Submitted by ROBSON ROSA DA SILVA (robsilva31@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T18:50:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_2016_New photonic structures_Self assembly of 1D Te structures_Multifunctional biopolymers and reused plastics.pdf: 40718449 bytes, checksum: 9c299b328a4a54c169de6647b0225f34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-07T17:57:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rr_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1063262 bytes, checksum: cc72dc79773da734cac767490756f56e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T17:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rr_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1063262 bytes, checksum: cc72dc79773da734cac767490756f56e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nanoestruturas unidimensionais de telúrio (Te1D) na forma de whiskers, fios e hélices foram preparados com facilidade por uma síntese em etapa única na presença de solução aquosa de Pluronic® F68 à baixas temperaturas (< 100 °C) e pressão ambiente. A forma das nanoestruturas puderam ser controladas de acordo com a cinética da reação. Estruturas empacotadas de nanowhiskers e nanofios de Te foram obtidas via auto-organização em interface líquido-líquido e pela técnica de drop-cast em substrato de Si/SiO2. Estruturas híbridas 1D foram obtidas utilizando nanoestruturas Te1D como molde de sacrifício para anexar nanopartículas metálicas ou mesmo produzir nanoestruturas 1D metálicas. Por exemplo, nanoestruturas híbridas 1D foram preparadas decorando nanofios de Te com nanopartículas de Ag em solução aquosa de poli(vinilpirrolidona). Nanoestruturas 1D de Au com forma de nódulos foram preparados por deslocamento galvânico de íons Au3+ em uma mistura de nanohélices de Te, ácido ascórbico e solução aquosa de poli(vinilpirrolidona). Além disso, nanohélices de Te foram funcionalizadas com uma camada resina resorcinol-formaldeído em condições brandas de síntese. A resina de resorcinol-formaldeído é uma via intermédia para explorar a deposição de compostos opticamente ativos tais como nanopartículas de hidroxicarbonato de Tb3+ ou nanopartículas de Au. Para aplicações práticas é essencial que estas nanoestruturas possam ser suportadas em filmes rígidos ou flexíveis de alta qualidade óptica. Filmes de polímeros naturais puros e filmes híbridos de sol-gel epóxi foram avaliados como potenciais matrizes hospedeiras para luminóforos. A fabricação de híbridos é baseada na incorporação de 3-glicidoxipropiltrimetoxissilano na solução homogênea de polímero natural com posterior secagem sobre uma superfície plana. Particularmente, filmes flexíveis de fibroína da seda e acetato de celulose e os seus híbridos derivados exibiram excelentes propriedades ópticas para hospedar compostos opticamente ativos. Por exemplo, compostos de Eu3+ emissores na região do vermelho e corantes fluorescentes foram incorporados em matriz pura de polímero e híbridos epóxi e suas propriedades ópticas foram investigadas. Laser de corantes por feedback distribuído (DFB) foram fabricados dopando grades de difração de fibroína de seda com Rodamina 6G. Devido a sua capacidade de replicar superfícies padronizadas com resolução nanométrica, grades de fibroina da seda dopadas com corante foram depositadas contra a grade de difração de uma mídia de disco compacto comercial. Lasers modificados de DFB baseados em filmes de fibroina contendo nanopartículas espalhadoras de luz de SiO2 e Ag aleatoriamente distribuídas na grade de fibroina demonstraram aumento da intensidade do laser, além de estreitamento da largura do pico de emissão. Filmes híbridos flexíveis e transparentes (> 85%) de fibroina da seda e acetato de celulose modificados com função epóxi e contendo compostos fluorescentes na região do vermelho como complexos β-dicetonato de Eu3+ e nanopartículas de YVO4:Eu3+ em baixa proporção relativa mássica (<5%) foram preparados. De maneira geral, o resultado são filmes homogêneos com funções epoxi e/ou alcoxissilano não hidrolisados disponíveis para outras modificações químicas. Devido a matéria-prima limitada de polímeros naturais para uma alta demanda de fabricação de dispositivos ópticos, é igualmente importante desenvolver materiais com base na reutilização de polímeros sintéticos. Filmes finos de poliestireno foram concebidos por dissolução de poliestireno expandido (EPS) recuperado de resíduos em D-limoneno, um solvente verde proveniente de óleos cítricos. Filmes transparentes dopados com complexos β-dicetonato de Eu3+ demonstraram excelente transparência e aptos para uso em guias de luz. Estes resultados são motivadores para a) a engenharia de nanoestruturas 1D com propriedades ópticas sintonizáveis bem como, b) desenvolvimento de híbridos flexíveis e transparentes baseados em híbridos de polímeros naturais com alta funcionalidade química ou polímeros sintéticos reciclados como potenciais matrizes hospedeiras ópticas almejadas em aplicações fotônicas. / One-dimensional Te nanostructures (Te1D) in the shape of whiskers, wires and helices were prepared by a facile one-pot synthesis in the presence of aqueous Pluronic® F68 solution at low temperatures (< 100 ºC) and ambient pressure. The shape of Te1D nanostructures could be manuvered according with the reaction kinectics. We evaluate some techniques to assemble Te1D nanostructures on the pursuit for complex nanoarchitectures. Bundles of Te nanowhiskers and nanowires were achieved by self-assembly in liquid-liquid interface or by drop-cast technique in Si/SiO2 substrates. 1D hybrid structures have been conceived by using Te1D nanostructures as sacrificial template to attach metallic nanoparticles or even produce metallic 1D nanostructures. For example, 1D hybrid nanostructures were easily prepared by decorating Te nanowires with Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Au 1D nanostructures with nodular-like shape were prepared by galvanic displacement of Au3+ ions in a mixture of Te nanohelices, ascorbic acid and an aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Furthermore, Te1D nanohelices were functionalized with a layer of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin at mild synthesis conditions. The RF resin allowed us to fashion an intermediate pathway to explore the deposition of optically active compounds like Tb3+ hydroxylcarbonate or Au nanoparticles. Seeking practical applications, these nanostructures should be hosted over rigid or flexible films possessing excellent optical properties. Pure natural polymers and epoxy sol-gel hybrids films were evaluated as potential host for luminophors. The fabrication of epoxy hybrids is based on the incorporation of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysiloxane on the homogenous solution of natural polymer with subsequent casting over flat surface. Particularly, flexible silk fibroin and cellulose acetate films and their derivative hybrids displayed excellent optical properties to host optically active compounds. For instance, red emitting Eu3+ compounds and fluorescent dyes were hosted on pure natural polymer and hybrid films and the optical features of the luminescent films were investigated thoroughly. Distributed feedback dye-lasers were fabricated by doping silk fibroin diffraction gratings with Rhodamine 6G. Owing its ability to mimic patterned surfaces at nanoscale resolution, dye-doped SF gratings were fabricated using replica-casting patterning against a commercial blank digital versatile disc as template. A modified DFB Laser based on SF films with Ag or SiO2 light scattering particles randomly distributed on the grating unveiled an enhancement of laser intensity withal narrowing of emission peak linewidth. Flexible and highly transparent SF- and CA-epoxy hybrids (> 85%) containing red fluorescent Eu3+ b-diketonate complex and YVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles at low relative content (< 5 wt%) were tailored. In general, the outcome is homogeneous films with epoxy and/or unhydrolized alkoxysilane functions available for further chemical modification. Owing the limited feedstock of natural polymers for high demanding production of optical devices, it is equally important develop materials based on the reuse of synthetic polymers. Thin films of polystyrene were conceived by dissolving waste-recovered expanded-polystyrene (EPS) in D-limonene, a green solvent from citrus oil. Transparent EPS films doped with Eu3+ b-diketonate complex displayed excellent transparency and light waveguiding, These assertions provide a framework that motivates the research on a) engineering of 1D hybrids nanostructures with tunable optical properties and b) flexible natural polymer/epoxy hybrid with enhanced functionality or plastic recycled as potential optical hosts sought in photonic applications. / FAPESP: 2013/12367-6

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed at evaluating the quality of particleboards manufactured with different wood proportions (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden) and rice husk. The composites were produced in the proportions 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of peels of rice with the use of urea-formaldehyde and tannin-formaldehyde adhesives. In order to characterize the quality of the particleboards, physical properties (specific mass; moisture content; water absorption and swelling in thickness after 2 and 24 hours), mechanical resistance (static bending; internal bonding and screw withdrawal) and xylophages resistance (Nasutitermes corniger under alimentary preference assay and decay fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes versicolor in laboratory conditions) were evaluated. Results showed that particleboards manufactured with tannin-formaldehyde resins presented a higher quality. The increase of rice husk provided a larger instability and a smaller resistance of the particleboards. Particleboards produced with peels of rice presented a higher resistance to the attack of fungi or xylophages termites. Particleboards glued with tannin-formaldehyde were more resistant to the attack of termites; for the fungi, the difference among adhesives happened when these particleboards were submitted to the attack of Gloeophyllum trabeum, and the particleboards produced with urea-formaldehyde were the most resistant. In the fungi, Trametes versicolor was the fungus that provided the largest mass loss to the particleboards. / Avaliou-se a qualidade de painéis aglomerados produzidos com diferentes proporções de madeira (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden) e casca de arroz. Os compósitos foram produzidos nas proporções 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% de casca de arroz com a utilização dos adesivos ureia-formaldeído e tanino-formaldeído. Para caracterizar a qualidade das chapas, foram avaliadas as propriedades físicas (massa específica; teor de umidade; absorção de água e inchamento em espessura as 2 e 24 horas), a resistência mecânica (flexão estática; ligação interna; e resistência ao arrancamento de parafusos) e a resistência a xilófagos (aos cupins subterrâneos Nasutitermes corniger, em ensaios de preferência alimentar e aos fungos apodrecedores Gloeophyllum trabeum e Trametes versicolor em ensaios de laboratório). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que quando confeccionados utilizando a resina à base de tanino os painéis apresentaram qualidade superior. O acréscimo da casca de arroz proporcionou uma maior instabilidade e uma menor resistência das chapas. Em contrapartida, painéis produzidos com casca de arroz geralmente apresentaram maior resistência ao ataque de fungos apodrecedores ou aos cupins subterrâneos. Painéis colados com tanino-formaldeído foram mais resistentes ao ataque dos térmitas, enquanto que, para os fungos, a diferença entre adesivos ocorreu apenas quando submetidas ao ataque de Gloeophyllum trabeum, sendo as chapas produzidas com ureia-formaldeído as mais resistentes. Dentre os fungos, Trametes versicolor proporcionou uma maior perda de massa aos painéis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA026.pdf: 1971973 bytes, checksum: e7806baddd2385da2fbe8f6b2b96ca89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / The present study aimed to evaluate technically the feasibility of production of oriented strand board (OSB) of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage 13 years of age through different levels of resin and compositions of particles between the layers of the mattress. Therefore, the characterization of density and dimensional stability of solid wood by NBR 7190 (1997) was performed. The experimental design for the study on the OSB consisted of 8 treatments with four different compositions between the layers (30:40:30 , 20:60:20 , 25:50:20 and 100%) and two percentages resin (4 and 6%). Three panels were produced by treatment with dimensions of 49 x 42 x 1.5 cm, which were subjected to a cycle of hot pressing temperature 180 °C, pressure of 40 kgf/cm2 for a time of 8 minutes. The technological tests on panels were made according to the procedures of ASTM D1037 (1996) and DIN 52362 (1982). The statistical analysis used was a Factorial Analysis and Tukey Test at 95% probability, as well as the comparison with the minimum values specified in the standard CSA 0437 (1993). The results for the physical properties of solid wood, it has been density of 0.53 g/cm3 with mean value and the realization of high dimensional stability of the parts analyzed. Regarding physical properties of the panels, it was found that the average density was 0.63 g/cm3 and swells for 2 hours and 24 hours were 12,35 % and 34,43 %, respectively , which overcomes the maximum setting of 10 % to 24 hours of immersion in the standard CSA 0437 (1993). For mechanical testing bending strength uniformity were observed values of rupture and elastic modulus in the direction parallel module, however, in perpendicular direction, an increase of the values of strength and stiffness as it increased the amount of particles in the inner layer of the mattress. For internal bond, there was a strong influence of the increase in the percentage of resin, with an average value of 0.36 MPa, thus, only treatments with 6% resin reached the minimum values established by the referenced standard. The results of this study indicate that Eucalyptus benthamii can be an alternative for the production of oriented strand board (OSB), through adjustments to be made in the production process / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar tecnicamente a viabilidade da produção de painéis OSB a partir de toras de Eucalyptus benthamii com 13 anos de idade por meio de diferentes teores de resina e composições de partículas entre as camadas do colchão. Para tanto, foi realizada a caracterização da massa específica e da estabilidade dimensional da madeira sólida por meio da NBR 7190(1997). O delineamento experimental para o estudo relativo aos painéis OSB foi composto por 8 tratamentos, com 4 diferentes composições entre as camadas (30:40:30, 20:60:20, 25:50:20 e 100%) e duas porcentagens de resina (4 e 6%). Foram produzidos 3 painéis por tratamento com dimensões de 49 X 42 X 1,5 cm, os quais foram submetidos a um ciclo de prensagem à quente de 180oC de temperatura, 40 kgf/cm2 de pressão por um tempo de 8 minutos. Os ensaios tecnológicos dos painéis foram feitos de acordo com os procedimentos da ASTM D1037 (1996) e da DIN 52362 (1982). A análise estatística adotada foi a Análise Fatorial e Teste de Tukey a 95% de probabilidade, bem como a comparação com os valores mínimos especificados na norma CSA 0437 (1993). Como resultado para as propriedades físicas da madeira sólida, tem-se a massa específica aparente básica com 0,53 g/cm3 de valor médio e a constatação da alta instabilidade dimensional das peças analisadas. Quanto às propriedades físicas dos painéis, constatou-se que a massa específica média foi de 0,63 g/cm3 e os inchamentos para 2 horas e 24 horas foram de 12,35% e 34,43%, respectivamente, o que supera o parâmetro máximo de 10% para 24 horas de imersão pela norma CSA 0437 (1993). Para os ensaios mecânicos de flexão estática, observou-se uma homogeneidade dos valores de módulo de ruptura e de módulo de elasticidade no sentido paralelo, no entanto, no sentido perpendicular, houve um aumento nos valores de resistência e rigidez à medida que se aumentava a quantidade de partículas na camada interna do colchão. Para ligação interna, verificou-se uma forte influência do aumento da porcentagem de resina nos resultados apresentados, com valor médio de 0,36 MPa, assim, somente os tratamentos com 6% de resina atingiram os valores mínimos estabelecidos pela norma referenciada. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii pode ser uma alternativa para a produção de painéis de partículas orientadas (OSB), mediante ajustes a serem realizados no processo produtivo

Orientador: Sérgio Augusto Mello da Silva / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de estudos para produção de derivados de madeira tem representado uma real alternativa para contribuir as políticas de sustentabilidade, principalmente de espécies arbóreas nativas. Nesse contexto, o reaproveitamento de resíduos lignocelulósicos tem contribuído como uma alternativa para a produção industrial de painéis de madeira. Dentro desse contexto este trabalho se constitui do estudo para produção e avaliação de painéis aglomerados, empregando-se partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) e partículas de madeira de pinus (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliottii) e utilizando-se dois tipos de aglutinantes, o Poliuretano derivado do óleo de mamona (PU-M) e a Resina Ureia-formaldeído (UF). Para produção dos painéis foram propostos diferentes tratamentos com variações entre as proporções de massas das partículas, densidade nominal dos painéis de 0,80 g/cm3 e pressão de prensagem de 50 kgf/cm2 durante 10 min. As misturas de partículas foram utilizadas com 10% de umidade para o adesivo PU-M e 3% de umidade para a resina UF ambos com um conteúdo de 10% em relação à massa seca das partículas. Para prensagem dos painéis com PU-M empregou-se 100 ºC e para os painéis com UF 130 ºC. Os painéis foram submetidos a ensaios para avaliação das propriedades físicas (densidade, umidade e inchamento) e mecânicas (módulo de elasticidade, módulo de ruptura à flexão e tração perpendicular) de acordo com a ABNT NBR 14810-1 e 2 (2013). Os resultados obtidos evidenciara... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The development of studies for the production of wood derivatives has represented a real alternative to improve sustainability policies, mainly of native tree species. In this context, the reuse of lignocellulosic waste has contributed as an alternative to the industrial production of wood panels. This way, this work aims to produce and evaluate chipboards using particles of sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) and particles of pine wood (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliottii) and using two types of binders, the Polyurethane derived from castor oil (PU-Castor) and Urea formaldehyde resin (UF). Different treatments were proposed for the production of boards with variations between the particle mass ratios, panels’ nominal density of 0.80 g/cm3 and pressing pressure of 50 kgf/cm2 for 10 minutes. Particle mixtures were used at 10% moisture for the PU-Castor adhesive and 3% moisture for the UF resin both with a content of 10% relative to the dry mass of the particles. For the pressing of panels with PU-Castor was used 100 °C and of panels with UF was used 130 °C. The boards were submitted to tests to evaluate the physical properties (density, moisture and swelling after 24 hours) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity, modulus of resistance to bending and perpendicular traction) according to the ABNT NBR 14810-1 and 2 (2013). The results showed that it is possible to use particles from sugarcane bagasse and pine wood for high density chipboards production. It was found that the boards... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La pollution atmosphérique urbaine pose des problèmes au niveau de l'environnement et de la santé publique pour plus de la moitié de la population mondiale. Afin de réduire la pollution de fond dans les villes, un matériau cimentaire innovant a été développé et permet de dégrader les polluants atmosphériques grâce à ses propriétés photocatalytiques induites par l'ajout de TiO2. Ce travail a porté sur la corrélation entre les propriétés physico-chimiques et l'efficacité photocatalytique d'un mortier enrichi en TiO2 lors de la dégradation de 2 composés organiques volatils (COV), le formaldéhyde et le toluène ainsi que sur un mélange d'oxydes d'azote (NOx). Le taux de présence de la surface en dioxyde de titane, le pourcentage relatif de titane et l'absorbance des photons UV par TiO2 ont été respectivement déterminés par spectroscopie Raman, microscopie électronique à balayage couplé à une analyse X et spectroscopie UV-visible par réflexion diffuse. La proportionnalité entre ces 3 grandeurs a été démontrée. L'efficacité photocatalytique des matériaux cimentaires enrichis en TiO2 a été mise en évidence pour la dégradation des 2 COV et des NOx. L'efficacité photocatalytique est reliée à la présence de TiO2 en surface ainsi qu'à la capacité de TiO2 à absorber des photons UV. La matrice cimentaire permet également, à l'obscurité, de réduire significativement la concentration en formaldéhyde. L'étude de l'influence des paramètres matériaux et environnementaux a montré l'importance de la teneur en TiO2, du flux lumineux et de l'humidité relative sur les propriétés photocatalytiques du mortier et permis de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des réactions intervenant lors de la dégradation des polluants par un matériau cimentaire photocatalytique / More than half of the world population is exposed to urban air pollution which poses problems for the environment and human health. To reduce the background of the pollution in cities, an innovative cementitious material has been developed and used to degrade pollutants thanks to its photocatalytic properties induced by the addition of TiO2. This work was focused on the correlation between physicochemical properties and the photocatalytic efficiency of a mortar enriched with TiO2 during the degradation of two volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and toluene as well as a mixture of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The occurence rate of of titanium dioxide on the surface, the relative percentage of titanium and the absorptance of UV photons by TiO2, respectively, were determined by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray analysis and UV-visible diffuse refectance spectroscopy. Proportionality between these three variables has been demonstrated. The photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2-rich cementitious materials has been demonstrated for the degradation of the 2 VOCs and also for NOx. The photocatalytic efficiency is related to the presence of TiO2 on the surface and the ability of TiO2 to absorb UV photons. The cement matrix can also, in the dark, reduced significantly the concentration of formaldehyde. The study of the influence of materials and environmental parameters showed the importance of the TiO2 content, the luminous flux and relative humidity on the photocatalytic properties of the mortar and allowed to contribute to a better understanding of the reactions occurring during the degradation of pollutants by a photocatalytic cementitious material

Le formaldéhyde, un des produits de base de la chimie, est synthétisé industriellement par un procédé multi-étapes, dans lequel l’efficacité énergétique est limitée. Ainsi, une synthèse par oxydation directe du méthane en phase gazeuse, qui pourrait être plus avantageuse, a été étudiée expérimentalement et par une modélisation cinétique, dans le cadre de ce travail. Pour favoriser la production du formaldéhyde, produit intermédiaire de l’oxydation du méthane, des temps de passage faibles (< 100 ms) ont été envisagés. Un microréacteur annulaire (espace annulaire de 0,5 mm) en quartz a été utilisé, dans lequel la réaction a été étudiée en faisant varier les paramètres opératoires suivants : température (600-1000°C), temps de passage (20-80 ms), rapport XO2/XCH4 (0,5-15) et teneur en NO2 ajoutée (0-0,6%). Sans NO2, les sélectivités en HCHO diminuent avec la conversion et le rendement maximal sans recyclage est de 2.4% (950°C, 60 ms et XO2/XCH4 = 8). L’ajout de NO2 permet de diminuer la température requise de 300°C, et d’augmenter le meilleur rendement en HCHO à 9% (700°C, 30 ms et XO2/XCH4 = 7 et 0,5% de NO2). À faible avancement, la réaction sans NO2 peut être modélisée avec le mécanisme Gri-Mech 3.0 sans aucun ajustement. Pour la réaction avec NO2, après quelques corrections et modifications fondées sur une étude bibliographique, le mécanisme de Zalc et al. (2006) permet de rendre correctement compte des résultats expérimentaux. L’analyse de flux a montré que l’inter-conversion entre NO2 et NO joue un rôle important dans le milieu réactionnel. Elle permet de former continuellement les radicaux réactifs OH•, et de convertir les radicaux CH3• et CH3O2• en radicaux CH3O• / Formaldehyde is one of the world’s top organic intermediate chemicals. It is currently produced by a complex three-step process but a one-step process might require less energy. In this work, the direct gas phase partial oxidation of methane to formaldehyde has been studied through experiments and kinetic modeling. As formaldehyde is an intermediate in the sequential oxidation of methane, short residence times (<100 ms) have been considered in order to optimize its production. Thus, a quartz annular flow microreactor (annular space 0.5 mm wide), was chosen. The undertaken experiments consist of a systematic investigation of the effects of temperature (600-1000°C), residence time (20-80 ms), input composition XO2/XCH4 (0.5-15) and initial NO2 concentration (0-0.6%). Without NO2, the HCHO selectivity decreases with the increasing methane conversion. For a single pass operation, the best HCHO yield is 2.4% (950°C, 60 ms, XO2/XCH4 = 8). The addition of NO2 decreases the reaction initiation temperature by 300°C and it remarkably enhances the HCHO yield. The highest HCHO yield attains 9% (700°C, 30 ms, XO2/XCH4 =7) in the presence of NO2 (0.5%). For the reaction without NO2, the mechanism Gri-Mech 3.0 fits well the experimental results. For the reaction with NO2, by using the mechanism of Zalc et al. (2006) with some modifications, we obtained a good agreement between the experimental data and the model. The production and consumption flux analysis shows that the inter-conversion between NO2 and NO plays an important role in the reaction, because it continuously produces the reactive radicals OH• and it converts the radicals CH3• and CH3O2• to radicals CH3O•

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Autoignition characteristics of pre-vaporized iso-octane, primary reference fuels, gasolines, and dimethyl ether (DME) have been investigated experimentally in a coflow with elevated temperature of air. With the coflow air at relatively low initial temperatures below autoignition temperature Tauto, an external ignition source was required to stabilize the flame. Non-autoignited lifted flames had tribrachial edge structures and their liftoff heights correlated well with the jet velocity scaled by the stoichiometric laminar burning velocity, indicating the importance of the edge propagation speed on flame stabilization balanced with local flow velocity. At high initial temperatures over Tauto, the autoignited flames were stabilized without requiring an external ignition source. The autoignited lifted flames exhibited either tribrachial edge structures or Mild combustion behaviors depending on the level of fuel dilution. For the iso-octane and n-heptane fuels, two distinct transition behaviors were observed in the autoignition regime from a nozzle-attached flame to a lifted tribrachial-edge flame and then a sudden transition to lifted Mild combustion as the jet velocity increased at a certain fuel dilution level. The liftoff data of the autoignited flames with tribrachial edges were analyzed based on calculated ignition delay times for the pre-vaporized fuels. Analysis of the experimental data suggested that ignition delay time may be much less sensitive to initial temperature under atmospheric pressure conditions as compared with predictions. For the gasoline fuels for advanced combustion engines (FACEs), and primary reference fuels (PRFs), autoignited liftoff data were correlated with Research Octane Number and Cetane Number. For the DME fuel, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of formaldehyde (CH2O) and CH* chemiluminescence were visualized qualitatively. In the autoignition regime for both tribrachial structure and mild combustion, formaldehyde were found mainly between the fuel nozzle and the lifted flame edge. On the other hand, they were formed just prior to the flame edge for the non-autoignited lifted flames. The effect of fuel pyrolysis and partial oxidation were found to be important in explaining autoignited liftoff heights, especially in the Mild combustion regime. Flame structures of autoignited flames were investigated numerically for syngas (CO/H2) and methane fuels. The simulations of syngas fuel accounting for the differential diffusion have been performed by adopting several kinetic mechanisms to test the models ability in predicting the flame behaviors observed previously. The results agreed well with the observed nozzle-attached flame characteristics in case of non-autoignited flames. For autoignited lifted flames in high temperature regime, a unique autoignition behavior can be predicted having HO2 and H2O2 radicals in a broad region between the nozzle and stabilized lifted flame edge. Autoignition characteristics of laminar nonpremixed methane jet flames in high- temperature coflow air were studied numerically. Several flame configurations were investigated by varying the initial temperature and fuel mole fraction. Characteristics of chemical kinetics structures for autoignited lifted flames were discussed based on the kinetic structures of homogeneous autoignition and flame propagation of premixed mixtures. Results showed that for autoignited lifted flame with tribrachial structure, a transition from autoignition to flame propagation modes occurs for reasonably stoichiometric mixtures. Characteristics of Mild combustion can be treated as an autoignited lean premixed lifted flame. Transition behavior from Mild combustion to a nozzle-attached flame was also investigated by increasing the fuel mole fraction.

Объектами исследования служили лечебный препарат «Эндофальк» и товарный уротропина от ПАО «Метафракс». Цель работы: разработка вольтамперометрической методики количественного определения формальдегида с использованием толстопленочного углеродсодержащего электрода, модифицированного пленкой висмута (ТУЭ/Bi), в объектах фармации на примере уротропина и лекарственного препарата, содержащего в качестве основного вещества субстанцию «Макрогол 3350». Формальдегид (ФМ) относится к высоко опасным веществам с канцерогенным действием. Простые и чувствительные методы определения формальдегида необходимы для его контроля в объектах окружающей среды, питьевой воде, пищевых продуктах, товарах бытового назначения, фармпрепаратах. Электроаналитические методы с использованием индикаторных электродов, модифицированных различными металлами (Pd, Pt, Au, Ni Hg, Cu, Ag), считаются хорошей альтернативой спектральным, хемилюминесцентным и хроматографическим методам анализа для обнаружения следов ФМ из-за их высокой чувствительности, селективности, простоты и низкой стоимости оборудования, возможности проведения измерений в режиме реального времени. В работе впервые изучена возможность использования нетоксичного Bi/ТУЭ для определения ФМ. Для перевода гидратированной формы ФМ в его электрохимически активное производное использовали известный прием образования формальдегид гидразона (ФАГ) в присутствии сернокислого гидразина на фоне фосфатного буфера. Ток восстановления ФМ (АС) достигает максимальных значений при рН буферного раствора 5,2 ± 0,1 в присутствии 0,09– 0,15 М сернокислого гидразина на пленке висмута, осажденной предварительно в течение 8 - 12 мин при потенциале электролиза (-1,0) В. Установлено, что величина АС ФМ не зависит от времени накопления при потенциале (–0,5) В, при котором не происходят редокс - процессы в исследуемой системе, в течение 1 – 30 с. Разработаны методики количественного определения формальдегида в объектах фармации на примере ЛП «Эндофальк» и товарного уротропина от ПАО «Метафракс». Правильность полученных результатов подтверждена сравнением с результатами независимых методов анализа, прописанных в ФС РФ XIV издания на субстанции уротропина и «Макрогола 3350». / The objects of research were the medicinal product “Endofalk” and marketed urotropin from PJSC “Metafrax”. The mail goal of the research was to develope of a voltammetric method for quantitative determination of formaldehyde using a thick-film carbon-containing electrode modified with a bismuth film (TUE / Bi) in pharmacological objects on the example of urotropin and a drug similar to the substance “Macrogol 3350”. Formaldehyde (FM) is a highly hazardous substance with a carcinogenic effect. Simple and sensitive methods for the determination of formaldehyde are necessary for its control in environmental objects, drinking water, food products, household goods, pharmaceuticals. Electroanalytical methods using indicator electrodes modified with various metals (Pd, Pt, Au, Ni Hg, Cu, Ag) are considered to be a good alternative to spectral, chemiluminescent and chromatographic analysis methods for detecting traces of FM due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity and low cost of equipment, the ability to take measurements in real time. The possibility of using non-toxic Bi / TUE for the determination of FM was first studied in this work. To transfer the hydrated form of FM to its electrochemically active derivative, the well-known method for the formation of formaldehyde hydrazone (FAG) in the presence of hydrazine sulfate in the background of phosphate buffer was used. A higher current was obtained in buffer solution with value of pH 5.2 ± 0.1 and in a solution of 0.09–0.15 M hydrazine sulfate on a bismuth film pre-deposited for 8–12 min at an electrolysis potential of (-1 , 0). It was established that the value of AS FM does not depend on the accumulation time at a potential of (–0.5) V, at which no redox processes in the system for 1–30 s under study are observed. Methods have been developed for the quantitative determination of formaldehyde in pharmacological objects on the example of medicinal preparation “Endofalk” and urotropin from PJSC “Metafrax”. The correctness of the obtained results is confirmed by comparison with the results of independent analysis methods prescribed in the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the XIV edition on the substances of urotropin and “Macrogol 3350”.