level was analyzed in accordance with Almeida and Campello (2010). The demand for external funds is less sensitive to cash flow in firms more likely to suffer financial constraints. It implies acceptance that investment and financing decisions are endogenous, at least for constrained firms, safeguarding the traditional beliefs of the capital structure theory, as Dynamic Trade-off (DTO) and Pecking Order Theory (POT) as well as the need for treatment in econometric modeling. In order to consider the financial constraint, the Flannery and Rangan (2006) model was estimated by Instrumental Variables Method. It reveals the importance of various determinants of capital structure beyond the cash flow, such as size, leverage, risk elements related to market timing, the cost of debt and the negative effect of MFS, which stands as an indicator of sectorial sensitivity. Also to take into account the presence of restriction, we estimate the Shyam-Sunders and Myers (1999) model with the Generalized Method of Moments, it was observed that the POT is adequate to explain only the unconstrained firms capital structure decision.

La intermediación financiera ha aumentado a lo largo del tiempo en el Perú, los principales factores que pueden explicar este incremento son el acceso al sistema financiero, los ingresos percibidos y el nivel educativo y educación financiera. Sin embargo, una de las variables que no se suele tomar en consideración es la percepción de confianza, la cual es la que se estudia en este trabajo, y se busca hallar la influencia en la relación de la demanda por servicios financieros. Beczuck (2005) considera que las características y percepciones de la población influyen de manera positiva en el mejoramiento de la intermediación financiera. Por lo que resulta relevante el poder realizar estudios por el lado de la demanda para poder entender el comportamiento de la población frente a los servicios financieros ofertados. Mediante la la Encuesta Nacional de Capacidades Financieras 2019, se realiza una estimación del modelo de elección binaria debido a la característica de naturaleza dicotómica de la variable dependiente, donde se estima si una persona elige una cuenta de ahorro, depósitos a plazo y fondos mutuos o algún tipo de crédito en el sistema financiero. Los resultados muestran que la confianza tiene una relación positiva en la demanda por servicios financieros, lo que involucraría el tener en cuenta una mejor construcción y consideración de esta variable para políticas económicas. / Financial intermediation has increased over time in Peru, and the main factors that may explain this increase are access to the financial system, perceived income and the level of education and financial literacy. However, one of the variables that is not usually taken into consideration is the perception of trust, which is the one studied in this paper, and the aim is to find its influence on the relationship between the demand for financial services. Beczuck (2005) considers that the characteristics and perceptions of the population have a positive influence on the improvement of financial intermediation. Therefore, it is important to carry out studies on the demand side in order to understand the behavior of the population with respect to the financial services offered. Through the National Survey of Financial Capabilities 2019, an estimation of the binary choice model is made due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable, where it is estimated whether a person chooses a savings account, time deposits and mutual funds or some type of credit in the financial system. The results show that trust has a positive relationship with the demand for financial services, which would involve taking into account a better construction and consideration of this variable for economic policies. / Trabajo de investigación

[pt] Empréstimos P2P conecta tomadores de crédito a investidores por meio de plataformas online, eliminando a necessidade de um banco comercial como intermediário. Ao assumirem o risco de inadimplência dos tomadores, os investidores dependem do processo de cobrança de dívida. Esse estudo investiga se leis estaduais de cobrança de dívida afetam a capacidade dos cobradores de recuperar dívidas liquidadas. Resultados mostram que regulações maís rígidas estão associadas a taxas de recuperação menores, o que por sua vez leva a expansão de crédito para tomadores mais seguros. / [en] P2P Lending connects borrowers and lenders via an online platform, cutting out traditional banking intermediation. By bearing the risk of borrowers defaulting on their loans, investors rely on the debt collection process. This paper investigates whether state debt collection laws affect the ability of debt collectors to recover charged-off debts. Results show that stricter regulation are linked with lower recovery rates, which in turn leads to extension of credit to safer borrowers.

The objective of this thesis is to provide new insights into determinants of firm access to finance, and the role of the European Central Bank's (ECB) monetary policy. Not only do we describe and analyze the determinants of access to finance, but we focus on the theory of financial intermediation, as well. The key part analyses European Commission (EC)/ECB survey data for 16 euro area economies from 11 survey waves in the period from 2009 to 2014. We build our model using traditional firm-level variables such as firm size and age as well as a novel measure of the ECB's monetary policy stance - the shadow rate. We hypothesize that smaller and younger firms with decreased profitability over the past 6 months and increased leverage over the same period are more likely to report problems with access to finance. Our results are intuitively consistent with theoretical expectations and also show that the looser the monetary policy of the ECB is, the lower the composite financing gap indicator. Interestingly, we do not confirm the existence of risk taking channel of the monetary policy. Overall, we make use of the most recent survey data, extend the dataset, and use modified methodology for our estimation.