Desde sua criação, o Linux trouxe muita atenção ao movimento open-source, e à concreta possibilidade de se usar soluções de baixo custo em missões críticas. Nos últimos anos, esta possibilidade tornou-se real com a criação de vários clusters de alta disponibilidade. Atualmente, existem pelo menos 10 soluções de clusters open-source e mais de 25 comerciais. Cada um destes projetos teve uma abordagem diferente para o problema, embora todos tenham enfrentado dificuldades semelhantes. Se houvesse alguma padronização nesta área, esforços poderiam ter sido reaproveitados, e não duplicados. Neste contexto, o Open Clustering Framework (OCF) é um projeto open-source que visa definir um padrão para clusters em Linux. Um dos serviços mais importantes em um cluster é o serviço de pertinência. Ele é responsável por criar e manter o grupo, sendo assim importante para inúmeras aplicações. Sistemas de alta disponibilidade baseiam-se no serviço de pertinência para garantir o funcionamento dos recursos oferecidos por um cluster. Esta dissertação visa apresentar vários conceitos relativos a clusters, alta disponibilidade e serviços de pertinência. Com estes conceitos definidos, iremos implementar um serviço de pertinência, que será baseado no framework proposto pelo OCF, de maneira que esta implementação possa ser posteriormente incorporada a qualquer cluster que siga a especificação OCF. / Since its creation, Linux has brought attention to the open-source movement, and to the concrete possibility of using low cost solutions in critical mission systems. In the last years, this possibility has become real due to the creation of several high availability clusters. Today there are at least 10 open-source solutions and more than 25 commercial ones. Each one of these projects had a different approach to the problem, altought all of them had faced similar difficulties. If there was a standard in this area, efforts could be shared, and not duplicated. In this context, the Open Clustering Framework (OCF) is an open-source project that aims to define a cluster standard for Linux. One of the more important services in a cluster is the membership service. It is responsible for creating and maintaing the group. For this reason, it is important for many applications: high availability systems rely on this service to garantee the execution of the resources provided by a cluster. This thesis aims to present several concepts related to clusters, high availability and membership services. Having the concepts been defined, we will implement a membership service based on the OCF framework, in order to be able to incorporate this implementation in any OCF compliant cluster.

No mês de outubro de 2007 a Comissão Nacional de Cartografia (CONCAR) lançou uma norma cartográfica composta de especificações técnicas para Estruturação de Dados Geoespaciais Digitais Vetoriais (EDGV) para a realização do mapeamento topográfico sistemático no Brasil. No mês de novembro de 2008 foi publicado o Decreto n 6666, que institui a Infra-Estrutura Nacional de Dados Espaciais e ratifica o uso das normas homologadas pela CONCAR, pelas instituições Federais. Este trabalho realiza dois requisitos, a saber: (a) fornece um esquema relacional alinhado as especificações da EDGV e (b) implementa um protótipo, com vistas a sua utilização no processo de restituição fotogramétrica nas instituições públicas responsáveis pelo mapeamento topográfico no Brasil. A implementação é realizada em ambiente de software livre. Também é importante salientar o caráter educacional da plataforma de software a ser implementada, para que o seu uso seja também direcionado para o ensino teórico e prático da fotogrametria digital nas instituições de ensino e pesquisa. / The National Commission of Cartography (CONCAR) in October 2007 launched a pattern composed of standard specifications for Structuring of Digital Geospatial Data Vector (EDGV) for systematic topographic mapping production in Brazil. In November of 2008 it was published the Decree n 6666, that established the National Spatial Data Infrastructure and ratified the use of standards approved by CONCAR. This work accomplishes two goals: (a) to provide a relational schema specification aligned with the EDGV and; (b) to provide an implementation of a prototype, for using in the photogrammetric restitution of topographic mapping in Brazil. The implementation is performed in an environment of free software, according to the GNU/GPL approch. It is also important to emphasize the educational character of the software to be implemented so that its use is also directed to the theoretical and practical studies of digital photogrammetry in the institutions of education and research.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:10:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Albuquerque.pdf: 2869050 bytes, checksum: d5b7727fd2fe2198cf1e82d8d8b0b604 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work analyzes operating policies and procedures adopted in institutional repositories of universities, in order to help the development of strategies and policies to subsidize the creation of an open access Institutional Repository at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas (IFAM). It proposes the general goal of creating policies for the Institutional Repository at IFAM in order to achieve gains in productivity and quality for the academic community served by the Institute. It has specific objectives: to search for policies framed in institutional repositories existing in public institutions of higher education and its operationalization as a basis for defining policy strategies to the needs of the IFAM repository and to establish a theoretical framework for institutional repositories, defining policy options for access and use that fit the multidisciplinary institutional repository to be developed in order to store, preserve, share, give visibility and manage their academic and scientific production in free access. The methodology was qualitative, the kind of research was addressed framed in descriptive and exploratory, which enabled the elements that characterize the political information were observed, recorded, analyzed, classified and interpreted without the interference of the researcher, in order to know more precisely the factors that may corroborate or substantiate to the composition of a repository for the IFAM. Data collection was carried out in stages, with the use of primary sources, and as a tool for collecting the questionnaire and through on-site observation to one of the repositories surveyed. Analysis and discussion of results present the policies and structure of the repositories surveyed. Afterwards the proposed guidelines are exposed for the composition repository at IFAM, strategies and deployment actions and policies of access and use. It is concluded that the implementation actions are not sufficient to ensure the settlement of the repository, it is recommended for the integration of all sectors and actors to share this responsibility throughout the organization. We suggest the creation of institutional information policy, to define organizational structures, process management and the ability to preserve the contents stored therein; a policy of submission, in order to establish guidelines for submission of items to the repository and parallel to instructions that create normative features of mandatory policy, to establish standards and operating procedures for the deposit of the work of completing courses, dissertations and theses at IFAM libraries. Policies are fundamental operation of the repository as an information service and recognition by the community, but, to fulfill these requirements, educational work and procedures are to be adopted and followed. With the results we propose strategic guidelines and policies to subsidize the creation of the open access Institutional Repository at IFAM. / Analisa as políticas de funcionamento e procedimentos adotados em repositórios institucionais das universidades, com o intuito de auxiliar a definir estratégias e políticas para subsidiar a criação do Repositório Institucional de acesso aberto do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM). Propõe como objetivo geral a criação de políticas para o Repositório Institucional para o IFAM visando ganhos de produtividade e qualidade à comunidade acadêmica servida pelo Instituto, e como objetivos específicos: pesquisar as políticas definidas nos repositórios institucionais existentes nas instituições públicas de ensino superior e sua operacionalização, como base para definir as estratégias políticas para as necessidades do repositório do IFAM; estabelecer um marco teórico sobre repositórios institucionais; definir as opções de políticas de acesso e uso que se enquadram ao repositório institucional de caráter multidisciplinar a ser desenvolvido, a fim de armazenar, preservar, compartilhar, dar visibilidade e gerenciar a sua produção acadêmico-científico em acesso livre. O método aplicado foi o qualitativo, o tipo de pesquisa abordado foi enquadrado em descritiva e exploratória, o qual possibilitou que os elementos que caracterizam as políticas de informação fossem observados, registrados, analisados, classificados e interpretados sem a interferência do pesquisador, na busca de conhecer com maior precisão os fatores que corroboram ou poderão corroborar para a composição de um repositório para o IFAM. A coleta de dados foi realizada em etapas, com o uso de fontes primárias, tendo como instrumento de coleta o questionário e por meio de observação in loco a um dos repositórios pesquisados. A análise e discussão dos resultados apresentam as políticas e a estrutura dos repositórios pesquisados. Segue com as propostas de diretrizes para a composição do repositório do IFAM, estratégias e ações de implantação e políticas de acesso e uso. Conclui-se que as ações de implementação não são suficientes para garantir o povoamento do repositório, para isso recomenda-se a integração de todos os setores e atores para compartilhar essa responsabilidade em toda a instituição. Sugere-se a criação de politica de informação institucional, para definir as estruturas de organização, o processo de gestão e a capacidade de preservação dos conteúdos nele armazenados; politica de submissão, com o objetivo de estabelecer diretrizes para submissão dos itens ao repositório e paralelo a isso criar instruções normativas com características de politica mandatária, para estabelecer normas e procedimentos operacionais para o depósito do trabalho de conclusão de cursos, dissertações e teses nas bibliotecas do IFAM. As políticas de funcionamento do repositório são fundamentais como serviço de informação e reconhecimento por parte da comunidade, mas para que se cumpram exige trabalho educativo e procedimentos a serem adotados e seguidos. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível propor as diretrizes estratégicas e políticas para subsidiar a criação do Repositório Institucional de acesso aberto do IFAM.

O crescimento exponencial do uso das mídias sociais na Web está transformando a maneira de como as pessoas tratam as informações, interagem com elas e compartilham conhecimento. Da mesma forma, as organizações estão mudando a maneira de interagir com seus funcionários, parceiros e consumidores. Novas aplicações na Internet têm surgido para proporcionar confiança aos usuários e incentivá-los a interagir e conectá-los uns aos outros e a conteúdos disponibilizados. Essas aplicações podem identificar comportamentos, extrair opiniões e retornar informações de interesse dos usuários e das organizações de maneira a auxiliar a tomada de decisão. Essas aplicações proporcionam grande volume de dados e demandam complexos processos de análise. Essas análises abrem oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de novas soluções que agregam mais valor aos usuários de produtos e serviços disponibilizadas na Web. Empresas e instituições de pesquisa têm desenvolvidos meios para tratar o grande volume de dados e identificar oportunidades de negócio. O uso de modelos que permitem entender esse fenômeno coletivo tem aumentado nos últimos anos por, basicamente, duas razões: a necessidade de descobrir, organizar e representar o conhecimento empírico relacionado a um determinado domínio de interesse e a necessidade de disseminar mecanismos para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão. Nesse contexto, ontologias de domínio têm sido bastante utilizadas como forma de organização e representação do conhecimento. No entanto, são poucos os modelos ou aplicações que extraem, organizam e representam o conhecimento (implícito e explícito) contextualizado de grupos de pessoas que atuam coletivamente para resolver problemas comuns ou produzir algo novo. Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe um modelo de referência para extração da inteligência coletiva (IC) para suporte à tomada de decisão. O modelo foi inicialmente desenvolvido para caso do planejamento estratégico de TI para ser utilizada por órgãos de governo. Como parte do modelo, foi desenvolvida uma inovadora ontologia de domínio denominada ITMPvoc. De seu processo de construção e validação, o modelo extrai a IC que é contextualiza segundo o referencial 5W1H (What, Who, Why, Where, When, How) e aplicada para suporte à decisão em situações específicas. Outras instâncias do modelo para dois casos de uso são também apresentadas. São elas: extração da IC e suporte à decisão para alertas de doenças na agricultura e para alertas sobre adoção de software livre por municípios. Os resultados demonstram que os modelos de extração da IC de comunidades ou organizações humanas podem melhorar os complexos processos de tomada de decisão em colaboração. Verificou-se também que a melhoria do processo de tomada de decisão se dá de duas maneiras. A primeira pela compreensão mais ampla pela comunidade dos conceitos e seus relacionamentos de causa e efeito mapeados pelo referencial 5W1H. A segunda pela composição mais adequada dos componentes What, Who, Why, Where, When e How em função do contexto. Ambas maneiras contribuem para o enriquecimento do conhecimento sobre os domínios considerados. / The exponential growth in the use of social media on the Web is transforming the which people treat information, interact with it, and share knowledge. Similarly, organizations are changing the way they interact with their employees, partners, and consumers. New Internet applications have emerged to provide users with confidence and encourage them to interact and connect to each other and to access contents made available. These applications can identify behaviors, extract opinions, and return information of interest to users and organizations in order to support decision making. These applications provide large amounts of data and require complex analysis processes. These analyzes open opportunities for the development of new solutions that add value to users of products and services available on the Web. Companies and research institutions have developed means to handle the large volume of data and identify business opportunities. The use of models that allow to understand this collective phenomenon has increased in recent years for basically two reasons: the need to discover, organize and represent empirical knowledge related to a particular domain of interest and the need to disseminate mechanisms to support the decision-makers. In this context, domain ontologies have been widely used as a form of organization and representation of the knowledge. However, there are few models or applications that extract, organize, and represent the contextualized (implicit and explicit) knowledge of groups of people who act collectively to solve common problems or produce something new. This research proposes a reference model for extracting the collective intelligence (CI) for decision making support. The model was initially developed for strategic planning of IT to be used by government organizations. As part of the model, an innovative domain ontology called ITMPvoc was developed. From its construction and validation process, the model extracts the CI that is contextualized according to the 5W1H (What, Who, Why, Where, How) framework and it is applied for decision making support in specific situations. Other instances of the model are also presented for two use cases. They are: extraction and decision making support based on CI for (I) early warning disease in agriculture and (ii) early warning in adoption of free software by municipalities. The results demonstrate that the CI extraction model from human communities or organizations can improve complex collaborative decision-making processes. It was also found that the improvement of the decision-making process occurs in two ways. The first is by the community\'s broader understanding of concepts and their cause-and-effect relationships mapped by the 5W1H framework. The second is the most appropriate composition of the What, Who, Why, Where, When, and How components, according to the context. Both ways contribute to the enrichment of the knowledge about the considered domains.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Oakim Bandeira de Mello.pdf: 43634979 bytes, checksum: d902ed7a6e6e46510524408d83807a9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-03 / Since the 1960s, many artists have been experimenting with computer technology to create artwork. Different programming languages have also emerged since then with the goal of making programming easier for people with various backgrounds and interests, such as artists and children. Processing is one of these programming languages. It was created in 2001 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with the objective of streamlining programming in the visual arts field. Processing was widely adopted as the programming language used for teaching programming to artists in several countries and it is also used for the final production of works of art. Besides, it was the inspiration for Arduino, a prototyping platform for physical computing that has become quite popular. Entitled Art and Programming in the Processing language, this research aims to investigate the following question: "What are the relationships between software, programming, and art in the Processing programming language? The research debates, from the Processing perspective, software in society and art, in addition to examining the role of the artist-­‐programmer -­‐ the artist who works directly with programming languages. It discusses still the learning of programming as part of computer and code literacy. The research methodology is based on a literature review and critical analysis, along with a case study of the Processing programming language. The research is complemented by the direct experience of the author and two interviews. This research presents cultural aspects of art made with Processing, encompassing from the context of programming languages that make the programming activity easier up to aspects of free software and hacker culture in the community of artists-­‐programmers that use Processing / Desde a década de 1960, diversos artistas vêm experimentando com a tecnologia computacional na criação de suas obras de arte. Também diferentes linguagens de programação surgiram com o objetivo de tornar a programação mais fácil para pessoas com formações e interesses diversos, como artistas ou crianças. O Processing, umas dessas linguagens, surgiu em 2001, no Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), com o objetivo de facilitar a programação nas artes visuais. Ele foi amplamente adotado em vários países no ensino de programação para artistas e também para a produção final de obras de arte. Além disso, foi a inspiração para o Arduino, uma plataforma de prototipagem para interação física com o ambiente que se tornou bastante popular. Intitulada Arte e Programação na linguagem Processing, esta pesquisa se propõe a investigar a seguinte questão: "Quais são as relações entre software, programação e arte na linguagem de programação Processing?". A pesquisa debate, sob a perspectiva do Processing, o software na sociedade e na arte, além de examinar o papel do artista-­‐programador aquele que trabalha diretamente com linguagens de programação. Além disso, discute também o aprendizado de programação como parte de uma alfabetização digital. A metodologia de pesquisa se baseia em um levantamento bibliográfico acompanhado de uma análise crítica do material consultado e um estudo de caso da linguagem de programação Processing. A pesquisa é ainda complementada pela experiência direta da autora e por duas entrevistas. Esta investigação apresenta aspectos culturais da arte feita em Processing, englobando desde o contexto das linguagens de programação que facilitam a atividade de programar até características do software livre e da cultura hacker na comunidade de artistas-­‐programadores do Processing

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thasia da Silva Oliveira Magalhaes.pdf: 326456 bytes, checksum: 1b5be66297f89695fbd8ede66cc1711e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research has as objective to approach questions related to intellectual property in the cyberspace, mapping the different points of view about the theme. It presents in a succinct way the origin of the author's concept in the western history, and the current conflict of the multiple authorship existence possibility in the cyberspace. It analyses the use of alternative licenses to author's protection and finally the production of immaterial wells. The approach adopted is multi-disciplinary, doesn't ignore the current legal order, but investigate the characteristics of the cyberspace, as well the repercussions in the law. It confronts the authorship's protection in the digital media and the concept of immaterial wells. The studied authors are, among others: Paul Edward Geller, Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler e Siva Vaidhyanathan. It highlights the concept of proprietary software, free software and its variations. It considers the viability of the copyright current alternatives, in particular the Creative Commons project, the GNU project and the BSD project / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo levantar questões relacionadas à propriedade intelectual no ciberespaço, mapeando os diferentes pontos de vista sobre o tema. Apresenta de forma sucinta a origem do conceito de autor na história ocidental, e o atual conflito da possibilidade da existência da múltipla autoria no ciberespaço. Analisa o uso das licenças alternativas de proteção do autor e por fim a produção de bens imateriais. A abordagem adotada é multidisciplinar, que não ignora o atual ordenamento jurídico, mas investiga as características do ciberespaço, bem como as repercussões sobre o Direito. Confronta a proteção da autoria nas mídias digitais e o conceito de bens imateriais. Os autores estudados são, entre outros: Paul Edward Geller, Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler e Siva Vaidhyanathan Destaca o conceito de software proprietário, software livre e seus desdobramentos. Considera a viabilidade das alternativas atuais de direito autoral, nomeadamente o Projeto Creative Commons, o Projeto GNU e o Projeto BSD

<p>This thesis will look into what kind of solutions a company or a private person can use if they want to create a dynamic website using only free software. To do this we divided our work in two parts. In the first part, we developed a dynamic website for a Swedish company. On the server side we used exclusively free software with open source code. There are different meanings in how the term “free” should be used when referring to software, which we will explain in the thesis. We have also chosen to work with the XMLtechnology to see if it lives up to its expectations and to see if we could benefit from the technology. Alongside with the development of our site, another company developed a site for the same company as us, by using non-free software. We have described both implementations and compared them to see if it is possible to do the same thing with both free and non-free software. </p><p>The investigating part of our work consisted of getting information about what other people think about the free software phenomenon. To do so we created an online questionnaire where we randomly picked 100 Swedish web agencies and asked them to answer 8 questions about what kind of software they used in their company, and what they thought about free software. To get some more opinions we also interviewed two persons involved in these kinds of topics. Jan Sandred, who is a well known expert advisor in topics concerning the Information Technology area and Richard Stallman, the founder of GNU and the Free Software Movement. </p><p>The reason for dividing the thesis in two parts was to get an overall picture on the subject. We did not only want to base our results on other people’s thoughts. We wanted to make our own conclusions based on the implementation we did. This approach showed out to be very good. We got to try working with free software ourselves to see its pros and cons and build our own opinions about it. We could then proceed to compare our impressions to other people’s impressions about free software.</p>

Η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα είναι μια καινοτόμος μέθοδος ανάπτυξης λογισμικού και εφαρμογών του, η οποία έχει να επιδείξειαρκετές επιτυχίες τα τελευταία οκτώ με δέκα χρόνια. Έτσι, έχουν διαμορφωθεί διάφορες θεωρίες για να εξηγήσουν την επιτυχία της, κυρίως από τη σκοπιά της οικονομικής επιστήμης και των επιστημών της οργάνωσης και της διοίκησης επιχειρήσεων. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει διάφορες πτυχές των ζητημάτων της ανάπτυξης του λογισμικού του ανοικτού κώδικα. Στo Κεφάλαιο 1, εισάγονται κάποιες βασικές έννοιες για το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα και παρουσιάζονται μερικές από τις γνωστότερες άδειες χρήσης του ανοικτού λογισμικού. Ιδιαίτερα, εξετάζουμε τους ορισμούς και τις διαφορές μεταξύ του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα και του ελεύθερου λογισμικού. Επίσης, εστιάζουμε την προσοχή μας στις εξής άδεις χρήσης: δημόσιας κυριότητας (public domain), BSD, καλλιτεχνικής άδειας, GPL και LGPL. Τέλος, δίνουμε μια σύντομη περιγραφή της χρονολογικής εξέλιξης των προσπαθειών ανάπτυξης του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2, αναλύονται τα σημαντικότερα χαρακτηριστικά της οργάνωσης και της ροής εργασίας στα έργα ανοικτού κώδικα. Αυτά αναφέρονται σε κάποια χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη, στη δομή των έργων, στις διαδικασίες ανάπτυξής τους, στους χρήστες τους (την ομάδα στόχο), στην επικοινωνιακή-πληροφοριακή υποδομή και στην τεκμηρίωση των έργων αυτών. Με βάση αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα, ο σκοπός είναι να μπορεί να περιγραφεί οποιοδήποτε έργο ανοικτού κώδικα και να μπορείεπίσης και να κατηγοριοποιηθεί. Μια τέτοια κατηγοριοποίηση διευκολύνει αφενός την έρευνα, μέσω του ορισμού εννοιών καθολικής ισχύος, και αφετέρου στηρίζει την οργάνωση των ίδιων των έργων, καθώς και την επιλογή τους από την ελεύθερη οικονομία. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3, ακολουθούμε τη δουλειά των Healy & Schussman (2003), οι οποίοι έχουν αναλύσει ένα πολύ μεγάλο δείγμα έργων ανοικτού κώδικα και, έτσι, έχουν εντοπίσει κάποια εντυπωσιακά δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των κοινοτήτων ανάπτυξης λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Οι Healy & Schussman παρατήρησαν ότι η κατανομή των έργων αυτών για μια σειρά από δείκτες των δραστηριοτήτων, που αναπτύσσονται σε αυτά, είναι εντυπωσιακά ανομοιόμορφη. Εντόπισαν όμως ένα σχετικά μικρό αριθμό έργων, που παρουσιάζουν στοιχεία ισχυρής συνεργατικής δραστηριότητας. Τα έργα αυτά υποτίθεται ότι είναι χαρακτηριστικά για τις τυπικές διαδικασίες ανάπτυξης, που ακολουθούνται για τη διαμόρφωση του ανοικτού κώδικα. Τα συμπεράσματα των Healy & Schussman συμφωνούν με προγενέστερες μικρότερης κλίμακας εμπειρικές έρευνες. Μελετώντας τις διαφορές μεταξύ ενεργών και ανενεργών έργων, οι Healy & Schussman προτείνουν ότι αυτές μπορούν να εξηγηθούν με βάση τα κοινωνικο-δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των κοινοτήτων ανάπτυξης των αντίστοιχων έργων, τα οποία έχουν τύχει ελάχιστης προσοχής στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία. Επιπλέον, όπως θα δούμε, οι Healy & Schussman διαμορφώνουν ορισμένες υποθέσεις εργασίας, μέσω των οποίων να μπορεί να γίνει καλύτερα κατανοητή η "οικολογία" των έργων ανάπτυξης λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4, προσπαθούμε να μελετήσουμε το φαινόμενο του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα κάτω από το πρίσμα των οικονομικών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μας απασχολούν οι ρόλοι των συνεργατών στα έργα ανάπτυξης τέτοιου λογισμικού, είτε σαν μεμονωμένα άτομα ή σαν οργανώσεις, και οι σχέσεις τους με τον ευρύτερο δημόσιο τομέα. Ακόμη, κάνουμε μια συζήτηση για τις νέες οικονομικές δυνατότητες, που ανοίγονται από τη χρήση του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Έτσι, έχει ενδιαφέρον να δούμε τις επιχειρήσεις από τρεις διαφορετικές γωνίες: σαν χρήστες, σαν συνεργάτες και σαν παροχείς υπηρεσιών για την ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού αυτού. Τέλος, με βάση το έργο BerliOS, συζητάμε κάποια παραδείγματα μακροοικονομικών προοπτικών στην ιδιωτική πρωτοβουλία, τις νέες αγορές και τη Νέα Οικονομία, που μπορούν να προκύψουν από την υιοθέτηση του επιχειρησιακού μοντέλου του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, ακολουθούμε την ανάλυση του Kelty (2001) για το κατά πόσο μπορεί κανείς να δει το ελεύθερο-δωρεάν λογισμικό σαν ένα κοινωνικό αγαθό παρόμοιο με την επιστήμη. Ιδιαίτερα, ο Kelty εξετάζει κατά πόσον το ελεύθερο-δωρεάν λογισμικό είναι - όπως η επιστήμη - μια "οικονομία ανταλλαγής δώρων", η οποία λειτουργεί με το δικό της νόμισμα. Ο βασικός ισχυρισμός του Kelty είναι ότι στην περίπτωση αυτή της οικονομίας του λογισμικού ελεύθερου και ανοικτού κώδικα, το νόμισμα των πληρωμών δεν είναι τίποτε άλλο παρά η φήμη, που αποκτούν οι ατομικοί ή συλλογικοί παράγοντες, οι οποίοι με τη συνεργασία τους συμβάλουν και συνεισφέρουν στην ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού αυτού. Έτσι, ο Kelty εξετάζει τα ζητήματα της φήμης και της αναγνώρισης της συμβολής, αφενός μέσω μιας συνοπτικής θεωρητικής ανασκόπησης της ιστορίας των επιστημών κι αφετέρου με τη σύγκριση - τόσο μεταφορικής όσο και πραγματικής - των διαφορετικών εννοιών της "συναλλαγής" και της "πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας", που εμφανίζονται σε διάφορους τομείς της επιστήμης και της οικονομίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6, ακολουθώντας τη σχετική εργασία του Edwards (2001a), η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα αντιμετωπίζεται σαν μια διαδικασία, που γίνεται στα πλαίσια μιας "επιστημικής κοινότητας". Με τον όρο αυτό, αποδίδεται το γεγονός ότι, σε μια τέτοια κοινότητα, η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού είναι μία διαδικασία ανοικτής μάθησης, στην οποίαν τα εμπλεκόμενα μέρη, συνεισφέροντας με το προσωπικό έργο τους στην επίτευξη των ομαδικών στόχων, ταυτόχρονα μορφώνονται και μαθαίνουν πολλές χρήσιμες γνώσεις από τη συνεργασία, την αλληλεπίδραση και την αλληλοβοήθεια με τους άλλους συνεργάτες. Ιδιαίτερα, εισάγοντας τις θεωρητικές έννοιες της "εγκατεστημένης μάθησης" και της "νομιμοποιημένης περιφερειακής συμμετοχής", ο Edwards μελετά πώς οι μαθησιακές διαδικασίες αυτές συμβάλουν στη διαμόρφωση του χαρακτήρα μιας επιστημικής κοινότητας, που αναπτύσσει λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα. Ο συνδυασμός αυτών των δύο εννοιών φαίνεται να είναι καρποφόρος και ικανός να εξηγήσει μερικές από τις εμπειρικές παρατηρήσεις τέτοιων κοινοτήτων, ρίχνοντας άπλετο φως στα ζητήματα της κατανόησης των κινήτρων, της συμπεριφοράς και της δυναμικής των ομάδων, που εμπλέκονται σε τέτοια έργα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 7, γίνεται μια συζήτηση των επιχειρησιακών προγραμμάτων του Υπουργείου Παιδείας για την πληροφορική στην εκπαίδευση. Το βασικό ερώτημα, που τίθεται, είναι αν τελικά το μάθημα της πληροφορικής ,έτσι όπως διδάσκεται, υπηρετεί τον αρχικό στόχο της πολιτικής, με τον οποίο οι υπολογιστές εισέβαλλαν στην εκπαίδευση. Εξετάζονται κάποια προβλήματα, που έχει η χρήση του κλειστού-εμπορικού λογισμικού στην εκπαίδευση. Παρατίθενται μια σειρά από πλεονεκτήματα για τη χρήση του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα στην εκπαίδευση, τα οποία του προσδίδουν σαφώς μεγαλύτερη παιδαγωγική αξία. Βεβαίως, σχολιάζονται τα συνήθη επιχειρήματα εναντίον του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο τέλος, γίνεται μια προσπάθεια να εξαχθούν ορισμένα συμπεράσματα και να διατυπωθούν κάποιες συγκεκριμένες προτάσεις για τις ευεργετικές δυνατότητες, που έχει το λογισμικό αυτό στις εκπαιδευτικές και μαθησιακές διαδικασίες. Στο Κεφάλαιο 8, περιγράφουμε μια σειρά από λογισμικά ανοικτού κώδικα, που ήδη χρησιμοποιούνται ή μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν στην εκπαίδευση. Πρόκειται για λογισμικό σε σχέση με εφαρμογές γραφείου, επεξεργασίας εικόνας και διαφόρων οπτικοποιήσεων (visualizations) - π.χ., σχημάτων και γραφικών παραστάσεων - εφαρμογών στα μαθηματικά, στη διαχείριση βάσεων δεδομένων, στο Internet κ.λπ. Τέλος, κάνουμε μια σύντομη παρουσίαση των περιεχομένων του έργου KDE-Edutainment, μιας προσπάθειας για την ανάπτυξη λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα, που συνδυάζει μάθηση και διασκέδαση. Σαν Παράρτημα, στο Κεφάλαιο 9, δίνουμε έναν κατάλογο χρήσιμων ιστοσελίδων και ιστοτόπων, στους οποίους μπορούν να βρεθούν πολλές περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα και τις εφαρμογές του στην εκπαίδευση. / Not available

Information and communication technologies and their innovative apparatuses have extensive social consequences. The basic interest of this thesis is to argue whether the information technologies and their technological apparatuses have the power to breach in the current capitalist system and therefore to lead us into a transformation towards an alternative world. In fact, this study more specifically attempts to argue and make sense out of this argument on the basis of an analysis of the Free Software Movement (FSM), since it is a product of the information technologies and has some suggestions for such a transformation towards a new society. Simultaneously, the study also argues the novel parts of the FSM as a new social movement and change agent of today&#039 / s contemporary world with reference to the literature on social movements.

De nos jours, de multiples travaux de recherches s’intéressent au secteur du logiciel libre (ou Open Source). Ceux-ci ont pour la plus part traité la question de la motivation des développeurs dans la dynamique de création collective de la valeur. Notre travail vient à la suite de la forte industrialisation de cette activité, qui attire des acteurs guidés principalement par la perspective de la captation de valeur économique, dans un contexte de faible degré d’appropriation de valeur puisque les droits de propriété sont proscrits pour les logiciels Open Source. Cette situation bouscule les principes de base et l’identité des projets Open Source remettant ainsi en cause la pérennité des Business Models (BM).Notre étude met en lumière le BM, non pas comme un outil, mais comme un ensemble de phases au cours desquelles la pérennité doit être analysée et anticipée. Nous avons aussi mis en avant la nécessité d’analyser la pérennité dans l’Open Source sur quatre dimensions ou niveaux (pérennité des logiciels, pérennité des entreprises éditrices de logiciel open source, pérennité des communautés Open Source et pérennité des données). Par la suite, grâce à notre démarche qualitative basée sur trois études de cas et sur 52 entretiens semi-directifs, nous avons pu identifier des points de tension et mis en évidence leurs impacts sur la pérennité des BM Open Source lors des phases de création, de captation et de partage de la valeur. C’est ainsi qu’il est ressorti comme risques, le détournement de la valeur et le comportement de free rider développé par les acteurs pour tenter de renforcer l’appropriabilité de la valeur. Cela passe d’une part par les tentatives de rétention de connaissances et d’autre part, par la nécessité de maintenir en interne les capacités intellectuelles détenues principalement par les développeurs. Cela pose les dilemmes entre ouverture/fermeture et rétention/diffusion. Nous exposons pour finir dans ce travail des éléments qui ressortent comme étant déterminants pour la pérennité des BM Open Source. / Nowadays, several research works are interested in the free software industry (or Open Source). Most of them have addressed the issue of developers’ motivation in a dynamic collective creation of value. Our work therefore comes as a result of the heavy industrialization of this activity, which attracts software developers primarily guided by the desire of creating economic value, in a context of low levels of ownership value, as property rights are prohibited for Open Source software. This disrupts the basic principles and identity of Open Source projects and therefore questions the sustainability of business models (BM).Our study highlights the BM, not as a tool, but as a series of steps in which sustainability should be analyzed and anticipated. We’ve also emphasized on the need to analyze the sustainability in Open Source in four dimensions or levels (the sustainability of open source software, sustainability of companies creating such freeware, Open Source communities and data’ sustainability). Subsequently, through our qualitative approach based on three case studies and 52 semi-structured interviews, we were able to identify some points of tension and highlighted their impact on the sustainability of Open Source BM during their phases of creation, capturing and sharing of value. Thus it has emerged some risks such as, the diversion of value and the free rider behavior developed by actors who try to strengthen appropriateness of value. This requires on one hand some knowledge retention efforts and on the other hand, the need to maintain internal intellectual capacity primarily held by developers. This creates dilemmas between opening and closing; retention and release. Finally we explain in this work element that stands out as critical to the sustainability of Open Source BM.