Les derniers acteurs de la voie de signalisation à l’éthylène sont des facteurs de transcription appelés ERF (Ethylene Response Factors). La connaissance de leur rôle spécifique dans la régulation des processus développementaux dépendant de l’éthylène reste limitée. Les travaux présentés dans la thèse concernent la caractérisation fonctionnelle du gène Sl-ERF.B3, un membre de cette grande famille de régulateurs transcriptonnels dans la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). Utilisant une stratégie répresseur dominant ; il est montré en particulier que ce gène intervient dans la mise en place de la réponse à l’éthylène et dans le contrôle de la maturation du fruit. L’expression d’une construction ERF.B3-SRDX, une version chimérique de Sl-ERF.B3 fusionné à un domaine répresseur de type EAR, entraine des phénotypes pléotropiques aussi bien dans la signalisation de l’éthylène que dans le développement des parties végétatives et des organes reproducteurs. Ainsi, une altération de la triple réponse à l’éthylène est constatée chez les lignées transgéniques et au stade adulte, les plantes présentent des phénotypes d’épinastie des feuilles, de sénescence prématurée des fleurs et d’abscission accélérée des fruits. L’ensemble de ces observations est corrélée avec une modification de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse et la réponse à l’éthylène. Ces données suggèrent que ERF.B3 intervient dans un mécanisme de rétro-control de la réponse à l’éthylène en agissant à la fois sur les gènes de biosynthèse et de signalisation de l’hormone. Au niveau du fruit, la sur-expression d’ERF.B3-SRDX entraine une modification du processus de maturation avec un retard notable de l’avènement de l’acquisition de la compétence à murir. Cependant, une fois la maturation initiée, elle s’accompagne d’une forte production d’éthylène et d’une accélération du ramollissement du fruit. A l’inverse, l’accumulation de pigment est inhibée par altération de la voie de biosynthèse des caroténoïdes. Ces données phénotypiques sont corrélées avec le niveau d’expression des gènes clés impliqués dans ces processus. Les résultats indiquent que dans les lignées transgéniques, il y a découplage de certaines caractéristiques de la maturation du fruit et permettent de mettre en lumière le rôle d’ERF.B3 dans la régulation des processus de développement dépendant de l’éthylène chez la tomate. / Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) are known to be the last transcription factors of the ethylene transduction pathway. Their specific role in ethylene-dependent developmental processes remains poorly understood. This work demonstrated a specific role of Sl- ERF.B3, a member of the ERF gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), in mediating ethylene response and fruit ripening through a dominant repressor strategy. ERF.B3-SRDX dominant repressor etiolated seedlings displayed partial constitutive ethylene-response in the absence of ethylene and adult plants exhibited typical ethylenerelated alterations such as leaf epinasty, premature flower senescence and accelerated fruit abscission. The multiple symptoms related to enhanced ethylene sensitivity correlate with the altered expression of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes, suggesting the involvement of Sl-ERF.B3 in a feedback mechanism regulating components of ethylene production and response. In addition, over-expression of ERF.B3-SRDX in tomato results in alterations in both fruit morphology and ripening process. The attainment of competence to ripen is dramatically delayed in ERF.B3-SRDX fruits but once ripening proceeds it is associated with high climacteric ethylene production and enhanced fruit softening while pigment accumulation is strongly reduced. Moreover, a number of genes involved in the fruit ripening process showed expression pattern deviating from that of wild type. These data suggest a putative role of Sl-ERF.B3 in the transcriptional network underlying the ripening process and uncover a mean for uncoupling some of the main features of fruit ripening such as fruit softening and pigment accumulation. Overall, the study highlighted the importance of an ERF gene in ethylene-mediated developmental processes such as plant growth and fruit ripening.

L’acide ascorbique (AsA) est un antioxydant essentiel à la fois pour l’homme et les végétaux. L’AsA provenant des plantes représente la source principale de vitamine C dans l’alimentation quotidienne. Au-delà de son impact nutritionnel, augmenter la teneur en AsA dans le fruit de tomate serait susceptible d’influencer la qualité des fruits après la récolte, en termes de conservation mais également de résistance à des pathogènes. Bien que le métabolisme de l’AsA soit bien caractérisé, les mécanismes impliqués dans sa régulation restent jusqu'à présent peu compris. Des études récentes menées sur des feuilles d’Arabisdopsis thaliana montrent que certaines protéines seraient capables de réguler la teneur en AsA, en agissant au niveau transcriptionnel ou post-transcriptionnel. A ce jour, ce type de régulation n’a pas été encore décrit chez les fruits. Dans ce but, une approche de génétique directe a été développée afin d’étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la teneur en AsA et ceci dans le fruit de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). L’analyse d’une population de mutants EMS de tomate Micro-Tom a permis l’identification de lignées de mutants présentant des teneurs en AsA de 2,5 à 4 fois plus importantes que celles observées dans les fruits de tomate sauvage. La caractérisation de ces lignées a conduit à des résultats prometteurs pour l’étude de la qualité des fruits après la récolte. Une stratégie de NGS-mapping a permis l’identification des mutations causales responsables du phénotype AsA observé. Ainsi, le criblage de mutants EMS a permis la découverte de nouvelles protéines inattendues, permettant de confirmer au niveau moléculaire l’existence d’une interaction directe en la signalisation lumineuse et la régulation de la voie de biosynthèse de l’AsA. / The ascorbic acid (AsA) is an essential antioxidant in both plants and humans. Plant-derived AsA is the major source of vitamin C in the human diet. In addition to its effect on tomato nutritional value, increasing tomato AsA content would likely affect postharvest storage and resistance to pathogens of the fruit. While AsA metabolism is well characterized, the mechanisms involved in its regulation remain poorly understood. Recent studies in Arabidopsis leaves indicate that few regulatory proteins can regulate this pathway at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Still nothing equivalent has been described in fruits. In that aim, a forward genetic approach has been carried out to investigate the regulation of AsA in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The screening of an EMS tomato mutant population in the miniature cultivar Micro-Tom for identifying mutant lines with AsA-enriched fruits was done. Among the 500 M2 mutant families screened, four mutant lines with higher AsA content ranging from 2.5 to 4 fold were selected. These mutant lines have been characterized for postharvest traits quality and showed promising results. A method based on NGS-mapping allowed the identification of the putative AsA-enriched related gene. Thus, the screening of EMS mutants led to original findings such as the discovery of new unexpected proteins regulating AsA in plants, and particularly in fruits. Our work confirms at the molecular level the direct interaction between light signaling component and the regulation of the AsA biosynthesis pathway.

Para conhecer e entender uma cadeia produtiva é preciso que haja uma compreensão dos elos e relacionamentos que ocorrem entre os agentes envolvidos, para identificar os pontos fortes e fracos que compõem essa cadeia. A partir de 2001 o setor das Pequenas Frutas dos Campos de Cima da Serra teve um aumento na área de cultivares. As Frutas que fazem parte deste estudo são Amora, Framboesa, Mertilo, Morango, e Phisalys. Isso se apresentou como uma nova alternativa para os produtores rurais que não continuaram com o processo produtivo da maçã. Esta expansão das Pequenas Frutas nos Campos de Cima da Serra é justificada pela lei de oferta e procura. O clima garante uma reserva de mercado natural para a região, já que as espécies são exigentes em frio para seu desenvolvimento e só alcançam qualidade se forem expostas por longo prazo a baixas temperaturas. Há unanimidade entre todas as etapas da cadeia produtiva que o segmento tem potencial para redesenhar o perfil econômico da região com uma nova cadeia produtiva. Neste contexto partiu-se dos seguintes questionamentos: como está configurada a cadeia de produção de Pequenas Frutas nos Campos de Cima da Serra? Quais os posicionamentos dos atacadistas e produtores rurais? Quais as relações da situação passada, atual e futura das Pequenas Frutas? Neste contexto, o objetivo geral foi realizar um diagnóstico da cadeia produtiva de Pequenas Frutas na Região dos Campos de Cima da Serra. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória operacionalizada através de um estudo de caso. Como ferramenta de coleta de dados foi utilizada entrevistas com os agentes da cadeia produtiva, ou seja, com atacadistas e produtores de Pequenas Frutas. Dentre os principais resultados apresenta-se uma caracterização da cadeia produtiva de pequenas frutas sob a ótica da produção e comercialização, o posicionamento do atacadista entrevistado e dos produtores rurais em relação à cadeia de pequenas frutas, bem como a identificação da situação passada, presente e futura das pequenas frutas nos Campos de Cima da Serra. / To know and understand a supply chain it is necessary to know the connections and relationships between stakeholders and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the chain. Since 2001 the sector of small fruits started to have an increase in cultivated area in the Campos de Cima da Serra area. The fruits that are part of this study are blackberries, raspberries, Mertilo, Strawberry, and Phisalys. This is presented as a new alternative for farmers who did not continue with the production process of the apple. Since 2001 the sector of Small Fruits of Campos de Cima da Serra had an increase in cultivated area. This expansion of small fruits in the Campos de Cima da Serra area has an explanation that goes beyond the simple logic of the market based on supply and demand. The climate ensures a reserve of natural market for the region, since the species demands low temperatures in its development. It only reaches the best quality if exposed for long term at low temperatures. There is unanimity among all stages of the production that this segment has the potential to redraw the region's economic profile In this context we started with the following questions: How is set up the chain of production of small fruits in the Campos de Cima da Serra? What are the positions of wholesalers and farmers? What are the relationships of the past situation, current and future small fruit? In this context, the objective was to perform a general diagnosis of the productive chain of small fruits in the region of Campos de Cima da Serra. We performed an exploratory research operationalized through a case study. As a tool for data collection were interviews with agents used in the production chain, ie, wholesalers and producers of small fruits. The main results of the characterization of small fruit production chain from the perspective of production and marketing, the positioning of wholesale and farmers interviewed regarding the chain of small fruits, as well as identifying the situation, past, present and future of small fruit in fields up the mountain. Among the main results we present a characterization of small fruit production chain from the perspective of production and marketing, positioning and wholesaler interviewed farmers about the chain of small fruits as well as the identification of the situation past, present and future of small fruits in Campos de Cima da Serra.

<div>The overall goal of this thesis was to study the performance of two related portable multipurpose solar dryers, DehytrayTM and DehymeleonTM, in comparison to open-air sun drying by drying tomatoes, apples and mint under West Lafayette, Indiana weather conditions. Thin layer drying tests were conducted on tomato slices, apples slices and mint leaves, with three temperatures [24°C (75°F), 35°C (95°F) and 54 °C (130°F)], and an airflow velocity of 1 m/s to determine the drying kinetics of these products during diurnal drying cycles typical for solar and/or open-air sun drying. Subsequently, field drying tests were conducted for tomatoes slices, apples slices and mint leaves with the two solar drying technologies (DehymeleonTM and DehytrayTM) and open-air sun drying using uncovered Dehytrays as the control. The average temperatures achieved for these technologies were 45°C (113°F), 60°C (140 °F) and 27°C (80.6 °F) for the DehymeleonTM, DehytrayTM and open-air sun drying, respectively. Moisture diffusivity were in the order of 10-4 to 10-9 (m2/s) for the different methods, depending directly on the product, temperatures and air flow inside the drying chamber.</div><div><br></div><div>Quality attributes (color, vitamin C and microbial growth) were measured before and after the field drying tests. Color difference (ΔE) for DehymeleonTM solar dryer showed the least variation compared with the fresh products. However, for the DehytrayTM ΔE increased due to the impact of its higher temperature and direct sunlight exposure that led to Maillard reactions and caramelization in the case of tomatoes and apples slices. Additionally, vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) content for tomatoes and apples slices was affected for the high ranges of temperatures reached inside the Dehytray™. Denaturing of vitamin C was less observed for DehymeleonTM, maintaining values of 166 mg/100 g dm for tomatoes, and 104.2mg/100g for apples slices. There was no significant difference (α = 0.05) in the microbial growth for the DehytrayTM and open-air drying compared to the fresh product, however, there was significant difference for the DehymeleonTM when drying tomatoes and apples slices, without up one log reduction on the original microbial population. In the case of mint, DehymeleonTM had a 2.3 log reduction, which is similar to L-lactic acid sanitizer achieved by another study in the literature, compared with 0.4 log obtained by the DehytrayTM and 0.47 log obtained by open-air sun drying. The differences in microbial growth were observed because the temperatures inside the drying chamber of the DehymeleonTM was low and product moisture content was above the safe equilibrium moisture content (EMC) for both tomatoes and apples during the early critical hours at the onset of the drying process, which was favorable to mold growth. The lack of a fan to intermittently or constantly flush out humid air released from the crop dried in the DehytrayTM negatively affected its performance. The insufficient airflow in the drying chamber of the DehymeleonTM and its inability to achieve the high temperatures observed in the DehytrayTM negatively affected its performance. Both solar dryers, DehymeleonTM and DehytrayTM achieved high hygienic condition during drying due to their enclosed chambers than protected the crop from contaminant in the environments. Their portability and design for large-scale manufacturing and deployment are a positive development that would be helpful to small and mid-size growers, as well as households (home gardens). Areas for further research were highlighted.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

Orientador: Eduardo Paulon Girardi / Resumo: Imprescindível na manutenção das condições de acumulação do capital, o regime alimentar e a sua etapa corporativa fazem surgir os impérios alimentares, modos de ordenamento que trazem em si o potencial de controlar integralmente a produção, distribuição e consumo de alimentos. Em que pese a sua abrangência global, o controle atualmente exercido pelos impérios alimentares se realiza, efetivamente, na escala de cada um dos municípios produtores, o que evidencia a necessidade não apenas da articulação de escalas para o entendimento dos processos, mas, principalmente, da importância de pensar a produção ativa da mesma, estratégia pela qual é possível apontar caminhos para a superação das relações de dependência subentendidas às grandes cadeias de abastecimento. Nesse contexto, a expansão de monoculturas como a cana-de-açúcar e a consequente redução local e regional da produção de alimentos reforça a separação que permite aos impérios alimentares controlar produtores e consumidores. Isto posto, a partir dos referenciais teóricos e conceituais da Geografia, este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a validade da tese de que a expansão da cana-de-açúcar implica na redução da produção de alimentos hortifrútis e, com isso, no aumento das distâncias percorridas pelos alimentos. No estado de São Paulo, a expansão do agronegócio sucroenergético pressupõe a incorporação crescente de áreas anteriormente utilizadas para outros tipos de cultivo, o que inclui, inevitavelmente, alimentos. Com ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Essential in maintaining the conditions of capital accumulation, the food regime and its corporate stage give rise to food empires, modes of planning that bring the potential to fully control the production, distribution and consumption of food. Despite its global scope, the control currently exercised by the food empires is effectively carried out on the scale of each of the producing municipalities, which highlights the need not only for the articulation of scales to understand the processes, but mainly of the importance of thinking about its active production, a strategy by which it is possible to point out ways to overcome the dependency relationships implied by the large supply chains. In this context, the expansion of monocultures such as sugar cane and the consequent local and regional reduction of food production reinforces the separation that allows food empires to control producers and consumers. Thus, based on the theoretical and conceptual references of Geography, this research aims to demonstrate the validity of the thesis that the expansion of sugarcane implies a reduction in the production of fruits and vegetables and, thus, in the increasing distances traveled by the food. In the state of São Paulo, the expansion of sugarcane agribusiness presupposes the increasing incorporation of areas previously used for other types of cultivation, which inevitably includes food. With this, their production becomes difficult and reduced, especially at local and regional sca... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Esencial para mantener las condiciones de acumulación del capital, lo régimen alimentario y su etapa corporativa dan lugar a imperios alimentarios, modos de planificación que brindan el potencial de controlar completamente la producción, distribución y consumo de alimentos. A pesar de su alcance global, el control que ejercen actualmente los imperios alimentarios se lleva a cabo efectivamente en la escala de cada uno de los municipios productores, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad no solo de la articulación de escalas para comprender los procesos, sino principalmente la importancia de pensar en su producción activa, una estrategia mediante la cual es posible señalar formas de superar las relaciones de dependencia que implican las grandes cadenas de suministro. En este contexto, la expansión de monocultivos como la caña de azúcar y la consiguiente reducción local y regional en la producción de alimentos refuerza la separación que permite a los imperios alimentarios controlar a los productores y consumidores. Por lo tanto, con base en los marcos teóricos y conceptuales de Geografía, este trabajo tiene como objetivo demostrar la validez de la tesis de que la expansión de la caña de azúcar implica una reducción en la producción de frutas y verduras y, por lo tanto, un aumento de las distancias viajadas por la comida. En el estado de São Paulo, la expansión de la agroindustria azucarera y energética presupone la incorporación creciente de áreas previamente utilizadas para otros ... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor

Fruit Pulp es una empresa que se dedicará a la producción, embolsado, comercialización y distribución de pulpa de fruta en presentaciones de 250 y 500 gramos respectivamente con seis distintos sabores. El producto está dirigido a personas de los NSE A, B, y la distribución será con nuestros propios medios. Lima ha tenido un crecimiento constante de consumidores que cuidan su salud y se alimentan sanamente, sobre todo en estos tiempos de pandemia la buena alimentación con frutas que suministran vitaminas y antioxidantes ayuda a mantener un cuerpo sano y vigoroso, nuestro producto se va a vender al consumidor final por medio de una aplicación y pagina web que va ayudar a que las personas lo encuentren con facilidad. Nos orientamos principalmente a ofrecer un producto de calidad, utilizando una materia prima de primera calidad y además de una entrega rápida de los insumos para poder mantener la producción constante. Nuestro enfoque va dirigido a distritos que fueron elegidos por una serie de análisis de diversos factores entre los cuales destacan los costos de alquiler, distancia entre distritos que son el mercado objetivo y cercanía de los trabajadores de la empresa. Finalmente se especifica el análisis financiero de la empresa donde muestra la inversión inicial con la que se debe de empezar la empresa, flujos de cajas, proyección de ventas, gastos operativos y demás con un periodo de proyección de cinco años, donde se puede apreciar que la idea es viable para poder invertir. / Fruit Pulp is a company that will be dedicated to the production, bagging, marketing, and distribution of fruit pulp in presentations of 250 and 500 grams respectively with six different flavors. The product is directed to people of the NSE A, B, and the distribution will be with our own means. Lima has had a constant growth of consumers who take care of their health and eat healthy, especially in these times of pandemic the good diet with fruits that supply vitamins and antioxidants helps to maintain a healthy and vigorous body, our product will be sold to the consumer final through an application and website that will help people find it easily. We are mainly focused on offering a quality product, using a first quality raw material and in addition to a quick delivery of the supplies in order to maintain constant production. Our approach is aimed at districts that were chosen by a series of analyzes of various factors, among which are rental costs, distance between districts that are the target market, and proximity of company workers. Finally, the financial analysis of the company is specified, where it shows the initial investment with which the company must start, cash flows, sales projection, operating expenses and others with a projection period of five years, where it can be seen that the idea is viable to be able to invest. / Trabajo de investigación

El trabajo de investigación se basa principalmente en el desarrollo de la marca Wayu, la cual consiste en la producción y comercialización vía online y en tiendas especializadas de granola de cereales andinos con fruta liofilizada. Esto en respuesta a la problemática de no encontrar un snack saludable que brinde las energías necesarias para realizar sus actividades diarias a nuestro público objetivo, el cual está compuesto por hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 35 años de Lima Metropolitana de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B que llevan un estilo de vida saludable. Para ello, el trabajo busca solucionar la problemática de nuestros consumidores mientras que consideramos una cuota de responsabilidad social al trabajar de cerca con las comunidades andinas de la zona Puerto Inca de Huancayo. Los experimentos realizados nos permitieron validar la intención de los consumidores finales mediante sus comentarios en las publicaciones de redes sociales y mensajes directos, asimismo, se validó el interés por parte de las tiendas especializadas de contar con nuestro producto como parte de su catálogo de bienes ofrecido al público objetivo que apuntamos. La estructura del trabajo se divide inicialmente en la descripción de la problemática a solucionar y el respectivo diseño del modelo del negocio. Todas las fases del trabajo llegan a un punto en común: justificar la viabilidad del negocio. Por último, se quiere demostrar si la inversión del proyecto puede ser recuperada en el tiempo trazado. / The research work is mainly based on the development of the Wayu brand, which consists of the production and mainly online and in specialized stores of Andean cereal granola with lyophilized fruit. This in response to the problem of not finding a healthy snack that provides the calories necessary to carry out their daily activities to our target audience, which is composed of men and women between 18 and 35 years of Metropolitan Lima from socioeconomic levels A and B who leads a healthy lifestyle. For this, the work seeks to solve the problems of our consumers while we consider a share of social responsibility when working near the Andean communities in the Puerto Inca area of Huancayo. The experiments carried out allow us to validate the intention of the final consumers through their comments in the social media publications and direct messages, specifically, the interest on the part of the specialized stores to have our product as part of their catalog of offered goods is validated. the target audience we are targeting. The work structure is divided into the description of the problem to be solved and the respective design of the business model. All the phases of the work to a common point: justify the viability of the business. Finally, it is wanted to demonstrate if the investment of the project can be recovered in the plotted time. / Trabajo de investigación

Nutri Fruti es un plan de negocio dedicado a la producción y comercialización de frutas exóticas envasadas al vacío, con la finalidad de satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes, quienes buscan consumir productos con un alto valor nutricional y que sean fáciles de preparar. Está orientado al nivel socioeconómico A y B entre hombre y mujeres entre 25 a 39 años que residan en los distritos de Lima Moderna. La propuesta de valor es ofrecer un producto diferenciado y premium que permita ahorrar tiempo a los clientes en su día a día, con frutas exóticas nutritivas en trozos congelados. El proyecto está orientado sobre supuestos de un crecimiento porcentual del 30% en el segundo año, 25% en el tercer y cuarto año; y 20% en el quinto año, fundamentado con fuentes sobre el crecimiento del rubro alimentario y la diferenciación de nuestros productos. Se tendrá una inversión inicial de 102, 497 soles del cual el 50% será financiamiento de accionistas y el otro 50% será financiado por terceros. Asimismo, representa un escenario positivo para el retorno de la inversión de los accionistas con un COK de 10.63% y el costo del financiamiento del proyecto WACC de 13.74% para cubrir sus obligaciones. El proyecto es viable y rentable, ya que el VAN es de S/. 318,439 soles y una TIR de 116.49% con un tiempo de recuperación de la inversión de 2 años y por cada sol que se invierta se obtendrá una ganancia de 6.21 soles. / Nutri Fruti is a business plan dedicated to the production and commercialization of exotic fruits vacuum packed, to satisfy the needs of customers, who seek to consume products with a high nutritional value and that are easy to prepare. It is oriented to the socioeconomic level A and B between men and women between 25 and 39 years old who reside in the districts of Modern Lima. The value proposition is to offer a differentiated and premium product that allows customers to save time in their day-to-day lives, with nutritious exotic fruits in frozen pieces. The project is oriented on assumptions of a percentage growth of 30% in the second year, 25% in the third and fourth year; and 20% in the fifth year, based on sources on the growth of the food industry and the differentiation of our products. There will be an initial investment of 102,497 soles of which 50% will be financing from shareholders and the other 50% will be financed by third parties. Likewise, it represents a positive scenario for the return on investment of shareholders with a COK of 10.63% and the cost of financing the WACC project of 13.74% to cover their obligations. The project is viable and profitable, since the NPV is S /. 318,439 soles and an IRR of 116.49% with a recovery time of the investment of 2 years and for each sol that is invested, a profit of 6.21 soles will be obtained. / Trabajo de investigación

Actualmente el mundo nos ha demostrado que se encuentra en constante cambios. Cambios a los que no hemos estado preparados y nos han enseñado a valorar mucho más nuestra vida y nuestro entorno. El Perú como muchos países no es ajeno a la tendencia de alimentos saludables para un mejor sistema inmunológico. El presente trabajo se basa en este último punto, ya que a raíz de la pandemia ha incrementado diversas enfermedades por falta de una buena alimentación. Según el Instituto Nacional de Salud – INS (2018), señala que casi el 90% de peruanos no consume 3 porciones de frutas recomendadas por la OMS como la naranja, camu camu, aguaje, entre otras. Siendo estos de suma importancia para obtener vitaminas, antioxidantes y fibras que mejoren la calidad de salud de las personas. En base a esta investigación surge la idea de emplear un alimento alto en propiedades nutritivas que fortalezcan el sistema inmunológico. Asimismo, se busca promover el consumo del chocolate de 70% de cacao y frutas exóticas de la selva. Con el objetivo de medir el impacto de esta propuesta se realizó el siguiente trabajo de investigación. Se realizaron encuestas, entrevistas, generación de página web y creación de contenido para redes sociales. Dichos resultados, permitieron obtener el tamaño del mercado, público objetivo, estrategias y tácticas a desarrollar para ingresar con un nuevo producto de chocolate de 70% de cacao relleno de frutas exóticas como aguaje, cocona, arándanos, camu camu con cereales como avena o quinoa llamado EXOBAKAO. Finalmente, nuestro proyecto es rentable y así lo demuestran nuestros indicadores financieros obteniendo un VANE de 115,307.33 soles y un TIRE de 76 %, descontado con WACC de 12.65%. Por el lado del accionista se obtiene un VANF de 66,459.45 soles y un TIRF de 93%, descontado con COK de 12%. / Nowadays, life and world have shown us that they are constantly changing. Changes that we have not been prepared for and have taught us to appreciate in a better way our lives and surroundings. Peru, like many countries, is no stranger to the Healthy foods trend to boost immune system. This academic research is based on the latter issue, since the beginning of the Global Pandemic, various diseases have been increasing due to lack of a good diet. According to the National Institute of Health - INS (2018), indicates that almost 90% of Peruvians consume less than 3 servings of fruits recommended by the WHO such as orange, camu camu, aguaje, etc. These above are essential to obtain vitamins, antioxidants and fibers that improve the people's quality health. Based on this research, the idea of using a food with high nutritional content that strengthens the immune system arises. In addition, we seek to promote the consumption of 70% cocoa chocolate and Peruvian rainforest exotic fruits. To measure the impact of this proposal, the following academic research was developed. Surveys, interviews, website generation and content creation for social networks were planned and executed. These results allowed obtaining the market size, target audience, strategies and tactics that had to be developed in order to enter the industry with a new product, which is a Peruvian 70% cocoa chocolate, filled with exotic fruits such as blueberries, aguaje, cocona and camu camu and with cereals such as oats or quinoa, called EXOBAKAO. Finally, our project is profitable, and this is demonstrated by our financial indicators, obtaining an ENPV of S/. 115,307.33 (Peruvian currency) and an EIRR of 76%, discounted with a WACC of 12.65%. On the shareholder side, a FNPV of S/. 66,459.45 (Peruvian currency) and a FIRR of 93% are obtained, discounted with COK of 12%. / Trabajo de investigación

This work deals with the elemental analysis of different elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) cultivars. In the theoretical part the botanical characteristics of elderberry, including its extension and places of occurrence, the possibilities of collecting the various parts of the elderberry and its use in food and cosmetics is described. A large part is devoted to the occurrence and characteristics of minerals in food, and to the methods that are suitable for elemental analysis and decomposition of biological material. The aim of the experimental part was to analyze different cultivars of elderberry and juice made from this cultivars, and to determine concentration of selected elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Cu, P, Ca, Na and K) using ICP–OES. The total amount of 24 cultivars was analysed from which 6 varieties were harvested in two different seasons in 2011 and 2013. Measured concentrations of elements in different varieties of elderberry were mutually compared using statistical methods. The differences between the content of elements in fruits and juice, obtained by pressing the fruit, and the effect of seasonal conditions on the content of elements in the fruit juice from different elderberry cultivars were studied.