Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1992-03-16T00:00:00Z / Trata da adoção do tipo de sistema de franchising chamado de 'Business Format Franchising' pelas empresas brasileiras, as razões desta adoção, as dificuldades para sua implantação e as transformações nos canais de distribuição utilizados por estas mesmas empresas. Aponta ainda as tendências deste tipo de sistema no mercado brasileiro.

Submitted by Andressa dos Santos Mogno null (andressasmogno@gmail.com) on 2017-10-16T23:26:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A AUTORREFERÊNCIA E A REFERÊNCIA DE TERCEIRA PESSOA NA FALA DE UMA CRIANÇA MONOLÍNGUE_Repositório.pdf: 652963 bytes, checksum: f2ffef46994c01dde8ade1f7cb0508b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-18T18:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mogno_ad_me_arafcl.pdf: 652963 bytes, checksum: f2ffef46994c01dde8ade1f7cb0508b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T18:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mogno_ad_me_arafcl.pdf: 652963 bytes, checksum: f2ffef46994c01dde8ade1f7cb0508b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Esta pesquisa reflete sobre como a criança, entre dois e três anos de idade, faz a autorreferência e a referência de terceira pessoa, a partir de uma perspectiva dialógicodiscursiva (BAKHTIN, 2011; BRUNER, 1984, 2004, 2007). Observamos os elementos que a criança usa em seu discurso com a função referencial - desde os sintagmas nominais e verbais, que já assumem essa função na gramática adulta, como os elementos que passaram a exercer, para a criança, o valor referencial. Nossa pesquisa se detém em analisar a autorreferência e a referência de terceira pessoa na produção oral de uma criança monolíngue de português brasileiro (denominada, neste trabalho, de G.), que foi filmada em contexto naturalístico. Nosso corpus é formado por cinco sessões de aproximadamente 1 hora de duração cada. Essas sessões foram transcritas a partir do programa computacional CLAN e das normas CHAT (MACWHINNEY, 2000). Devido ao nosso objetivo e à nossa perspectiva teórica, esta pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo. Os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação mostram a importância do formato jogo e das brincadeiras, que integram o gênero conversa, em que a criança e seu interlocutor estão inseridos, assim como nos direcionam para questões de multimodalidade, que exerceram um papel central para a aquisição e o uso dos elementos referenciais por G.. Paralelamente, os resultados indicam que, na idade observada, a criança já é capaz de fazer e de entender as referências de primeira e de terceira pessoas, ajustando seus enunciados em prol da situação comunicativa em que se encontra. / This research aims to reflect upon the way the child (aged between two and three years) refers to themselves and to a third person, according to a dialogical-discursive theoretical framework (BAKHTIN, 2011; BRUNER, 1984, 2004, 2007). We observe the referential elements used by the child in their discourse – since the nominal and verbal syntagma, which already have this referential function in the adult grammar, as well as the elements that acquire a referential function within the child’s discourse. Our research analyses the self-references and the references to a third person in the speech of a monolingual child who speaks Brazilian Portuguese (named here as G.), filmed in a naturalistic context. Our data is composed by five filmed sessions of about one hour each. This data was transcribed according to the computer program CLAN and the CHAT norms (MACWHINNEY, 2000). According to our aim and our theoretical framework, this research is a qualitative work. Our results show the importance of the game format and the fun moments, which integrate the conversation genre into which the child and their interlocutor is inserted, and the multimodality issues of language, that play a central part in the acquisition and use of referential elements by G.. In addition, the results indicate that the child – at the ages we observe – is able to both elaborate and comprehend the references of first and third person, adjusting their speech in order to fit the communicative situation they are participating in.

Transmedia storytelling is gaining increasingly more presence in narrations thatpeople access through different media or platforms. In fact, this is not unawareto the Peruvian’s television contents in which the transmedia stories have startedappearing though with noticeable shyness and almost in proof-period, becausethe audience is still unfamiliar to the new tendency. In this article, an incipientreferent of transmedia in the public Peruvian television is examined. Theexposition is centered on the characteristics of the most recent manifestationsof the phenomenon. / Las narrativas transmedia son cada vez más constantes en los relatos a los quese tiene acceso desde diferentes medios o plataformas. Esto no es ajeno a loscontenidos televisivos en el Perú, donde lo transmediático ha empezado a tenerpresencia, aunque con marcada timidez y casi en un período de prueba hastapoder afianzarse y contar también con un público más acostumbrado a esta nueva dinámica. En este artículo se explica un primer referente de la transmediación en la televisión de señal abierta y se exponen las características de las manifestaciones más recientes de este fenómeno en dicho medio.

abstract: It is well understood that decisions made under uncertainty differ from those made without risk in important and significant ways. Yet, there is very little research into how uncertainty manifests itself in the most ubiquitous of decision-making environments: Consumers' day-to-day decisions over where to shop, and what to buy for their daily grocery needs. Facing a choice between stores that either offer relatively stable "everyday low prices" (EDLP) or variable prices that reflect aggressive promotion strategies (HILO), consumers have to choose stores under price-uncertainty. I find that consumers' attitudes toward risk are critically important in determining store-choice, and that heterogeneity in risk attitudes explains the co-existence of EDLP and HILO stores - an equilibrium that was previously explained in somewhat unsatisfying ways. After choosing a store, consumers face another source of risk. While knowing the quality or taste of established brands, consumers have very little information about new products. Consequently, consumers tend to choose smaller package sizes for new products, which limits their exposure to the risk that the product does not meet their prior expectations. While the observation that consumers purchase small amounts of new products is not new, I show how this practice is fully consistent with optimal purchase decision-making by utility-maximizing consumers. I then use this insight to explain how manufacturers of consumer packaged goods (CPGs) respond to higher production costs. Because consumers base their purchase decisions in part on package size, manufacturers can use package size as a competitive tool in order to raise margins in the face of higher production costs. While others have argued that manufacturers reduce package sizes as a means of raising unit-prices (prices per unit of volume) in a hidden way, I show that the more important effect is a competitive one: Changes in package size can soften price competition, so manufacturers need not rely on fooling consumers in order to pass-through cost increases through changes in package size. The broader implications of consumer behavior under risk are dramatic. First, risk perceptions affect consumers' store choice and product choice patterns in ways that can be exploited by both retailers and manufacturers. Second, strategic considerations prevent manufacturers from manipulating package size in ways that seem designed to trick consumers. Third, many services are also offered as packages, and also involve uncertainty, so the effects identified here are likely to be pervasive throughout the consumer economy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2014

Os organismos reguladores da Contabilidade ao optarem por um usuário-alvo da informação contábil, na atualidade, tem dado ênfase aos investidores. As normas contábeis visam, em teoria, a geração de informações que sejam úteis e relevantes no processo decisório desses usuários. Entretanto, além do conteúdo, o formato de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis pode afetar a maneira como seus usuários incorporam-na em seus processos decisórios. Considerando os investidores como agentes racionais limitados, supõe-se que esses agentes buscam otimizar suas escolhas e consideram o custo-benefício das informações disponíveis, em vista da sua limitada capacidade de processamento. Nesse contexto, a literatura vem destacando que o formato de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis é capaz de afetar a atratividade das decisões sobre investimentos, o que, por consequência, pode influenciar o modo como as entidades divulgam suas informações financeiras. As preferências pelo formato de apresentação das informações contábeis podem ser intensificadas quando as entidades direcionam esse formato, visando destacar as informações que transmitam uma melhor posição financeira das mesmas, segundo o argumento da miopia do mercado acionário. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o impacto do formato de apresentação do Resultado Abrangente e da realização dos Outros Resultados Abrangentes (ORA) na decisão de investimento no mercado de capitais. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi realizado um experimento 2 X 2 entre sujeitos, com 171 estudantes de pósgraduação lato sensu (MBA), e duração média de vinte minutos. Para a análise dos dados coletados, foi utilizado a técnica estatística de análise de covariância (ANCOVA), visto que a variável dependente era quantitativa e foram utilizados fatores quantitativos e qualitativos para explicar o comportamento dessa variável. Os resultados encontrados indicam que para as variáveis de investimento em ações e investimento em ações ponderado pela atratividade, a influência do formato de apresentação das demonstrações financeiras, deu-se apenas na variável multiplicativa entre aversão ao risco e o fato de se trabalhar em empresa financeira, como também entre ter experiência em investimento e o fato de se trabalhar em empresa financeira. Porém, como não foi possível segregar o efeito entre elas nas variáveis dependentes, não foi possível afirmar que o formato de apresentação separado do Resultado Abrangente afeta a atratividade de investimento. A temporalidade, em nenhuma das variáveis dependentes, demonstrou impactar a atratividade de investimento. Ao analisar o efeito interativo do formato de apresentação e a temporalidade dos ORA, não foi possível afirmar se houve impacto na atratividade do investimento. Com base nos resultados encontrados, não foi possível afirmar que o formato de apresentação da Demonstração do Resultado Abrangente (DRA) e da realização dos ORA ao Lucro Líquido (LL) impactam na decisão de investimento no mercado de capitais. O estudo possui limitações, principalmente em relação à técnica aplicada, à utilização de estudantes como proxy de investidores não profissionais, variáveis não controladas pelo ambiente experimental e possível desconhecimento do que é o Resultado Abrangente por parte dos respondentes. / Choosing a accounting information target user, nowadays, the accounting regulator bodies have emphasized to investors. In theory, accounting rules aim to generate information which is useful and relevant at those users\' decision-making process. However, besides the content, the financial statements presentation format may affect the way the users incorporate them into their decision making processes. Considering the investors as limited rational agents, this study has assumed that those agents seek to optimize their choices and consider the costbenefit of information availability, because of their limited processing capacity. At this context, the literature has highlighted that the financial statements presentation format can affect the investment decisions attractiveness, which, consequently, can influence how the entities disclose their financial information. The preference for the financial information presentation format may be intensified when entities direct the format in order to highlight the information that convey a better financial position, according to the argument of stock market short-termism. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the Comprehensive Income (CI) presentation format impact and the Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) maturity at investment decisions at the capital market. To develop the research, an 2 X 2 between subjects experiment design was conducted, with 171 MBA students, and average duration of twenty minutes. For data analysis, this study used the statistical technique of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), as the dependent variable was quantitative and quantitative and qualitative factors to explain the behavior of that variable were used. The results indicate that the variables for investment at shares and weighted attractiveness investment at shares, the influence of the financial statements presentation format has been only in the multiplicative variable between risk aversion and the fact of the participant works at a financial company, as well as having experience in capital market investment and the fact of the participant works at a financial company. However, as it was not possible to segregate the effect on the dependent variables between them, it was not possible to say that the CI presentation format separately affects the investment attractiveness. In all dependent variables, maturity did not demonstrate to impact the attractiveness of investment. By analyzing the interactive effect between presentation format and the OCI maturity, it was not possible to say whether there was an impact on the investment attractiveness. Based on these results, it was not possible to say that the Comprehensive Income Statement presentation format and the OCI realization to Net Income impact on investment decisions at the capital market. The study has limitations, especially related to the applied technique, the use of students as a proxy for investors, experimental environment variables which were not controlled and misconceptions of what is the Comprehensive Income for the respondents.

Esta tese é um estudo teórico sobre como o formato serve de estrutura para as linguagens digitais, que são escritas com o signo informático. Usamos as ferramentas teóricas da Semiótica da Cultura para explorar esta hipótese com os textos digitais de informação jornalística. A noção do design é central para a compreensão dos nossos argumentos, no sentido de que o design é que torna a operação da escrita digital possível. Isso ocorre pela sua capacidade em atribuir modelos para as diversas ordens de códigos envolvidos no processamento informático de síntese. Temos a perspectiva de que o Jornalismo Digital de Bases de Dados (JDBD) é um texto da cultura que se atualiza tendo como princípios a representação numérica, modularidade, automatização, variabilidade e transcodificação. Seu limite são os bits, ou números. Discutimos também a noção de delimitação do texto jornalístico, considerada necessária em tempos de dúvidas sobre o campo. Fazemos um resgate sobre a importância da noção de formato para o campo do jornalismo e fundamentamos que as narrativas digitais, elaboradas com as linguagens digitais, se apresentam a nós como formatos. Para nos apropriarmos da teoria e aplicarmos os conceitos na prática, sugerimos duas matrizes para a geração de formatos jornalísticos. Tal condição de escrita gera novas condições práticas para o ensino e a sobrevivência do jornalismo. Finalmente, buscamos nesta pesquisa uma visão estrutural, e não circunstancial, sobre as linguagens, as narrativas e a escrita digitais. / This thesis is a theoretical study on how the format structures the digital languages, which are written with the informatics sign. We used the theoretical tools of the Semiotics of Culture to explore this hypothesis with the digital text of journalistic information. The notion of design is central to the comprehension of our arguments, in the sense that the design is what makes the operation of digital writing possible. This is due to its ability to assign models to the different sort of codes involved in the informatic processing of synthesis. We have the prospect that the Database Digital Journalism (DBDJ) is a text of culture that is updated having as principles the numerical representation, the modularity, the automatization, the variability and the transcoding. Its limits are the bits or numbers. We also discuss the notion of delimitation of the journalistic text, considered necessary in times of doubt about the field. We do a rescue on the importance of the concept of format to the field of journalism and we support that digital narratives, developed with the digital languages, are presented to us as formats. In order to appropriate the theory and apply the concepts in practice, we suggest two sources for the generation of journalistic formats. Such writing condition generates new conditions for teaching practices and the survival of journalism. Finally, we aim in this research a structural, not circumstantial, view about the languages, the narratives and the digital writing.

This study investigates whether the current lack of structure of internal control weakness disclosures (a narrative about the reliability of the financial reporting system) leads nonprofessional investors to make differential investment decisions. Using the non-accelerated filer (smaller public company) setting, where nonprofessional investors are likely to consume unaudited internal control reports in their investing judgments and decisions, I examine two facets of internal control disclosure formats: presentation salience and disaggregation of material weaknesses. A 2 x 2 between-participants behavioral experiment was conducted with internal control presentation salience (bulleted vs. in-text) and disaggregation level (a single material weakness vs. a combination of multiple control deficiencies that is a material weakness). I find that nonprofessional investors reward companies that disclose internal control weaknesses more saliently. The results also indicate that disaggregation interacts with salience in that it increases the effect of salience on investing judgments such that salient (stealth) disclosure of a combination of control deficiencies is viewed more positively (negatively) than salient (stealth) disclosure of a material weakness. These findings are contrary to Rennekamp (2012) who finds that processing fluency in bad news leads to more negative investment judgements. Additional analyses indicated that the results related to management trust and credibility are consistent with prior literature. The findings contribute to academia and practice by shedding light on the importance that needs to be placed on the presentation format of internal control disclosures.

Multiple-choice (MCQs) and short-answer questions (SAQs) are the most common test formats for assessing English reading proficiency. While the former provides test-takers with prescribed options, the latter requires short written responses. Test developers favor MCQs over SAQs for the following reasons: less time required for rating, high rater agreement, and wide content coverage. This mixed methods dissertation investigated the impacts of test format on reading performance, metacognitive awareness, test-completion processes, and task perceptions. Participants were eighty English as a second language (ESL) learners from a Midwestern community college. They were first divided into two groups of approximately equivalent reading proficiencies and then completed MCQ and SAQ English reading tests in different orders. After completing each format, participants filled out a survey about demographic information, strategy use, and perceptions of test formats. They also completed a 5-point Likert-scale survey to assess their degree of metacognitive awareness. At the end, sixteen participants were randomly chosen to engage in retrospective interviews focusing on their strategy use and task perceptions. This study employed a mixed methods approach in which quantitative and qualitative strands converged to draw an overall meta-inference. For the quantitative strand, descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, item analyses, two-way ANOVAs, and correlation analyses were conducted to investigate 1) the differences between MCQ and SAQ test performance and 2) the relationship between test performance and metacognitive awareness. For the qualitative strand, test-takers’ MCQ and SAQ test completion processes and task perceptions were explored using coded interview and survey responses related to strategy use and perceptions of test formats. Results showed that participants performed differently on MCQ and SAQ reading tests, even though both tests were highly correlated. The paired sample t-tests revealed that participants’ English reading and writing proficiencies might account for the MCQ and SAQ performance disparity. Moreover, there was no positive relationship between reading test performance and the degree of metacognitive awareness generated by the frequency of strategy use. Correlation analyses suggested whether a higher or lower English reading proficiency of the participants was more important than strategy use. Although the frequency of strategy use did not benefit test performance, strategies implemented for MCQ and SAQ tests were found to generate interactive processes allowing participants to gain deeper understanding of the source texts. Furthermore, participants’ perceptions toward MCQs, SAQs, and a combination of both revealed positive and negative influences among test format, reading comprehension, and language learning. Therefore, participants’ preferences of test format should be considered when measuring their English reading proficiency. This study has pedagogical implications on the use of various test formats in L2 reading classrooms.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various testlet characteristics in terms of an ability parameter recovery under the modality of computerized adaptive test (CAT). Given the popularity of using CATs and the high frequency of emerging testlets into exams as either mixed format or not, it was important to evaluate the various conditions in a testlet-based CAT fitted testlet response theory models. The manipulated factors of this study were testlet size, testlet effect size, testlet composition, and exam format. The performance of each condition was compared with the true thetas which were 81 equally spaced points from -3.0 to +3.0. For each condition, 1,000 times of replication process were conducted with respect to overall bias, overall standard error, overall RMSE, conditional bias, conditional standard error, conditional RMSE, as well as conditional passing rate. The conditional results were presented in the pre-specified intervals. Several significant conclusions were made. Overall, the mean theta estimates over 1,000 replications were close to the true thetas regardless of manipulated conditions. In terms of aggregated overall RMSE, predictable relationships were found in four study factors: A larger amount of error was associated with a longer testlet, a bigger effect size, a random composition, and a testlet only exam format. However, when the aggregated overall bias was considered, only two effects were observed: a large difference among three testlet length conditions, and almost no difference between two testlet composition conditions. As expected, conditional SEMs for all conditions showed a U-shape across the theta scale. The noticeable discrepancy occurred only within the testlet length condition: more error was associated with the condition of the longest testlet length compared to the short and medium length conditions. Conditional passing rate showed little discrepancy among conditions within each facto, so no particular association was found. In general, a short testlet length is better, a small testlet effect size is better, a homogeneous difficulty composition is better, and a mixed format is better in terms of the smaller amount of error found in this study. Other than these obvious findings, some interaction effects were also observed. When the medium or large (i.e., greater than .50) testlet effect was suspicious, it was better to have a short length testlet. It was also found that using a mixed-format exam increased the accuracy of the random difficulty composition. However, this study was limited by several other factors which were controlled to be the same across the conditions: a fixed length exam, no content balancing, and the uniform testlet effects. Consequently, plans for improvements in terms of generalization were also discussed.

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit untersucht die Verdrahtungsressourcen von Xilinx-FPGAs, indem das LCA-Format der 4000er Familie beschrieben und ein Lösungsansatz für das Verdrahtungsproblem präsentiert wird. Bei der Untersuchung des LCA-Formats war die Arbeit mit dem XACT-Design-Editor xde, der ebenfalls Dateien im LCA-Format als Eingabe- und Ausgabedateien nutzt, sehr wichtig. Die Beschreibung ist zwar auf den Baustein XC4002A bezogen, aber sie gilt für alle 4000er Bausteine, weil die Bausteine dieser Familie dieselben Elemente besitzt aber mit verschiedener Anzahl. Um sicher zu sein, daß die Beschreibung des LCA-Formats exakt ist, wurde das LCA-File für einen Volladdierer manuell hergestellt und mit dem LCA-File, der durch das Programm PPR von Xilinx