Les entreprises américaines implantées en France ont été étudiées de 1890 à 1990 à partir des archives de la Chambre de Commerce américaine en France (AmCham). Cette source permet d’analyser les actions collectives qu’elles ont menées et l’influence qu’elles ont eue sur le milieu des entreprises françaises, dans cinq périodes successives où la cohérence entre leurs actions et celles des autorités américaines a été plus ou moins étroite. Dans la première période (1890-1914), l’AmCham est un club de riches hommes d’affaires dans un environnement prestigieux. Dans la deuxième (1914-1945), elle est une association d’entreprises, plus nombreuses mais placées dans un contexte de guerre et de crise, sans stratégie commune. Dans la troisième (1945-1970), elle est un outil efficace du Plan Marshall puis du « défi américain ». Dans la quatrième (1970-1990), les implantations se multiplient mais la montée en puissance de l’union européenne, les réticences américaines sur l’investissement à l’étranger et la francisation des filiales américaines font apparaître des facteurs de fragilité et finalement dans la cinquième (après 1990), l’AmCham, dont l’influence a décliné, cherche, avec difficulté, des éléments de solidarité entre ses adhérents dans le contexte nouveau de la mondialisation. A partir de cette source, on a étudié les interactions culturelles entre l’AmCham et son milieu et la diffusion du modèle de management américain, qui a conduit à une forte francisation des filiales américaines en France. / American firms in France have been studied from 1890 to 1990, from the archives of the American Chamber of Commerce in France (AmCham). This source provides the elements of an analysis of the collective actions they implemented and the influence they had on French firms over five successive periods where there was more or less a consistency between their actions and the US government’s decisions. In the first periode (1890-1914), AmCham was a club of wealthy businessmen in a prestigious environment. In the second one (1914-1945), it was an employer’s association, with more members but in a context of wars and crisis, without a common strategy. In the third one (1945-1970), it was an efficient instrument of the Marshall Plan and later the « American challenge ». In the fourth one (1970-1990), with a growing number of firms, with the European project gaining ground, US policy’s reluctance to FDI and US firms becoming more and more « frenchized », significant factors of fragility appeared and finally in the fifth one (after 1990), AmCham, whose influence has diminished, is trying painfully to identify new elements of solidarity between its members in the new context of globalization. From this source, the study focuses on cultural interactions between AmCham and its environment and the spread of the American management model, which led to a large « frenchization » of American subsidiaries in France.

Avec la croissance rapide de l’économie chinoise, les IDE chinois augmentent aussi très vite. De plus en plus études commencent à rechercher les déterminants et les impactes des IDE sortant chinois. Ce papier focalise sur les IDE chinois en Afrique, les motivations et les impactes en comparant avec les autres investissements du reste du monde. Plus intéressant, une étude de cas d’un projet chinois dans le secteur minier en Guinée va être présentée à la fin de la thèse au point de vue des investisseur chinois au niveau industriel et les implications politiques sont tirées à la base des résultats obtenus dans des parties empiriques au niveau macro. Le premier chapitre présente une situation générale du développement de l’IDE chinois et surtout celui en Afrique ; les deuxième et troisième parties sont les deux parties empiriques concernant les déterminants et les impactes de l’IDE chinois en Afrique ; et une étude de cas à la fin. / With rapid Chinese economic growth, the China’s foreign direct investment has as well grown very quickly. More and more studies focus on the determinants and impacts of Chinese outward FDI (OFDI). This thesis targets the Chinese OFDI in Africa, its investment motivations and the impacts to the African host countries compared with other investments from the rest of the world. More interestingly, a case study of a Chinese mining project in Guinea is well presented on the perspective of a Chinese investor’s point of view at industry micro level and the policy implications are drawn based on the empirical results gained from the former chapters at macro level. The first chapter presents the general situation of China’s OFDI, especially that in Africa; while the second and the third chapters are the two empirical parts of determinants and impacts studies; followed by a case study in the final chapter.

本文利用一九九三∼一九九四年，與一九九七∼一九九九年中國大陸官方的地區別產業合併資料（panel data），運用固定效果計量模型（fixed effect model），以Chenery修正後的Hoffmann指數的倒數（C-H指數）為應變數，來檢測外人直接投資，對中國大陸製造業產業升級的影響。 從實證模型的迴歸結果發現。首先，在檢視外資對中國大陸製造業產業升級上，結果發現中國大陸外資的引進，對製造業的產業升級並沒有幫助，甚至出現反工業化（de-industrialization）的情形。這樣的結果雖人令人驚訝卻也合理。歸咎原因，在於（1）中國大陸的外資來源，大部分是來自台港澳外資，而台港澳外資所投資的產業，主要是在勞力密集型的產業，生產消費財產品居多。（2）從實證結果中可知，並非絕對表示中國大陸製造業沒有產業升級的情形，而是表示外資在其本身所投資的產業，相對於全國平均產業，其產業升級的幅度小於全國平均產業的水準。因此相對而言，外資對中國大陸製造業，並沒有促進產業升級的影響。 其次，針對不同來源外資，對中國大陸製造業產業升級的影響。實證結果顯示，台港澳外資對中國大陸製造業的產業升級，並無顯著影響；一般外資的引進，對中國大陸製造業的產業升級並沒有幫助，反而出現反工業化的情形。 另外，針對不同來源外資，對不同工業化程度地區製造業產業升級的影響。實證結果顯示，台港澳外資，對中國大陸高工業化程度地區的製造業工業化程度的影響，與在低工業化程度地區的製造業比較，有提升產業升級的影響；一般外資對中國大陸高工業化程度地區製造業的產業升級，與低工業化程度地區製造業比較，並無明顯不同。 雖然從研究結果可得知，似乎中國大陸引進外資越多，不但無助於產業升級，甚至出現反工業化的情形。然而，從中國大陸的產業發展策略來看，在一九七九年改革開放之前，由於中國大陸實行重工業優先發展的「趕超戰略」，雖然使得中國大陸的工業得以迅速發展，但卻造成產業結構的嚴重失衡，農、輕、重工業的比例關係失調。因此，在引進外資的政策與過程中，希望利用外資的力量，來彌補中國大陸消費財產業的缺口，尤其佔外資來源最大的台港澳外資，也多是以生產消費財產業為主。所以整體而言，中國大陸引進外資的策略，對整體產業結構的調整，仍是有利的。 / This thesis investigates the issue regarding whether or not foreign direct investment (FDI) has upgraded China’s industrial structure. Using China’s official regionally-based panel data in 1993~1994, and 1997~1999, and several specifications of the fixed-effect model with a reciprocal of the Chenery-revised-Hoffmann ratio (C-H ratio) as the dependent variable, the primary finding is that FDI has had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. This conclusion is surprising, but reasonable, due to (1) FDI resources coming from Hong Kong and Taiwan are concentrated on consumption goods industries in China. (2) FDI didn’t have absolutely a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China. Relative to the level of industrialization, industries of FDI is less then total industries. Therefore, FDI was no use on industrial upgrading in China. Secondly, this thesis separated the source of FDI into Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao (THM hereafter), and other FDI (FOR hereafter), the conclusion indicated that both THM and FOR have had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. Besides, relative to the different level of industrialization, the conclusion indicated that THM has had positive influence in the regions of low level of industrialization, than in the regions of high level of industrialization. FOR has had no influence in all regions. Although the conclusion showed that FDI has had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. However, due to the development of heavy industry was priority in China’s industrial policy before 1979, the industrial structure in China was not balance. Therefore, to attract FDI has became the most important policy to make up for the gap of consumer goods industry. In conclusion, the policy to attract FDI could adjust the industrial structure in China.

No description available.

No description available.

本研究探討天津1981年至2010年間，經濟成長與銀行放款間的關係。除了將銀行分為中資銀行及外資銀行兩類外，並且將外資直接投資因素納入考慮，檢視其在銀行放款與經濟成長間所扮演的角色。運用VECM模型實證結果發現：中資銀行及外資銀行的放款與天津市經濟成長呈現正向相關，前者效果會受到後者的影響而提升；後者與外資直接投資亦呈現正向相關，同時，證實了外資銀行「客戶追隨理論」可適用於天津。

The effectiveness of South Africa's policy framework towards attracting FDI has been questionable. Determined to redress the instabilities created by the apartheid regime, the Government of National Unity (GNU) commissioned the Macroeconomic and Research Group (MERG), and charged it to devise appropriate policy reforms and intervention mechanism to address the shortcomings. This research critically interrogates the effectiveness of government's policy reforms towards attracting FDI, especially the impacts of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) initiative and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA). This research concludes that the policy determinants for inflow FDI have been self-defeating. Also, it was found that necessary reforms would have to be conducted to correct some of the shortcomings of the macroeconomic policies, as a way of creating an environment that is capable of attracting greenfield investments (FDI) to South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-07-17T13:17:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Carla Goreth Araújo da Silva Farias.pdf: 30640486 bytes, checksum: 7d7ac554db0c19b8c1db8fd68fa52529 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T13:17:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Carla Goreth Araújo da Silva Farias.pdf: 30640486 bytes, checksum: 7d7ac554db0c19b8c1db8fd68fa52529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / CAPES / The research paper aims to analyze the strategies of Brazil that contribute to the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment to Brazil in the period 2003-2013. As such, a contextualization of worldwide investment flows was made, highlighting the participation of Brazil, and emphasizing the flows designated for Brazil. Subsequently, an analysis of the sectorial destinations of these investments was made, underscoring its effects on the Brazilian economy. Previously, the strategies for attracting investments were studied, with an analysis of the direct and indirect effects that contribute favorably to the attraction of cash flow to the country. The analysis was conducted by a qualitative survey i.e. an exploratory analysis of the data, using bibliographic reference, website researches and official documents provided by the Brazilian Government. It was noted that the Government remained committed to attracting foreign investment, implementing and innovating in the development of strategies to attract productive capital, with a view mainly to ensure innovative production processes for the country. It was found that the Federal Government in the period 2003-2013 demonstrated deliberate actions in order to attract FDI. / A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias brasileiras que contribuem para atração dos Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos para o Brasil no período 2003-2013. Para tanto, foi realizado uma contextualização dos fluxos mundiais de investimento, destacando a participação brasileira, enfatizando a evolução desses fluxos para o Brasil. Em seguida, fez-se uma análise acerca do destino setorial desses investimentos, ressaltando os efeitos sobre a economia brasileira. Posteriormente, foram estudadas as estratégias de atração de investimentos, com análise dos efeitos diretos e indiretos que contribuem favoravelmente na atração dos fluxos para o país. A análise foi realizada a partir de levantamento qualitativo, ou seja, análise exploratória dos dados, utilizando-se de consulta bibliográfica e pesquisas aos portais e documentos oficiais disponibilizados pelo governo brasileiro. Ficou constatado que o Governo se manteve empenhado na atração de investimentos estrangeiros, aplicando e inovando na elaboração de estratégias destinadas a atrair os capitais produtivos, tendo em vista principalmente assegurar processos produtivos inovadores para o país. Verificou-se que o Governo Federal no período 2003-2013 pôs em prática ações deliberadas com o objetivo de atrair IED..,

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

經濟全球化浪潮下，中國是所有跨國公司對外直接投資的焦點，然而即便是擁有豐富國際市場經驗的跨國公司，進入中國內需市場時仍免不了碰到水土不服的問題，最主要的原因在於中國政府一向以政府政策(Government Actions)強力主導全國產業之發展，形成政府力量迫使廠商必須在經營策略上做出相當程度調整的現象。擁有十三億內需市場的中國，早已令全球直銷業虎視眈眈，但中國政府以必須符合國情需要為由強制直銷業者必須開設店舖方得營業的規定，使得全球直銷業無店舖銷售的經營模式，面臨有史以來最大的考驗，直銷業可說是跨國公司進入中國市場最具曲折性與風險度的行業之一。 本研究共分為五章，第一章說明本研究之《研究背景》、《研究動機》、《研究目的與問題》、《研究方法與對象》、《研究流程》。《研究背景》直接說明跨國直銷公司進入中國市場後必須走向本土化發展的環境背景，《研究動機》則點出為何研究者會選擇「直銷業在中國轉型經營」作為本研究的中心課題，《研究目的》在於期望本研究日後能成為各界研究中國直銷業的重要參考，《研究問題》則是中國直銷業轉型經營的原因、過程與結果，本研究的《研究方法》採用探索性行動研究，《研究對象》以安利Amway、雅芳Avon公司為個案，《研究流程》將以流程圖方式說明本研究的研究過程與論文的架構。 第二章分別將過去產官學界對於「跨國公司(MNC)」、「跨國公司與地主國的互動」、「跨國公司在中國市場本土化的發展」，以及「經營模式(Business Model)」、「企業轉型(Business Transformation)」、「關鍵成功因素(Key Success Factor, KSF)」等方面之看法與解釋作一整理歸納，一方面有助本研究對所探討之跨國直銷公司以及地主國(中國)有最全面性與客觀的瞭解，一方面也為日後欲研究相關問題的產官學界在文獻資料整理上留下參考。 第三章首先闡述全球直銷業發展的概況，再藉由研究者自身的工作經驗，配合中外文獻資料、媒體報導說明1998年至今在中國的跨國直銷公司迫於中國政府的產業政策，如何從70年來全球已風行90個國家的無店舖直銷模式轉型成有店舖經銷的歷史背景，進一步以十大點描述其具體轉型內容。 第四章先說明個案安利(Amway) 公司、雅芳(Avon)公司成為轉型成功個案之篩選標準，並藉由企業訪談瞭解其企業背景、中國公司大事紀、轉型的歷程和具體的經營模式，然後針對個案公司在轉型過程中總體面如政府的心態、社會大眾的觀感的改變，以及個體面如店舖建置、營銷團隊、顧客關係上的變化作一綜合分析，最後歸納出說明個案公司階段性轉型成功的六大關鍵因素。 第五章提出三點對現存特許經營跨國直銷業者的建議，同時對後續研究者也提出兩點建議，並點出本研究在探討企業轉型文獻上，完全由地主國強制跨國公司轉型經營案例的獨特性，以及揭露中國直銷業者轉型為店舖模式的完整性共兩點貢獻。 最後結論歸納出：跨國公司往往會嚐試將西方的經營模式套用在開發中國加上，如果抱持著全球化唯我獨尊的企業帝國主義(Corporate Imperialism)進入中國市場，終將功敗垂成，跨國公司想要在中國這個新興市場中成功搶灘，就必須進行大規模的創新與資源轉變，在中國應當適應中國從計畫經濟階段邁入市場經濟階段的轉型市場經濟，尊重中國國情，重視本土化，跨國直銷公司在中國市場轉型經營至今可以說是做了最好的示範，一直堅持在尊重國情、依法經營的基礎上，為消費者提供優良的產品和親切、周到的售前售後服務，為願意努力工作的人士提供一個踏實、多勞多得的工作機會，這一切都是在尊重地主國政府政策，遵守地主國政府法規原則下所做出之政府、企業雙贏的理性決策•