Orientador: Hans Kurt Edmund Liesenberg / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maranesi_LuisAlfredoHarriss_M.pdf: 1573468 bytes, checksum: a5643eac32cc4886a7cfc43507758fd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Soluções de Software de Gestão Empresarial (ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning) no Brasil são normalmente de código proprietário, caras de adquirir e implantar. No mercado brasileiro micro e pequenas empresas poderiam se beneficiar muito com a existência de soluções de ERP mais acessíveis. Uma possível solução seria o uso de programas de código livre para atender a essa demanda, tal como o projeto Apache Open For Business, um conjunto de aplicativos e um framework voltado para soluções de gestão empresarial. Neste estudo espera-se investigar a localização (processo de adaptação de um sistema para uma determinada cultura). Não apenas no que diz respeito a mera tradução dele, mas a aspectos legais, fiscais e contábeis, buscando aumentar sua usabilidade e viabilidade para empresários brasileiros / Abstract: In Brazil, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software are usually proprietary, expensive to acquire and deploy. Micro and small businesses could benefit greatly from the existence of more affordable ERP solutions. One possible solution would be to use open source software to meet this demand. Of relevance in this scenario there is the project Apache Open For Business, a suite of applications and a framework aimed at business management solutions. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the localization (i.e. adapting computer software to different cultural contexts) of this software, not only regarding to mere translation, but also the legal, tax and accounting aspects, seeking to increase its usability and feasibility for Brazilian businessmen. / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Software Livre é software fornecido com código fonte, e que pode ser livremente usado, modificado e redistribuído. Projetos de Software Livre são organizações virtuais formadas por indivíduos que trabalham juntos no desenvolvimento de um software livre específico. Estes indivíduos trabalham geograficamente dispersos, utilizando ferramentas simples para coordenar e comunicar seu trabalho através da Internet. Este trabalho analisa esses projetos do ponto de vista de seu processo de software; em outras palavras, analisa as atividades que realizam para produzir, gerenciar e garantir a qualidade do seu software. Na parte inicial do trabalho é feita uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, comentando os principais trabalhos na área, e são detalhadas as características principais dos projetos de software livre. O conteúdo principal deste trabalho resulta de dois anos de participação ativa na comunidade, e de um levantamento realizado através de questionário, detalhando mais de quinhentos projetos diferentes. São apresentadas treze hipóteses experimentais, e os resultados do questionário são discutidos no contexto destas hipóteses. Dos projetos avaliados nesse levantamento, algumas características comuns foram avaliadas. As equipes da grande maioria dos projetos são pequenas, tendo menos de cinco participantes. Além disso, existe uma distribuição equilibrada entre algumas formas de organização descritas na literatura, incluindo o \'ditador benevolente\' de Eric S. Raymond e o \'comité\' exemplificado pelo projeto Apache. Dentre um conjunto de domínios de aplicação determinados, os projetos de software livre se concentram nas áreas de engenharia e desenvolvimento de software, redes e segurança, e aplicações multimídia. Com relação às atividades do processo de software, pode-se dizer que a maioria dos projetos tem requisitos fundamentalmente definidos pelos seus autores, e que a base de usuários de grande parte dos softwares é composta dos seus desenvolvedores e da comunidade de software livre. Uma parcela significativa dos projetos baseia-se em outros softwares pré-existentes, e em padrões publicados previamente. Pouca ênfase é dada à usabilidade, assim como às atividades de garantia de qualidade convencionais. Surpreendentemente, também recebem pouca atenção as atividades de revisão de código e teste sistemático. Entre as ferramentas que os projetos utilizam, se destacam as listas de discussão e os sistemas de controle de versão. Foi estabelecida uma correlação entre a dimensão da equipe do projeto e as atividades de engenharia de software que realiza, mas não se confirmou um vínculo entre estas atividades e a idade do projeto. Foram também estabelecidas relações entre o número de linhas de código do software do projeto e a sua idade, tamanho e domínio de aplicação. Estes resultados são exibidos neste trabalho, e estarão publicamente disponíveis no site Web do projeto. O trabalho conclui descrevendo partes essenciais do processo de software em projetos de software livre, e oferecendo sugestões para trabalhos posteriores. / Free Software (or Open Source) is software provided with source code that may be freely used, modified and redistributed. Free Software Projects are virtual communities of developers that work on a specific free software product. These developers work geographically dispersed, using simple tools to communicate and coordinate their actions over the Internet. This work analyzes these projects with respect to their software process; in other words, the activities they do to produce, manage and ensure the quality of their software. In the initial sections, I perform a large review of related work in this field, and provide an overview of the main characteristics of free software projects. The main contents of this dissertation is based on two years of participation in free software projects, and on a survey based on a questionnaire that describes over five hundred different free software projects. 1 present thirteen initial hypothesis, using them as a framework to analyze the results of the survey. Among the projects evaluated in this survey, some common aspeets were observed. For instance, most projects have a small team, with less than five developers. I also found a balanced distribution of leadership systems described in other works, including Eric Raymond\'s \'benevolent dictator\' and the committee exemplified by the Apache project. The domains in which these projects tend to concentrate are software engineering and development, networks and security, and multimédia applications. Concerning the software process activities, most projects have their functional requirements established by their authors: the user base for most of the projects includes the development team and the free software community. A large proportion of the projects surveyed are based on pre-existing software, or on previously published standards. Little emphasis is placed on usability and conventional fornis of quality assurance. Remarkably, this lack of emphasis on conventional process includes activities like review and testing. Among the tools used by the projects, mailing lists and versioning systems such as CVS come out ahead by a strong margin. A correlation was identified between the size of the project\'s team and the software engineering activities that it realizes, but I could not establish a link between the age of the project and these activities. Other correlations were established between the size of the project\'s codebase (in terms of lines of code) and its age, size and application domain. The dissertation concludes describing essential parts of the software process in free software projects, and offering suggestions for future work.

The dissertation focuses on the use of free software in Czech libraries. Both real practice and librarians' attitudes to this type of software are analyzed. The main goal of the dissertation has been to evaluate the attitudes of Czech libraries to free software, to analyze its use in practice, to design information and communications strategy for free software project and to implement it using Evergreen as an example project. In order to achieve the goals, both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used. These included a survey, web data gathering and analysis and also case studies. The devised and implemented information and communications strategy consists of eight main parts (setting up a local community, creating communication tools, organizing seminars, Czech localization, the creation of first common catalogues, making documentation publicly available, active involvement in the international community and establishing a legal entity to improve awareness about free software among librarians) which are complemented with a SWOT analysis evaluating the strategy implementation.

隨著時代科技之進步，國有財產管理由圖簿管理邁向資訊化管理已行之有年，惟現今之財產管理系統僅能掌握地籍屬性資料及管理機關的產籍資料，單張地籍圖無法與土地使用現況等空間資料結合，以圖形顯示土地及建物的位置及其空間分佈的分析，並且隨時掌握最新異動情形，導致國有土地未能獲得有效管理運用，被占用情形屢見不鮮。 自從1960年代加拿大地理資訊系統（CGIS）開始運作至今，雖然已有50年之歷史，但在早期，主要工作平台均為價錢昂貴之工作站電腦，其軟硬體價位極高，只有政府或大型研究機構才能負擔，所以GIS始終定位在專業用途，小老百姓一直無緣享受到GIS的好處。不過在近十年來的發展，使用者介面及軟硬體功能均已有長足進步，目前國際標準組織（ISO）與OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium)分別致力於地理資訊系統相關標準制定，迄今已分別推出許多與地理資訊描述與應用之相關標準。且我國對於國土資訊系統（NGIS）之開發整合及流通亦已投注相當心力，種種跡象均顯示GIS之開發門檻已逐漸降低中，且其資料之流通性亦提昇許多，因此本研究將嘗試探討如何利用開放式地理資訊架構（OpenGIS）、免費軟體（Free Software）及開放源碼軟體（Open Source Software），結合Google Earth涵蓋廣闊之地理資源平台，用最經濟且符合實際需求之方式，以地籍圖、地形圖及現況照片，結合既有國有土地及建物的管理屬性資料及相關地理圖形資料，如臺灣基本圖及地形圖等，以GIS的圖形及地理分析功能，輔助國有土地及建物管理之運用。 / With the advance of technology, the management of the state-owned property has been shifted from using map and book to information-based management for some time. However, the property management system today can only get hold of the management of cadastral property information and property registration of producing agencies, yet the cadastral map is not able to integrate with the current land utilization and other spatial data to illustrate the location and to analyze spatial distribution of the lands or buildings. And the fact that cadastral maps cannot be updated in time to grasp the latest alterations has resulted in ineffective management and utilization of state-owned land and arbitrary occupation was not uncommon. It has been fifty years since the operation of the Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) in 1960s. However, in the early stage, the working platform were mainly expensive workstation computers, and the prices of hardware and software were so expensive that only the government or large research institutions could afford. Therefore, GIS had been used only for special purposes; the pubic had no access to enjoy the benefits of GIS. However, from the development of the past decade, user interface as well as the function of hardware and software has made a great progress. At present, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) are separately dedicated to developing geographical information standards and they have launched many standards regarding the description and application of geographical information respectively. Much effort on the integration and the circulation of our National Geographic Information System (NGIS) sees that the threshold of GIS development has been reducing and its circulation of data also has considerably raised. Therefore, this research attempts to combine OpenGIS, Free Software and Open Source Software with Google Earth, a platform that covers a wide geographical resource, with the most economical and realistic approach to integrate cadastral maps, topographic maps and present-day photos with the data of land and building management, and related geospatial data such as base map and topographic maps, etc. By using graphics and geographic analysis functions of GIS, it can support the management of state-owned land and buildings.

開放原始碼軟體(Open Source Software；OSS)或稱自由軟體(free software)近年來備受矚目，許多政府、企業、機構團體認為相較於專屬軟體(proprietary software)，開放原始碼軟體的成本低廉、安全性高，因而支持開放原始碼軟體，一些國際知名大廠也投入開發相關產品以支援開放原始碼軟體；然而，深入分析開放原始碼軟體與專屬軟體在價格、穩定性及功能性之優、缺點，可發現開放原始碼軟體未必如其支持者所稱較專屬軟體具有低成本、高技術性等之優點；至於市場佔有率方面，近十年來開放原始碼軟體雖在網頁瀏覽器(Brower)及行動設備作業系統的市占率呈現顯著成長，但在桌上型電腦、筆記型電腦、小筆電及伺服器的市場占有率則仍遠不及專屬軟體。 　　隨著開放原始碼軟體的興起，相關的問題及風險亦隨之產生。在商業模式方面，過去鼎力支持開放原始碼軟體，並且保證決不會以自家專利攻擊Linux社群及業者的IBM，如今也開始手持自家專利對付開放原始碼軟體業者，此一案例凸顯了開放原始碼軟體追求自由、開放分享的精神，與追求市占率及利潤為目標之企業經營環境，兩者間存在著本質上的衝突與矛盾。而為了降低使用開放原始碼軟體可能產生之風險，已有越來越多使用開放原始碼軟體的企業，改採混合碼（Mixed Source）的軟體策略，亦即在一項產品中，同時使用開放原始碼軟體和專屬軟體，儼然已成為國際趨勢；現今，已有超過50%的開放原始碼軟體供應商將開放原始碼軟體結合其內部專屬原始碼使用，有60%以上的開放原始碼軟體供應商已採用某些類型的商業授權方式，而一些原本非開放原始碼軟體的公司也開始利用開放原始碼來加強其市場競爭力。 　　在智慧財產權方面，部分開放原始碼軟體社群雖強烈反對以智慧財產權保護軟體，然此實與知識經濟時代下保護智慧財產權的發展趨勢背道而馳，因此，開放原始碼軟體不可避免的仍須面對智慧財產權管理及侵權訴訟等問題。然由於傳統開原碼軟體社群缺乏專業之法律或智慧財產管理人員，而技術或程式碼貢獻者又為數眾多，使得採用開放原始碼軟體在智慧財產權的管理、執行及訴訟風險上，面臨許多困難及挑戰。在開放原始碼軟體授權協議方面，開放原始碼軟體社群愈來愈強調使用者必須嚴格遵守授權協議之約定，且對於一些違反授權協議之使用者，已積極展開訴訟程序強制要求其遵守，因此，企業組織若要採用開放原始碼軟體，勢必需建立相關之風險管理和內部管理機制。 　　在歐洲、美洲及亞洲等世界各主要國家的軟體政策方面，過去雖有許多積極推動開放原始碼軟體計劃之媒體報導，然而，近幾年來，各國政府已較少採取獨厚開原碼的推廣政策，而大多數是以技術中立(Technical Neutral)或強調互通性的方式兼容並蓄的廣納各種不同的軟體授權模式，此也印證了混合碼的國際發展趨勢。至於我國的軟體發展政策，過去一直偏重在開放原始碼軟體的發展及補助上，然而執行的結果，不但市場現況與預期成果有相當大的落差，投入與產出顯不成比例，且由我國政府的自由軟體發展政策，亦可看出我國政府在資訊軟體產業發展政策上存在著將對開放原始碼的補助方案當作對整體資訊軟體產業的政策發展方向等等之混淆及迷思，此皆阻礙了我國資訊軟體產業之發展。 　　有鑑於此，本研究乃由策略大師麥可•波特(Michael E. Porter)所提出之國家競爭優勢鑽石體系（National Diamond）架構，分析我國在資訊軟體產業發展上的國家競爭力，並針對我國政府的資訊軟體產業發展政策，由組織領導、法令環境、創新商業模式、施政指標及匡正智庫角色等面向提出具體建議，期能對我國資訊軟體產業之發展有所貢獻及助益。 / Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Comparing with traditional proprietary software, many governments, enterprises and institutions seems to believe that OSS is more cost effective and more secure, and thus support OSS. Similarly, a number of global companies have also started to invest in the development of related products that support OSS. However, after some in-depth analysis of the advantages and shorcomings in pricing, stability and functionality between OSS and proprietary software, it could be found that OSS may not have such high advantages in cost and technical level as its supporters asserted. Regarding the market shares in the last ten years, OSS has gained significant growth in the markets of Web Browser and Mobile Devise OS, but its market shares in Desktop Computer, Notebook, Netbook and Server markets are still far hehind proprietary software. 　　 The increasing popularity of OSS has inevitably triggered relevant issues and risk. From business model perspectives, previously IBM has been a long term OSS supporter and also publicly announced that it will never attack Linux companies and communities with its own patents. However, IBM recently began leveraging its patent portfolio and sending patent infringement warning to an OSS company who may compete with IBM in the server market. This recent case is a good example to highlight the inherent conflict and contradictions between the pursuit of freedom and open sharing spirit in OSS and the pursuit of profit and market shares in enterprise business environment. In order to reduce or manage the potential risk that could be triggered by OSS, more and more companies who use OSS begin to adjust their software strategy by adopting Mixed Source strategy. It has also become a trend in the global ICT industry to adopt or combine both OSS and Commercial Software into one product. Nowadays, more than 50% of OSS vendors start to combine OSS with their internal proprietary source code, more than 60% of OSS vendors have adopted certain types of commercial software licensing model, and some of the original non-OSS companies are also starting to leverage OSS to improve their market competitiveness. 　　With respect to intellectual property rights (IPR), even though some OSS communities still strongly oppose to the concept of IPR protection, some recent cases clearly prove that this kind of ideology is contrary to the trend of further improving IPR protection in the era of knowledge-based economy. Consequently, OSS still inevitably needs to face IPR management, infringement risk and licensing terms enforcement issues. However, due to the lack of professional legal or IPR management personnels in traditional OSS community and OSS projects usually involve numerous technical or code contributors, adopting OSS in current business environment will face many difficulties and challenges in IPR management, IPR enforcement and litigation risk. Another issue lies in the enforcement of OSS licensing terms, recently some OSS communities began to increasingly emphasize that users must strictly comply with all the licensing terms or requirements of the OSS model, and subsequently began to actively pursue legal enforcement actions against those violators. Therefore, it is imperative for any enterprise organization to establish comprehensive risk management and internal control/audit mechanism if it wishes to adopt OSS model. 　　In the past there were lots of media reports that actively promote government sponsored OSS policies in Europe, Asia and other major countries. However, there were less and less OSS only policy in recent years, governments around the world began to take Technical Neutral position or focus on interoperability by adopting a variety of different software licensing models. This development also confirms the international trend of adopting Mixed Source model. As for the software industry development policy in Taiwan, previously it has been focus on OSS related development and subsidy programs only. However, from the execution results, not only there is a huge gap between current market status and the expected results, the return of investment (ROI) from all those government funding programs is also extremely low. Furthermore, from the OSS development policy announced by the government, it is quite clear that there are confusions and myths among related government agencies that our current OSS development or subsidy programs equal to our national information software industry development policy. All of the above issues have seriously hindered the development of information software industry in Taiwan. 　　Based on the above analysis, this study leverages the National Diamond model proposed by the famous compete strategy expert, Michael E. Porter, to analyse the competitive advantages of Taiwan's information software industry. The study further proposes specific recommendations focusing on the organizational leadership, legal environment, innovation of business models, policy index, and the accurate role of think tanks in our government's information software industry development policy. Hopefully there will be some value-added and contributions to the development of information software industy in Taiwan.

Seit der Jahrtausendwende prägt das Schlagwort Open Access die Debatten um wissenschaftliches Publizieren. Je nach Kontext geht es dabei um handfeste Strategien angesichts der Zeitschriftenkrise, um ein mehr oder weniger einheitliches Programm zur Verabschiedung des Gutenberg-Zeitalters oder um visionäre Vorstellungen digitaler Wissenskulturen. Die Untersuchung verfolgt zwei Ziele: Zunächst erklärt sie, auf welche Konzepte sich der Begriff Open Access bezieht, wie sich diese Konzepte entwickelt haben und wie sie zusammenfassend beschrieben werden können. Diese Betrachtungsweise ermöglicht es, Open Access in einem zweiten Schritt aus seiner strategischen und programmatischen Funktionalisierung zu lösen und medien-/kulturwissenschaftlich zu deuten: Nicht zufällig entsteht die Open-Access-Bewegung zu einem Zeitpunkt, da sich die medientechnischen Infrastrukturen der Gesellschaft und damit auch der Wissenschaft tiefgreifend verändern. Die Untersuchung analysiert Open Access als den Versuch der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft, durch die Beeinflussung des Mediensystems auch unter veränderten medialen Bedigungen wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit herstellen zu können und dabei Verwerfungen für wissenschaftliche Arbeitsabläufe und für das gesamte Wissenssystem zu vermeiden. Dabei wird deutlich, dass verschiedene Disziplinen unterschiedliche Anforderungen an wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit haben und dass daher Aushandlungsprozesse nötig sind. Gleichzeitig reflektiert die Untersuchung, dass es sich bei den gerade entstehenden neuen Medieninfrastrukturen genau wie beim sich wandelnden wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesen um fragile, grundsätzlich kontingente Strukturen handelt, deren Zukunft keineswegs gesichert ist: Statt Open Access könnten sich auch andere Organisationsformen wissenschaftlicher Öffentlichkeit im digitalen Zeitalter etablieren, die aber nicht unbedingt im Sinne eines offenen und produktiven wissenschaftlichen Austausches und einer breiten gesellschaftlichen Partizipation an wissenschaftlicher Kultur sein müssen. Open Access erscheint vor diesem Hintergrund als vorsichtiger und vergleichweise schadensarmer Aushandlungsprozess, nicht als radikale Revolution des Wissenschaftssystems an der Schwelle zum digitalen Zeitalter. Methodisch knüpft die Untersuchung an die Mediologie an, die durch die Beschreibung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen technischen Medien und kulturellen Praxen die Konstruktion einseitiger Kausalzusammenhänge vermeiden will. In einem Exkurs wird untersucht, worin sich die Konzepte von Open Access und Open Source bzw. Freier Software unterscheiden. Der Anhang der Arbeit enthält den Volltext der drei Erklärungen von Budapest, Bethesda und Berlin, in denen wichtige Prinzipien von Open Access niedergelegt sind.

Cette thèse présente un retour d’expérience sur le dispositif de veille et d’intelligence économique mise en place au sein de Marseille Innovation pour permettre aux éditeurs open source accompagnées dans sa pépinière d’entreprise de surveiller efficacement leur environnement pour y détecter des opportunités de développement. Ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une démarche globale, conduite par Marseille Innovation et ses partenaires pour structurer un réseau d’acteurs open source en PACA.Nous avons tout d’abord réalisé un état de l’art de la littérature open source en soulignant le paradoxe que pose le modèle open source pour les éditeurs qui choisissent d’utiliser les licences libres : l’adoption d’un modèle open source par certains éditeurs pour leurs logiciels permet une création de valeur pouvant être supérieure à celle générée dans le cadre de modèles propriétaires traditionnels, mais que cet avantage est contrebalancé par une dangereuse incertitude, quant à la captation de cette valeur, susceptible d’être récupérée par des concurrents n’ayant pourtant consentis aucun effort de développement et n’en ayant pas subis les coûts. Par la suite, nous avons présenté la naissance du logiciel libre comme le résultat des mutations de l’industrie informatique qui ont marqué le début des années 70, mutations qui ont fait passer le logiciel libre de la sphère publique à la sphère commerciale. En réaction, les défenseurs du logiciel libre ont inventé un système original de « licences publiques » pour protéger ces logiciels contre tout verrouillage technique ou légal de leur utilisation, de leur diffusion et de leur modification. Cependant, si ces licences publiques permettent de favoriser la création de valeur, à travers la coopération d’une communauté de programmeurs et la diffusion du logiciel, le caractère aléatoire de la rémunération dans le modèle open source a conduit les éditeurs à chercher et inventer de nouveaux « Bunisess Models » plus ou moins aléatoires, garantissant mieux leurs revenus.Partant des connaissances accumulées sur le modèle open source, nous avons par la suite exposé la démarche initiée par Marseille Innovation, en collaboration avec CCI de Marseille Provence et l’association Libertis, pour structurer un réseau d’acteurs open source en PACA. Cette démarche a abouti au lancement de plusieurs chantiers d’intérêt commun dont un sur la mise en place d’un dispositif de surveillance sur la filière open source.La stratégie adoptée pour mettre en place ce dispositif de surveillance consiste dans un premier temps à dresser un état de l’art des différentes approches théoriques et pratiques recensées sur le sujet dans la littérature SIC. Ensuite, une approche pragmatique de la veille a été choisie et les moyens organisationnels, processuels et techniques pour mettre en place ce dispositif de surveillance ont été étudiés. Des actions de sensibilisation à la veille et l’intelligence économique ont été également conduites auprès des membres du réseau et des startups open source accompagnées par Marseille Innovation, grâce à lesquelles des besoins en veille sont identifiés et des produits d’information sont élaborés pour permettre aux membres du réseau open source de suivre efficacement leur environnement. Des études de veille sont également réalisées pour répondre aux attentes des entreprises sur le mode de création et de captation de valeurs dans l’open source, les segments de marché porteurs, les licences informatiques et les business models qui en découlent. / This thesis presents a feedback on the competitive intelligence device set up in Marseille Innovation to allow open source software editors housed in its business incubator, to effectively monitor their environment in order to detect new opportunities for development. This project is part of a comprehensive approach, led by Marseille Innovation and its partners to structure a network of open source companies in the PACA area (south of France).First, we achieved a state of the art of open source literature emphasizing the paradox posed by the open source model for software editors who choose to use free software licenses : the adoption of an open source model by some editors for their software allows a value creation that could be greater than that generated through traditional proprietary models, but this advantage is offset by a dangerous uncertainty as to the value capture, could be recovered by competitors who have yet made no programming effort to and not having incurred costs. Subsequently, we presented the birth of free software as the result of changes in the computer industry that marked the early '70s, changes which caused the passage of free software from non commercial/public sphere to commercial/private sphere. In response, defenders of free software have invented an original system of "public licenses" to protect these software’s against any technical or legal interlocking of their use, their distribution and their modification. However, if these public licenses allow to promote a value creation, through the cooperation of a community of programmers and software distribution, the randomness of remuneration in the open source model has led software editors to seek and invent new "Business Models" more or less random, to better ensure their income.Based on knowledge accumulated on the open source model, we have subsequently explained the approach initiated by Marseille Innovation, in collaboration with Marseille-Provence Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) and Libertis, to structure a network of open source companies in the PACA area. This approach led to the launch of several projects of mutual interest, including one on the setting-up of a monitoring device to monitor open source software industry.The approach adopted to setting-up this monitoring device consists in a first step to establish a state of the art of different theoretical approaches and practices identified in the information and communication sciences’ literature. Then, a pragmatic approach of monitoring has been chosen. Organizational means, processual and technical have been studied to set up this monitoring device. Raising awareness actions to competitive intelligence were also conducted with members of the network and open source startups coached by Marseille Innovation, through which information needs are identified and information products are developed to enable members of open source network to effectively monitor their environment. Bibliometric studies are also made to meet the expectations of open source companies on how to create and capture value in the open source software model, about promising market segments, software licenses and business models that result.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T16:46:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermerafaelsoares.pdf: 5619162 bytes, checksum: 75fa907e315795bd1f893ed8c941e9bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-07T21:41:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermerafaelsoares.pdf: 5619162 bytes, checksum: 75fa907e315795bd1f893ed8c941e9bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T21:41:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermerafaelsoares.pdf: 5619162 bytes, checksum: 75fa907e315795bd1f893ed8c941e9bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta pesquisa sistematiza um catálogo de experimentos constituído de estudos musicais e seus algoritmos geradores, organizando procedimentos para composição assistida por computador orientados por regras derivadas de análises musicais de contexto pós-tonal. Os procedimentos são inspirados em apontamentos de estudos sobre pós-tonalidade no compositor Béla Bartók, encontrados nas obras de Lendvai (1971), Antokoletz (1984), Cohn (1991) e Suchoff (2004). Problematizam-se aqui os conceitos de ciclos intervalares, eixos de simetria, polimodalismo e peculiaridades de coleções referenciais de classes de altura - conforme sugestões de Forte (1973), Straus (2004) e Susanni e Antokoletz (2012). São detalhadas questões computacionais para esta implementação, utilizando como base as ferramentas OpenMusic e biblioteca Python Music21. Um legado em código aberto fica disponível para continuidades possíveis deste trabalho. / This research produces a catalog of experiments in musical studies and its related generative algorithms, organizing procedures for computer aided composition oriented by constraints extracted from post-tonal musical analyses. The procedures are inspired by post-tonality studies of Béla Bartók’s music, found in the works of Lendvai (1971), Antokoletz (1984), Cohn (1991) and Suchoff (2004). Main focus on problematization of interval cycles, symmetry axis, polymodalism and peculiarity of referencial collections from pitch-class set theory - as sugested by Forte (1973), Straus (2004) and Susanni e Antokoletz (2012). Details of computational issues for the implementation, using the open source tools OpenMusic and Music21 (python library) as base.

[EN] This thesis will analyze various constructions of contemporary art projects and exhibitions held since the beginning of the 21st century in rural areas in Spain. From these general cultural parameters and specific parameters, indeterminacy of artistic projects in rural areas requires, at present, a review of the various samples for the analysis of the activities of artists, collectives and institutions in the same area. This study is divided into three chapters: The first chapter will examine the increase in the recuperation of autonomous pedagogical approaches and popular education frameworks, which has led to rethinking relationship modes and generating nodes of artistic creation in rural areas. More specifically, in line with the new cultural policy review models, allowing for affective, the contribution of other participatory political mutual support and mediation in terms of the commons, the representation of cultural, ecological, aesthetic, educational, productive and free software use in various artistic projects. These creation-based laboratories are represented in the more mature manifestations of projects and works that integrate rural art within an institutional framework and try to develop a standardized normative. The second chapter examines how interdisciplinary knowledge and art function in the various locations called Fab labs, which advocate the use of open-source technologies. After verifying this, the analysis of case studies related to existing art in rural areas in Spain is presented. This has led to the formulation of a few basic steps to follow for the compendium and creation of a directory in the last chapter of the dissertation. The third chapter will present my personal proposal as an artist in search of new production models. Being part of a collective has allowed me to develop an interdisciplinary art project in rural areas called "Paraisurural". This is implemented with the knowledge acquired during the research into the creation of an online platform called Lab Rural, hosting artistic presentations in rural areas made by groups, institutions and entities created in Spain during the first decade of this century. Places that are labeled and cataloged in hitherto neglected parameters -such as ethnographical readings, ethnology and assessment of the contributions of open-source technologies- provide a more rigorous characterization and promote coherence in the creation of artistic works. / [ES] La tesis analiza diversas construcciones del Arte contemporáneo en los proyectos y exposiciones llevados a cabo desde principios del siglo XXI en el ámbito rural en España. A partir de estos parámetros culturales generales y de parámetros específicos la indeterminación de los proyectos artísticos en el medio rural requiere, en la actualidad, una revisión de las diversas muestras para el análisis de las actividades realizadas por los artistas, los colectivos y las instituciones en este mismo ámbito. El estudio se divide en tres capítulos: El primer capítulo ha detectado la proliferación de recuperar planteamientos pedagógicos autónomos y marcos de educación popular, repensando los modos de relación y generación de Arte en los nodos de creación en el medio rural. Más concretamente bajo los nuevos modelos de una política cultural crítica, dando cabida a lo afectivo, la aportación de otras políticas participativas del apoyo mutuo y la mediación en términos del procomún, la representación de las funciones culturales, ecológicas, estéticas, didácticas, productivas y los usos del software libre en los diversos proyectos artísticos. Estos laboratorios de creación se representan en las manifestaciones más maduras de proyectos y obras que integran el Arte en el medio rural en el sistema institucional e intentan el desarrollo de una normativa regularizada. El segundo capítulo examina de qué maneras actúan el conocimiento transdisciplinar y el Arte en los diversos emplazamientos de los centros llamados Fab labs, sedes de creación cuyo uso aboga las tecnologías de código abierto. Tras constatar esto se presenta el análisis de los casos prácticos en torno al Arte existentes en el medio rural en España, que han llevado a la formulación de unos criterios básicos a seguir para el compendio y creación de un directorio en el último capítulo. El tercer capítulo presenta mi propuesta personal como artista en búsqueda de nuevos modelos de producción, que como parte de un colectivo me ha permitido desarrollar un proyecto artístico transdisciplinar en el medio rural, llamado "Paraisurural". Este se implementa con los conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo de esta investigación en la creación de una plataforma online llamada Labrural o Laboratorio rural, que acoge las representaciones artísticas en el medio rural realizadas por los colectivos, las instituciones y las entidades creadas en España en la primera década del siglo XXI. Lugar en el que se etiquetan y catalogan en parámetros hasta ahora no considerados -como las lecturas de la etnografía, la valoración de la etnología y las aportaciones de las tecnologías de código abierto- para servir de una más rigurosa tipificación y propiciar una coherencia en la materialización de las obras artísticas. / [CAT] La tesi analitza diverses construccions de l'art contemporani en els projectes i exposicions duts a terme des de principis del segle XXI en l'`ambit rural a Espanya. A partir d'estos paràmetres culturals generals i de paràmetres específics la indeterminació dels projectes artístics en el medi rural requerix, en l'actualitat, una revisió de les diverses mostres per l'anàlisis de les activitats realitzades pels artistas, els col lectius i les institucions en este mateix àmbit. L'estudi es dividix en tres capítols: El primer capìtol ha detectat la proliferació de recuperar plantejaments pedagògics autònoms i marcs d'educació popular, repensant els modes de relació i generació d'Art en els nodes de creació en el medi rural. Més concretament davall els nous models d'una política cultural crítica, donant cabuda a l'afectiu, l'aportació d'altres polítiques participatives del suport mutu i la mediació en termes de l'utilitat pública, la representació de les funcions culturals, ecològiques, estètiques, didàctiques, productives i els usos del programari lliure en els diversos projectes artístics. Estos laboratoris de creació es representen en les manifestacions més madures de projectes i obres que integren l'art en el medi rural en el sistema institucional i intenten el desenrotllament d'una normativa regularitzada. El segon capítol examina de quines maneres actuen el coneixement transdisciplinar i l'Art en els diversos emplaçaments dels centres cridats Fab labs, seus de creació l'ús dels quals advoca les tecnologies de codi obert. Després de constatar açò es presenta l'anàlisis dels casos pràctics entorn de l'Art existents en el medi rural a Espanya, que han portat a la formulació d'uns criteris bàsics a seguir per al compendi i la creació d'un directori en l'últim capítol. El tercer capítol presenta la meua proposta personal com a artista a la recerca de nous models de producció, que com a part d'un col¿lectiu m'ha permés desenrotllar un projecte artístic transdisciplinar en el medi rural, cridat "Paraisurural". Este s'implementa amb els coneixements adquirits al llarg d'esta investigació en la creació d'una plataforma online crida Labrural o Laboratori Rural, que acull les respresentacions artístiques en el Medi Rural realitzades pels col¿lectius. les institucions i les entitats creades a Espanya en la primera década del segle XXI. Lloc en què s'etiqueten i cataloguen en paràmetres fins ara no considerats -com les lectures de l'etnografía, la valoració de l'etnologia i les aportacions de les tecnologies de codi obert- per a servir d'una més rigorosa tipificació i propiciar una coherencia en la materialització de les obres artístiques. / Gónzalez Fernández, M. (2016). Prácticas artísticas híbridas contemporáneas en el ámbito rural. Paraisurrural [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61461 / TESIS

The presented work concerns problems of more effective using hardware and also free software. The first part of my work presents generally free GNU/Linux distributions and this part is concentrated on two distributions. The first is Red Hat Enterprise Linux which is installed in the server of the hospital information system Clinicom. The second is live distribution Slax that is used for testing of terminal connection to the hospital information system Clinicom. The second part of my work is generally concentrated on the hospital information systems and there is presented the firm SMS solution at the end. It is the hospital information system Clinicom. The next part is generally concentrated on the workload server monitoring. It monitors both userlogins and allocated memory size. Then there are discused problems of solution of unthought-of events, for example blackout, and the one solution is described there. The last part is concentrated on implementation of the security connection to the hospital information system Clinicom and it presents live distribution Slax as distribution for thin client.