Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, München, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [271]-294) and index.

<p>SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>Lärarroller varierar både inom och mellan nationer. Trots att de finska och svenska lärarna har mycket som förenar så finns det även en hel del som skiljer dem åt. I detta arbete har jag genomfört intervjuer och observationer för att söka svar på vad det finns för likheter och skillnader mellan lärarnas roller i Finland och Sverige. Fyra svenskspråkiga skolor i Finland och tre skolor i Sverige har besökts.</p><p>I arbetet ställer jag följande frågor:</p><p>Vad finns det för olika lärarroller och vad står dessa roller för?</p><p>Hur ser den finska och svenska lärarrollen ut, utifrån undervisningsform, självbild och arbetssituation?</p><p>Svaren som jag kommit fram till pekar på skillnader i lärarnas sätt att undervisa. Den finska läraren använder sig ofta av en uppgiftsorienterad undervisning, där kunskaperna är i centrum, medan den svenska läraren lägger större fokus på elevorienterad undervisning. Detta hör ihop med olika lärarroller som kan sammanfattas i den förmedlande och den handledande rollen.</p><p>Även arbetssituation skiljer sig åt mellan nationerna. De finska lärarna har större frihet att forma sin arbetsdag som de själva vill, medan de svenska lärarna styrs av den arbetsplatsförlagda tiden som tas upp av elevvård och konferenser. Statusen på läraryrket tycks högre i Finland än vad de är i Sverige även om den upplevs som sjunkande i båda länderna.</p><p>Nyckelord: Lärarroller, Finland, Undervisningsform, Lärare</p> / <p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The variety between teachers and their professional roles are big both inside and between nations. Even though the Finish and the Swedish teachers have a lot in common there are several things that differ between them in their professions. I have in my research through observations and interviews been trying to find answers about differences and similarities in the roles of the teachers in these two countries. I have been visiting four Swedish speaking schools in Finland, and three schools in Sweden.</p><p>My two main questions in this project have been:</p><p>What kind of teacher roles exist and what are their characteristics?</p><p>How are the Finnish and the Swedish teacher roles shaped concern teaching stile and notion about the profession and work situation?</p><p>The answers I present in this paper adverts the variances in how the teachers conceive their teaching. The Finnish teachers are more focused on the task to put across knowledge to the tutee, while the Swedish teachers put more effort on the pupil’s wellbeing and the involvement of the tutee in the class. These two areas are related to different roles of the teachers and can be concluded in to the intermediary role and the pupil’s consenter role.</p><p>The working situation is also something that differs between these two nations. The Finnish ones have more freedom to shape there day as they concern while the Swedish teachers are more controlled by the regulation of the working time and conferences. The status of the teacher profession seams a bit higher in Finland compared to Sweden even though it may be declining in both of these countries.</p><p>Keyword: The role of the Teacher, Finland, Teaching stile, Teachers</p>

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The current situation in the world has forced many states to have a look at their security policy in a more demanding way. The instability around the world has become harder to prevent and for the states to protect their citizens, which requires efficient work from the states. Therefore, this paper is going to have a look at the security policy that Finland and Sweden are performing currently, to give us understanding of their current situation. To do that, it is necessary to have a look at their backgrounds as well. The aim of this paper is to understand security policies of these countries, and how that have effected to their choices that are done today. After that, new future possible choices will be analysed based on the given information. Since the instability has also reached these two countries, we shall have look what could be their choices in improving their current policies.   Theories that will be used in this paper, are playing important role in achieving the selected aim of this paper. Throughout this paper, theories are tools for us, guiding us to focus on the arguments that are supported by these theories. These different points of views will be collected from arguments that are presented about the security policy of these countries and are supporting theories Liberalism and/or Realism. Theories are also allowing us to use our method, argument analyse, by working as a great instrument in finding arguments that are relevant for the paper. Since this paper will not aim to give any specific idea of good security policy, the focus is to look the things where Finland and Sweden could improve their policies, and/or to have a look into new possibilities. Since the world is changing rapidly, also the security policies of countries have to keep up with the new challenges.

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The level of indebtedness in Sweden has been rising substantially and is well above thelevels prevalent in other countries. Consequently, the government introduced anamortization requirement in 2016, which was further strengthened in 2018, in order tolower the risk that a high level of debt might constitute for both households as well asfor the economy. We analyse whether mortgage repayment has an effect on the level ofindebtedness and we contribute to the present studies by investigating the effect of anamortization requirement by predicting long term consequences. In order to answer ourresearch question, data from Sweden and Finland is used, two countries that despitemany similarities have very different mortgage repayment cultures. By conducting apanel data analysis, we prove our hypothesis that amortization has a significant effect onthe level of indebtedness. However, we do also discuss that cultural factors might becrucial in determining the actual effects of a mortgage payoff requirement. Yet, weconclude that amortization might be a good start to decrease the high debt level inSweden.

The purpose of this essay is to provide a guide to the published solo piano works of Jean Sibelius (1865–1957). Sibelius wrote more than 150 compositions for piano; yet, these are little known and are rarely performed. Through this project, Sibelius’s solo piano literature, currently unknown to many pianists and piano teachers, will become more accessible. The first chapter will provide biographical information about Sibelius, the second chapter will deal with the compositional style and historical background of his piano works, and the third chapter will be the guide to his published works for solo piano. The guide of each piece will include a brief stylistic overview, available publications, the length, the key, and leveling suggestions based on Maurice Hinson’s grading system from Guide to the Pianist’s Repertoire. This essay serves the purpose of encouraging the study, practice, and performance of the solo piano works by Sibelius. Although his piano compositions follow the tradition of 19th-century Romanticism especially that of Chopin, Liszt, and Brahms, the influence of Finnish folk traditions makes his music distinctive from other Romantic composers. This guide will provide pianists and piano teachers access to important information regarding each of his pieces.

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SAMMANFATTNING Lärarroller varierar både inom och mellan nationer. Trots att de finska och svenska lärarna har mycket som förenar så finns det även en hel del som skiljer dem åt. I detta arbete har jag genomfört intervjuer och observationer för att söka svar på vad det finns för likheter och skillnader mellan lärarnas roller i Finland och Sverige. Fyra svenskspråkiga skolor i Finland och tre skolor i Sverige har besökts. I arbetet ställer jag följande frågor: Vad finns det för olika lärarroller och vad står dessa roller för? Hur ser den finska och svenska lärarrollen ut, utifrån undervisningsform, självbild och arbetssituation? Svaren som jag kommit fram till pekar på skillnader i lärarnas sätt att undervisa. Den finska läraren använder sig ofta av en uppgiftsorienterad undervisning, där kunskaperna är i centrum, medan den svenska läraren lägger större fokus på elevorienterad undervisning. Detta hör ihop med olika lärarroller som kan sammanfattas i den förmedlande och den handledande rollen. Även arbetssituation skiljer sig åt mellan nationerna. De finska lärarna har större frihet att forma sin arbetsdag som de själva vill, medan de svenska lärarna styrs av den arbetsplatsförlagda tiden som tas upp av elevvård och konferenser. Statusen på läraryrket tycks högre i Finland än vad de är i Sverige även om den upplevs som sjunkande i båda länderna. Nyckelord: Lärarroller, Finland, Undervisningsform, Lärare / ABSTRACT The variety between teachers and their professional roles are big both inside and between nations. Even though the Finish and the Swedish teachers have a lot in common there are several things that differ between them in their professions. I have in my research through observations and interviews been trying to find answers about differences and similarities in the roles of the teachers in these two countries. I have been visiting four Swedish speaking schools in Finland, and three schools in Sweden. My two main questions in this project have been: What kind of teacher roles exist and what are their characteristics? How are the Finnish and the Swedish teacher roles shaped concern teaching stile and notion about the profession and work situation? The answers I present in this paper adverts the variances in how the teachers conceive their teaching. The Finnish teachers are more focused on the task to put across knowledge to the tutee, while the Swedish teachers put more effort on the pupil’s wellbeing and the involvement of the tutee in the class. These two areas are related to different roles of the teachers and can be concluded in to the intermediary role and the pupil’s consenter role. The working situation is also something that differs between these two nations. The Finnish ones have more freedom to shape there day as they concern while the Swedish teachers are more controlled by the regulation of the working time and conferences. The status of the teacher profession seams a bit higher in Finland compared to Sweden even though it may be declining in both of these countries. Keyword: The role of the Teacher, Finland, Teaching stile, Teachers