Nos últimos anos o padrão de consumo alimentar no Brasil sofreu diversas modificações por conta dos processos de transição nutricional, marcado intensamente pelo alto consumo de alimentos com elevado teor calórico, ricos em gorduras, açúcares simples, sódio e ao baixo consumo de frutas, hortaliças e alimentos in natura. Este trabalho de caráter longitudinal teve por principal objetivo avaliar a mudança do estado nutricional dos alunos da rede pública de educação básica de ensino de Guariba (estado de São Paulo), no triênio 2013-2016, estimando as variáveis associadas às mudanças do estado nutricional, e analisar a ingestão de energia, macronutrientes, vitaminas, minerais, fibra alimentar e sua relação com o estado nutricional. Para a avaliação nutricional dos alunos foram analisados os indicadores antropométricos (escore Z do Índice de Massa Corporal). As informações referentes ao consumo de alimentos, qualitativa e quantitativa, foram obtidas por meio da adoção de 2 (dois) Recordatórios 24h (nas duas fases - F1 e F2), e as prevalências de inadequação de consumo de micronutrientes foram calculadas utilizando as recomendações nutricionais indicadas para cada estrato etário. Merece destaque a prevalência de excesso de peso dos alunos (49,58%) principalmente no que tange a proporção de obesos (15,60%), e as mudanças significativas no aumento o IMC com o transcorrer do tempo. Quanto ao consumo de macronutrientes, carboidratos, proteínas e gorduras saturadas apresentam-se acima dos valores preconizados de recomendações dietéticas. Quanto aos micronutrientes, os achados assemelham-se aos dados nacionais quanto à inadequação de cálcio, magnésio, sódio e potássio. Foi possível captar associação entre a inatividade física, medido pelo \"tempo de tela\", com o aumento do IMC na segunda fase da pesquisa. O número de alunos inativos tende a um quadro favorável ao incremento das taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade na população estudada, uma vez que um elevado percentual dos alunos classificados como obesos são sedentários (96,43%, na Fase 2). Políticas de saúde públicas municipais direcionadas a orientação dos adolescentes matriculados nas escolas de educação básica de ensino urgem em ser implantadas, com o intuito de que esta população não apresente altos índices de doenças crônicas relacionadas à baixa qualidade da dieta, sedentarismo e excesso de peso na idade adulta. / In recent years the pattern of food consumption in Brazil has suffered several modifications on porpoise of nutritional transition, marked by the intensively high consumption of high-calorie, high in fats, simple sugars, sodium and low consumption of fruits, vegetables and unprocessed foods. This work of longitudinal character has main objective to evaluate the change of nutritional status of students in the public education of basic education Guariba (State of São Paulo), in the 2013-2016 three years, estimating the variables associated to changes of state nutritional, and analyze the energy intake, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and your relationship with nutritional status. For the nutritional evaluation of the students analyzed the anthropometric indicators (Z score of body mass index). Information relating to the consumption of food, qualitative and quantitative, were obtained through the adoption of 2 (two) 24 hour recall (in two phases-F1 and F2), and the prevalence of inadequacy of consumption of micronutrients were calculated using the recommendations indicated for each age stratum nutritional. The prevalence of overweight students (49.58%) especially regarding the proportion of obese (15.60%), and significant changes in increasing the body mass index (BMI) with the elapse of time. As for the consumption of macronutrients carbohydrates, proteins and fats are saturated above the recommended values of dietary recommendations. As for micronutrients, the findings are similar to national data regarding the inadequacy of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. It was possible to capture association between physical inactivity, measured by \"screen time\", with the increase in BMI in the second phase of the research. The number of inactive students tends to favor the increasing rates of overweight and obesity in the population studied, since a high percentage of students classified as obese are sedentary (96.43%, in Stage 2). Municipal public health policies directed to guidance of adolescents enrolled in schools teaching basic education urge to be deployed, with the intention that this population with high rates of chronic diseases related to poor quality of diet, physical inactivity and overweight in adulthood.

O Brasil possui um mercado interno potencial para o consumo de alimentos, principalmente para as carnes. A carne já faz parte da alimentação dos brasileiros e sua demanda está ligada a vários fatores, como preços, qualidade, aspectos nutricionais, preferência, gosto e, principalmente, a restrição orçamentária, ou seja, a renda. A fim de determinar o quanto a renda impacta o consumo de carnes, buscou-se no presente estudo estimar as elasticidades-renda da demanda de carne bovina, suína e de frango, no Brasil e suas regiões. As elasticidades foram obtidas por meio do ajustamento de uma poligonal com três segmentos. Os coeficientes de elasticidade-renda do dispêndio, calculados para as carnes de forma geral, foram sempre menores do que 1, sendo a carne bovina, responsável pelos valores extremos: a de primeira, próxima de 1 e a de segunda, próxima de zero. As altas elasticidades obtidas para a carne bovina de primeira e também para a carne suína indicam que há maiores aumentos nas despesas de ambas as carnes, quando há uma variação positiva na renda da população. Para a carne bovina de segunda e para a carne de frango o impacto é menor. Por fim, pode-se inferir, tendo-se observado em muitos casos elasticidades decrescentes de acordo com o aumento de renda, que uma redistribuição desta poderia levar a um aumento significativo do consumo de carnes. Este estudo pode fundamentar as estratégicas de mercado de empresas do setor de carnes, tanto industrial como varejistas. Verifica-se expansão na produção e exportação nos três mercados estudados e as elasticidades estimadas servem de base para análises prospectivas sobre o consumo doméstico. / Brazil has a potencial domestic market for food consumption, mainly for meat. Meat is already a part of the Brazilian eating habit and its demand is connected to several factors, like prices, quality, nutritional aspects, preferences, taste and, mainly, to budget restriction, that is, the income. To determine how much the income impacts on the meat consumption, this work estimated the income-elasticities of beef, pork and poultry meat demand in Brazil and its regions. The elasticities were obtained by fitting a three-segment polygonal curve. The income elasticities coefficients, calculated for meat, were always below 1, being beef responsible to extreme values: the beef of first quality is near 1 and the beef of second quality, near zero. The high elasticities for beef first and also for pork indicates that there are bigger increases in the expenditures of both kinds of meat, when there is a positive variation in the population income. To the beef of second quality and to the poultry meat the impact is smaller. Finally, the study infers, noticing in many cases decreasing elasticities according to the increasing income, that a redistribution of this could get a significative increase of the meat consumption. This study can base market?s strategies of meat companies, as industrial as retailer. It also shows expansion in the production and export in the three studied markets and the obtained elasticities can be used to the previous analysis about domestic consumption.

Submitted by Leonardo Lima (leonardoperlim@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T15:23:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) PINTO, Andler Kimura.pdf: 3550753 bytes, checksum: f691b3e87368a1be4b14b433d67448bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T19:09:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 PINTO, Andler Kimura.pdf: 3550753 bytes, checksum: f691b3e87368a1be4b14b433d67448bc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T19:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 PINTO, Andler Kimura.pdf: 3550753 bytes, checksum: f691b3e87368a1be4b14b433d67448bc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T19:13:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 PINTO, Andler Kimura.pdf: 3550753 bytes, checksum: f691b3e87368a1be4b14b433d67448bc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / Sem bolsa / O presente trabalho está inserido no ramo da Geografia Urbana, mais especificamente na área da Geografia do Comércio e do Consumo e analisa o consumo de alimentos prontos nos trailers da cidade de Pelotas, RS. O consumo de alimentos prontos nos trailers está ligado com alguns dos momentos do cotidiano, como a associação da compra com o lazer e o tempo gasto com as refeições das pessoas. Este consumo está intimamente relacionado com a hipermodernidade, pois nessa fase é possível observar que a sociedade escolhe seus locais de consumo atrelando ao produto valores, desejos, hábitos, gostos e necessidades intensificadas. Fazendo com que o consumidor não consuma somente o produto que o estabelecimento oferece, mas também o espaço de consumo que o trailer proporciona. Com isso o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o consumidor que frequenta estes tipos de estabelecimentos e observar como ocorre o consumo nesses espaços e quais os motivos que levam a frequentar os trailers em Pelotas, identificar os trailers localizados na cidade de Pelotas e construir um mapa contendo a localização destes tipos de comercio de alimentos. / This work is inserted in the field of Urban Geography, specifically in the area of Trade and Consumer Geography and analyzes the consumption of ready food in the trailers of the city of Pelotas, Brazil. The consumption of ready food in the trailers is connected with some of the everyday moments, such as the association of the purchase with the leisure and the time spent with meals people. This consumption is closely related to the hyper, because at this stage you can see that society chooses its consumption of local tying the product values, desires, habits, likes and intensified needs. Causing the consumer not only consume the product that the property offers, but also the consumer space the trailer provides. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the consumer who attends these types of establishments and observe how consumption occurs in these spaces and what are the reasons that lead to attend the trailers in Pelotas, identify the trailers located in the city of Pelotas and build a map containing the location of these types of food trade.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a composição corporal, ingestão alimentar e condição periodontal de pacientes obesos mórbidos com síndrome metabólica (SM) e sem SM, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. O estudo foi de caráter observacional, transversal e analítico, envolvendo pacientes com índice de massa corporal (IMC) entre 40,0 a 49,9 kg/m² e idade entre 18 e 55 anos, atendidos no ambulatório de Cirurgia Bariátrica do Hospital Amaral Carvalho (HAC), de Jaú - SP. A amostra foi constituída por 60 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo com SM (G1-com SM = 30) e grupo sem SM (G2-sem SM = 30), os quais foram avaliados no pré-operatório da cirurgia bariátrica. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, escolaridade, renda per capita, peso, altura, IMC, circunferência da cintura, circunferência do quadril, relação cintura-quadril, composição corporal por bioimpedância elétrica, ingestão alimentar, consumo de bebida alcoólica, índice de sangramento gengival, recessão gengival, profundidade da sondagem, índice de placa e índice de cálculo. Foram adotados os testes Qui-quadrado e teste t não pareado, para verificar a associação entre SM e o desfecho bucal (doença periodontal), seguidos de regressão linear multivariada e correlação Scatter-Plot (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à composição corporal e a ingestão alimentar. O G1-com SM apresentaram maior idade (p=0,0006) e maior número de dentes ausentes (p=0,0002). Quanto às condições periodontais, a bolsa vestibular ou lingual de 0-3mm foram mais prevalentes em G2-sem SM (p=0,0002), recessão vestibular ou lingual =0 também foram maior (p<0,0003). Concluiu-se que pacientes com SM apresentam piores condições periodontais do que os sem SM. A atenção integral à saúde destes pacientes se faz necessária através de equipe multiprofissional, com a participação do cirurgião dentista. / The aim of the present study was to compare the body composition, food intake and periodontal condition of morbidly obese patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and without MS, candidates for bariatric surgery. The study was observational, crosssectional and analytical, involving patients with body mass index (BMI) between 40.0 and 49.9 kg / m² and aged between 18 and 55 years, attended at the ambulatory of Bariatric Surgery of the Hospital Amaral Carvalho (HAC), Jaú - SP. The sample consisted of 60 subjects, divided into two groups: group with MS (G1-with SM = 30) and group without MS (G2-without SM = 30), which were evaluated in the preoperative period of bariatric surgery. The variables analyzed were: age, education, per capita income, weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio, body composition by electric bio impedance, food intake, alcohol consumption and gingival bleeding index, gingival recession, probing pocket depth, plaque index and calculus index. Chi-square tests and unpaired t test were used to verify the association between MS and buccal outcome (periodontal disease), followed by multivariate linear regression and Scatter-Plot correlation (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding body composition and food intake. The G1-with SM showed older age (p = 0.0006) and greater number of missing teeth (p = 0.0002). As for periodontal conditions, the vestibular or lingual pouch of 0-3mm were more prevalent in G2-without SM (p = 0.0002), buccal or lingual recession = 0 were also higher (p <0.0003).It was concluded that patients with MS have worse periodontal conditions than those without MS. The integral health care of these patients is necessary through a multiprofessional team, with the participation of the dentist surgeon.

Introdução: Um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Quantitativo (QUEFAC) foi construído por HINNIG et al. (2014) para avaliar a dieta habitual de crianças de 7 a 10 anos, uma vez que os desenvolvidos para adultos podem superestimar o consumo de crianças. No entanto, não foi testado quanto à sua validade e reprodutibilidade para que o instrumento possa ser utilizado em pesquisas. Objetivo: avaliar a reprodutibilidade e a validade do QUEFAC para a amostra como um todo e avaliar a validade estratificada por sexo, faixa etária e nível socioeconômico. Métodos: o estudo de reprodutibilidade foi realizado no município de Araraquara, em abril de 2013, com 89 crianças de 7 a 10 anos que responderam a dois QUEFACs com intervalo de 15 dias entre as aplicações. O estudo de validade foi realizado com 167 crianças de duas escolas do município de São Paulo de agosto a dezembro de 2013. Neste, as crianças responderam a três Recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h) que serviram como método de referência e a um QUEFAC. Em ambos os estudos, os responsáveis pelas crianças responderam a um questionário socioeconômico e realizou-se a avaliação da habilidade da criança em responder ao QUEFAC. Para avaliação da reprodutibilidade e validade, utilizaram-se o teste de diferença de médias para amostras pareadas (teste t pareado e Wilcoxon), calcularamse os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e Kappa ponderado, além da análise dos gráficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados: mais de 55 por cento das crianças foram avaliadas com habilidade boa, muito boa ou excelente em todos os aspectos avaliados ao responder o QUEFAC. No estudo de reprodutibilidade, observou-se diferença de médias entre uma aplicação e outra do QUEFAC para todos os nutrientes investigados, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variou de 0,12 a 0,54, valores de Kappa ponderado de 0,01 a 0,39 e os gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraram distribuição aleatória para todos os nutrientes. No estudo de validade para amostra como um todo, observou-se diferença de média para todos os nutrientes, com exceção da energia e zinco, os coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variaram de 0 a 0,37, valores de Kappa ponderado de 0 a 0,27 e gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraram distribuição aleatória dos dados para lipídios, carboidratos, cálcio, fósforo, sódio, zinco, vitaminas B1, B2, niacina, vitamina C, retinol e gordura saturada. A avaliação da validade estratificada por sexo, faixa etária e nível socioeconômico apresentou resultados semelhantes. Conclusão: O QUEFAC não se mostrou válido para avaliação da dieta habitual dos últimos 3 meses em crianças de 7 a 10 anos residentes em São Paulo e apresentou moderada reprodutibilidade para energia, proteínas, cálcio, fósforo, ferro, potássio, magnésio e vitamina B2. / Introduction: A Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QUEFAC) was developed by Hinnig et al. (2010 ) to assess the usual intake of children aged 7 to 10 years, because instruments developed for adults may overestimate food consumption of children. However, it was not tested for validity and reliability, so that the instrument can be used in research. Objective: to assess the reproducibility and validity of QUEFAC for the sample as a whole and to evaluate the validity stratified by sex, age group and socioeconomic status. Methods: The reproducibility study was conducted in the city of Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil, in April 2013, with 89 children aged 7 to 10 years who answered two QUEFAC\'s with an interval of 15 days between applications. The validity study was conducted with 167 children from two schools in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from August to December 2013. In this, children responded to three 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR ) which was the reference method and to a QUEFAC. In both studies, the caregivers of the children answered a socioeconomic questionnaire and the child\'s ability to respond to QUEFAC was assessed. The mean difference for paired samples (Wilcoxon and paired t test), the intraclass correlation coefficient, the weighted kappa and the analysis of Bland- Altman were used to assess the reproducibility and the validity. Results: Fifty five percent of children had their ability to answer the questionnaire considered good, very good or excellent in all the aspects. In the reproducibility study, we observed a significant difference between the means for all nutrients of the two QUEFAC, the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.12 to 0.54, the weighted kappa values ranged from 0.01 to 0.39. The Bland-Altman plots showed random distribution for all nutrients. In the validity study of the entire sample, we observed difference in means for all nutrients, except for energy and zinc, the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0 to 0.37, the weighted kappa values ranged from 0 to 0.27. The Bland-Altman plot showed a random distribution of data for lipids, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, zinc, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C, retinol and saturated fat. The assessment of the validity stratified by sex, age and socioeconomic status showed similar results. Conclusion: the QUEFAC was not valid for the evaluation of habitual intake of the last three months for children aged 7 to 10 years living in the city of Sao Paulo and had moderate reproducibility for energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron , potassium, magnesium and vitamin B2.

A social etiquette has emerged around the consumption of food in the West which requires the use of cutlery – knife, fork and spoon. It is the spoon that is the subject of this thesis, a utensil so familiar as to have become almost invisible. The significance of the spoon should not be underestimated and it is employed in this study as a device to offer insight into material practices, examine theoretical issues in relation to design and explore the culture of representation that has developed around objects in the contemporary field of visual and material culture. In this sense this thesis can be seen as located in the blurred boundaries of art, craft and design and as constituting a text which contextualises and supports a collection of artefacts developed in the course of a 'practice led' Art and Design PhD. The spoon exists not only as an object whose usefulness transcends time but also in terms of a metaphorical singularity; as an idea with an infinite number of possible interpretations and material manifestations. This thesis originates in the idea of a reflective cross-disciplinary enquiry intended to explore fundamental questions around what the author defines as “spoonness”, articulating that which might otherwise be articulated through (and subsumed in) the making of the object itself. Significantly, by tracing the journey of the authors film „Emilie Eating Soup‟ together with the various objects, exhibitions and catalogues developed in the course of this research, this thesis also contributes to current critical discourse from the perspective of the practitioner - a voice that in the past has often been absent from academic discourse. It opens up the creative processes to scrutiny and further comment, and serves as a model of analysis to others in the field of material culture to aid reflection upon their own practice and generate new modes of innovation. A critical reflection upon the works subsequent reception at a series of prestigious international exhibitions and events is made throughout this thesis. These materials, together with this text, combine to represent the broad arc of this author‟s creative practice and collectively define the innovative nature of this PhD.

Orientador: Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhaes / Resumo: Objetivos: Identificar padrões alimentares de duas coortes de gestantes e diferenças na adesão a estes padrões segundo trimestres gestacionais e características das gestantes: de escolaridade, idade, nível socioeconômico, trabalhar fora, morar com companheiro, fumar antes da gestação, ingerir bebida alcóolica antes da gestação, paridade, ser da cor branca e estado nutricional pré-gestacional. Métodos: A fonte dos dados foi o estudo “Impacto de intervenção para promoção de caminhada no lazer e alimentação saudável em gestantes atendidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família: um estudo de coorte controlado”. Em cada trimestre gestacional foram realizados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas: um por entrevista presencial e outro por telefone, um referente a final de semana/feriado. Os inquéritos foram digitados no software Nutrition Data System for Research. Os alimentos com características semelhantes foram agrupados em 39 grupos, sendo a identificação dos padrões realizada por análise de componentes principais, utilizando a média de consumo de cada grupo nos dois recordatórios de cada trimestre. Foi realizada rotação ortogonal varimax, considerando cargas fatoriais rotacionadas acima de |0,30|. Foram calculados os escores de adesão das gestantes a cada padrão identificado e posteriormente divididos em tercis. As diferenças relativas aos trimestres gestacionais foram testadas pelo teste de diferença de proporções; associação entre os padrões e as características maternas re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objectives: To identify dietary patterns of two cohorts of pregnant women and differences in adherence to these patterns by gestational trimesters and characteristics of pregnant women: years of schooling, age, socioeconomic status, work outside the home, living with a partner, smoking before pregnancy, eat drink alcoholic before pregnancy, parity, be of white color and pre-gestational nutritional status. Methods: The data source was the study "Impact of an intervention to promote walking during leisure time and healthy eating in pregnant women attending the Family Health Strategy: a controlled cohort study”. At each trimester, there were two dietary recalls of 24 hours: one by personal interview and another by telephone, one referring to weekend/holiday. The surveys form entered in the software Nutrition Data System for Research. Foods with similar characteristics were grouped into 39 groups, with the identification of patterns performed by factorial principal component analysis using the average consumption of each food group in both recalls obtained in each trimester. Varimax orthogonal rotation was carried out, considering the significant food groups rotated factor loadings above |0.30|. The adhesion scores were calculated for pregnant women for each dietary pattern identified and subsequently divided into tertiles. The differences related to gestational trimesters were tested by the proportions difference test; association between the patterns and maternal characteristic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis seeks to address the topic of how the leading Swedish food retailers applied the 4 Ps of the green marketing mix (product, price, promotion, place) when offering organic food. Firstly, the food retailers segment all the consumers in different categories, but the green consumer is not one of them. Subsequently, they target the whole market with varying strategies for positioning. For short-term positioning works the announcements of discounts in the shops. Launching promotional campaigns online and advertising on TV has given favourable outcomes of long-term and allowed the recognition of the people of the green food brand.However, there is a lack of effective use of the elements of green marketing, especially in green product and the green promotion. Regarding green price, they strive to reduce overprices to attract more consumers. About the green place, all have a lot to improve. In sum, the strategies of green marketing mix of supermarkets could be slowing down the organic food consumption.

<p>The thesis consists of a summary and four papers, concerned with food consumption, behavior associated with overconsumption of food and analysis of the economic policy reforms designed to improve health.</p><p>Paper [I] estimates a hedonic price model on breakfast cereal, crisp bread and potato product data. The purpose is to examine the marginal implicit prices for food characteristics associated with health. A trade-off exists between health and taste. For instance, sugar, salt and fat are tasty but can be unhealthy if overconsumed; whereas fiber is unhealthy if underconsumed. If the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative, consumers value health over its taste. Our results are the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative for breakfast cereals and crisp bread—consumers value health over the taste of sugar. For salt, we find the opposite—a positive marginal implicit price, suggesting people value its taste over health. For fat, we find a negative marginal implicit price of fat in breakfast cereals and potato products containing salt, whereas we find a positive marginal implicit price of fat in hard bread and potato products that contain no salt. For the one healthy characteristic, fiber, we find a negative marginal implicit price in breakfast cereals and a positive implicit price in hard bread.</p><p>Paper [II] uses a general equilibrium model to derive the optimal policy if people overconsume unhealthy food due to self-control problems. Individuals lacking self-control have a preference for immediate gratification, at the expense of future health. We show the optimal policy to help individuals with self-control problems to behave rationally is a combination of subsidies for the health capital stock and the physical capital stock.</p><p>Paper [III] estimates a demand system for grain consumption based on household panel data and detailed product characteristics, and simulate the effect on grain consumption of economic policy reforms designed to encourage a healthier grain diet. Our results imply it is more cost-efficient to subsidize the fiber content than to subsidize products rich in fiber given the goal to increase the fiber intake of the average Swedish household. Our results also imply subsidies alone give rise to an increase in fiber, and to other unhealthy nutrients. Also, subsidies alone have negative effects on the budget. We therefore simulate the effect of policy reforms in which the subsidies are funded either by taxes on the content of unhealthy nutrients or by taxes on products that are overconsumed. Our results suggest that price instruments need to be substantial to change consumption. For instance, removing the VAT on products rich in fiber has little effect on consumption.</p><p>Paper [IV] explores habit persistence in breakfast cereal purchases. To perform the analysis, we use a mixed multinomial logit model, on household panel data on breakfast cereal purchases. If habit persistence in consumption is strong, short and long-run responses to policy reforms will differ. Our results are breakfast cereal purchases are strongly associated with habit persistence. Our results also imply preferences for breakfast cereals are heterogeneous over households and the strength of habit persistence is similar over educational and income groups.</p>

The thesis consists of a summary and four papers, concerned with food consumption, behavior associated with overconsumption of food and analysis of the economic policy reforms designed to improve health. Paper [I] estimates a hedonic price model on breakfast cereal, crisp bread and potato product data. The purpose is to examine the marginal implicit prices for food characteristics associated with health. A trade-off exists between health and taste. For instance, sugar, salt and fat are tasty but can be unhealthy if overconsumed; whereas fiber is unhealthy if underconsumed. If the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative, consumers value health over its taste. Our results are the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative for breakfast cereals and crisp bread—consumers value health over the taste of sugar. For salt, we find the opposite—a positive marginal implicit price, suggesting people value its taste over health. For fat, we find a negative marginal implicit price of fat in breakfast cereals and potato products containing salt, whereas we find a positive marginal implicit price of fat in hard bread and potato products that contain no salt. For the one healthy characteristic, fiber, we find a negative marginal implicit price in breakfast cereals and a positive implicit price in hard bread. Paper [II] uses a general equilibrium model to derive the optimal policy if people overconsume unhealthy food due to self-control problems. Individuals lacking self-control have a preference for immediate gratification, at the expense of future health. We show the optimal policy to help individuals with self-control problems to behave rationally is a combination of subsidies for the health capital stock and the physical capital stock. Paper [III] estimates a demand system for grain consumption based on household panel data and detailed product characteristics, and simulate the effect on grain consumption of economic policy reforms designed to encourage a healthier grain diet. Our results imply it is more cost-efficient to subsidize the fiber content than to subsidize products rich in fiber given the goal to increase the fiber intake of the average Swedish household. Our results also imply subsidies alone give rise to an increase in fiber, and to other unhealthy nutrients. Also, subsidies alone have negative effects on the budget. We therefore simulate the effect of policy reforms in which the subsidies are funded either by taxes on the content of unhealthy nutrients or by taxes on products that are overconsumed. Our results suggest that price instruments need to be substantial to change consumption. For instance, removing the VAT on products rich in fiber has little effect on consumption. Paper [IV] explores habit persistence in breakfast cereal purchases. To perform the analysis, we use a mixed multinomial logit model, on household panel data on breakfast cereal purchases. If habit persistence in consumption is strong, short and long-run responses to policy reforms will differ. Our results are breakfast cereal purchases are strongly associated with habit persistence. Our results also imply preferences for breakfast cereals are heterogeneous over households and the strength of habit persistence is similar over educational and income groups.