Le système d'éducation expose les individus à un processus de socialisation par lequel ils intériorisent ce qui est considéré comme des valeurs appropriées. A travers le processus de cette socialisation scolaire, les élèves incorporent des valeurs majeures de la société à travers l’enseignement et les contenus pédagogiques, et cette conscience des valeurs majeures est renforcée par les attitudes et les attentes des enseignants, par leur focalisation sur telle ou telle catégorie d’élèves, ainsi que par l’impact de leurs pairs. La présente recherche vise à savoir comment le genre fonctionne pendant l’interaction enseignant-élève en classe dans les écoles primaires (publiques) de Shanghai aujourd’hui. Elle vise à observer comment agissent les stéréotypes du genre dans ces interactions. Pour répondre à ces questions, la recherche compare huit écoles primaires de Shanghai, sélectionnées en fonction des écarts des milieux sociaux et géographiques ainsi qu’en fonction de la réputation concernant la qualité de l’enseignement dans telle ou telle école. La méthode utilisée est d’abord celle de l'entretien avec des enseignants. Il s’agissait de leur demander qu’elle était leur conscience du genre, qu’elle était leur attitude à l’égard des élèves en fonction des deux sexes, ce qu’ils attendaient des garçons et des filles, et sur quelles catégories d’élèves ils focalisaient davantage leur attention au cours de l’enseignement. Tout cela sans révéler les objectifs de la recherche visant à mettre à jour leurs représentations et leurs préjugés concernant le genre. On a ensuite procédé à toute une série d’observations en classe réelle, pour vérifier si la pratique des enseignants correspondait ou non à ce qu’ils affirmaient dans les entretiens. De ces entretiens et de ces observations, il ressort que l’attention portée avant tout aux garçons est renforcé par le système de l’éducation chinoise qui met l’accent sur les résultats aux examens, et n’évalue les écoles et les enseignants qu’en fonction des notes obtenues par les élèves. Or, les stéréotypes du genre associent les questions de logique et d'imagination aux garçons qui sont censés pouvoir y répondre plus facilement que les filles ; et associent aux filles les questions « affectives » ou répétitives. Par ailleurs, les filles en classe se comportent plus docilement et font donc partie des élèves silencieux dont les enseignants ne s’occupent pas beaucoup. Ainsi, en analysant le processus d'interaction dans la classe entre les enseignants et les élèves, nous voyons que l’attitude et les préoccupations des enseignants, jouent à long terme un rôle très important pour renforcer les différences du genre. / An education system exposes individuals to a process of socialization during which the values that are considered appropriate become internalized. Through this process of socialization in schools, students adopt fundamental societal values from the pedagogic contents in class and other educational venues. The awareness of the fundamental values is reinforced by teachers’ attitudes, expectations, different focuses on specific students as well as the impact of their peers.This research aims to find out what role gender plays in the teacher-student interaction in the classrooms of the primary schools (public) in Shanghai today. It seeks to examine how gender stereotypes operate in these interactions. This study compares eight primary schools in Shanghai, which were chosen because of the diverse array of student social backgrounds, geographical locations and teachers’ quality. The methodology started by interviewing teachers in the sampled schools. We did not explicitly reveal the objectives of the questionnaires in order to avoid teacher gender prejudice. Some of the questions are: Do you have different perspectives on the roles of male and female students? Do the perspectives change your expectations about the students? What impact might this "consciousness" (or non-consciousness) about gender have on student behaviour ? What attitudes may you have expressed toward girls and boys during classroom interactions? Are there any differences or similarities in your educational expectations concerning boys and girls? How do these expectation show up in the daily life of students in the classroom? Do these expectations change across subjects taught in schools? How effectively do you deal with student behavior (docility, undisciplined attitudes, etc.) Do your responses to these behaviors differ across gender? What shades can be made according to the social and geographical situation of schools in the sense that this situation leads to a different social recruiting of students? We investigate whether the thoughts and perceptions of the teachers on gender differences correlates with academic performances of boys and girls and how these differences are built into the teacher-student relationship. [...]

Socionomer utgör en yrkesgrupp som vanligtvis jobbar nära människor i olika utsatta livssituationer. Därför är det av stor vikt att som socionom ha ett bra bemötande där kunden ges samma förutsättningar oavsett till exempel etnicitet, sexuell läggning eller kön. Men, hur ser det ut på arbetsplatserna för socionomer, värderas allas lika värde där? Denna studie fokuserade på internt jämställdhetsarbete ur två olika perspektiv - första linjens chefer och arbetstagare. Syftet var att undersöka yrkesverksamma socionomers erfarenheter av vad som förändrar eller reproducerar ojämställdhet och undersöka deras erfarenheter av det interna jämställdhetsarbetet på arbetsplatser inom socialtjänsten. Syftet undersöktes kvalitativt genom sex intervjuer, med tre informanter från respektive perspektiv. Den insamlade empirin analyserades utifrån olika teoretiska begrepp samt Hirdmans genusteori, som varit det huvudsakliga perspektivet. I intervjuerna framkom att stereotypa föreställningar utifrån kön var förekommande på arbetsplatserna. Arbetstagarna vittnade även om att det inte stannade vid enbart föreställningar, då dem uppfattade att särbehandling utifrån kön förekom där männen premierades framför kvinnorna. Denna uppfattning skilde sig mellan perspektiven, där första linjens chefer inte såg någon särbehandling utifrån kön. Framträdande resultat var även att majoriteten av informanterna inte hade ett integrerat internt jämställdhetsarbete på sina arbetsplatser. Samtliga informanter uppgav att de såg ett behov av detta arbete, men det beskrevs generellt inte vara något som prioriterades. Således drogs slutsatsen att det fanns ett behov av ett ökat internt jämställdhetsarbete inom socialtjänsten. / Social workers are an occupational group who usually work close to people in different vulnerable life situations. Therefore, it is of great importance to have a good approach as a social worker, where the customer is given the same conditions regardless of, for example, ethnicity, sexual orientation or gender. But what does it look like in the workplaces for social workers, are everyone equally valued there? This study focused on internal gender equality work from two different perspectives - first-line managers and employees. The purpose was to examine the professional social workers experiences in what changes or reproduces inequality and examine their experiences of the internal gender equality work in workplaces within the social services. The purpose has been examined qualitatively through six interviews, with three informants from each perspective. The collected data has been analyzed based on various theoretical concepts as well as Hirdman's gender theory, which has been the main perspective. The interviews showed that stereotypical beliefs based on gender was prevalent in the workplaces. The employees testified that it did not stop at beliefs alone, as they found that special treatment based on gender occurred where the men was rewarded ahead of the women. This experience differed between the perspectives, where first-line managers did not see any special treatment based on gender. Prominent results were also that the majority of the informants did not have integrated internal gender equality work at their workplaces. All informants stated that they saw the need for this work, but generally it was not described as being a priority. Our conclusion was that there was a need for increased internal gender equality work within the social services.

Background: For decades, gender representation in advertising has occupied the attention of researchers, where especially advertising that depicts women sexually has been well examined. However, relatively few research works have investigated the sexualization and objectification of men in advertising, although it is starting to change. Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze Swedish male's perspectives of male representations in fashion advertising, specifically, sexualized, and objectified male representations and its effects on brand image. Methodology: For this study, a qualitative research method with a deductive approach was applied. The data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, using a topic guide based on the proposed analytical framework by Edell & Burke. 17 stimulus in the form of advertisements were chosen from internationally well-known brands as well as Swedish brands within the time frame of the last ten years, from 2013-2019. 17 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Swedish male adults between the ages of 25-57 were conducted. Findings: The findings, in relation to RQ1, showed that the aspects emphasized by Swedish male adults in discussing sexually objectifying images of men in advertising are: “lack of reality”, “body focus and lack of purpose”, “lack of new-thinking” and “lack of inclusion and self-identity with brands”. The findings, in relation to RQ2 showed that the men’s negative feelings, judgements, beliefs and attitudes about and towards most of the brands and advertisements resulted in a negative or ambivalent brand image. An exception to this was the men’s positive feelings, judgements, beliefs and attitudes towards the American Eagle and Dressman which resulted in mostly a positive brand image. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this thesis confirms firstly that the aspects emphasized by Swedish male adults in discussing sexually objectifying images of men in advertising are: “lack of of reality”, “body focus and lack of purpose”, “lack of new thinking” and “lack of inclusion and self-identity with brands”. Secondly, Swedish men’s attitudes towards sexually and objectified males in fashion advertisements resulted in a positive, negative, or alternatively, an ambivalent brand image being created, depending on the context the brand image was analyzed from. Theoretical Contributions: This thesis contributes in several ways theoretically to literature on the topic of advertising, gender stereotyping and sexualizatiom in relation to the advertising of males. Firstly, it highlights a modern phenomena which has been overlooked in previous research. Secondly, it contributes to new areas of consumer attitudes, in this case Swedish male adults, which has not previously been thoroughly investigated. Lastly, this thesis contributes with updated, descriptive as well as specific information on the phenomena and ultimately creating and generating a better understanding of the phenomena: sexualized and objectified men in fashion advertising and the effects it has on brand image.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer a la mujer parisina (la Parisienne) contemporánea. Para ello, se realizará una investigación descriptiva, con el fin de analizar a esta mujer desde diversas perspectivas y componentes, para poder entenderla con mayor precisión. Desde sus inicios en el siglo XVIII, la Parisienne ha sido vista como un ícono de moda, de éxito económico y de identidad nacional para Francia. Al pasar el tiempo, la imagen de este arquetipo ha evolucionado y se ha ido adaptando a los cambios de la sociedad. En la actualidad, se caracteriza por presentar un estilo effortless en su vestimenta que combina la elegancia con la sencillez, cualidad que es símbolo de este personaje. Esta mujer muestra una actitud independiente, segura, obstina, sexy, desvergonzada y libre. Asimismo, su imagen actual, sirve como un elemento de marketing y ventas, en donde las marcas buscan resaltar el encanto de estas mujeres, reafirmando ese «je-ne-sais-quoi» que las hace tan especiales. / The present research aims to understand the contemporary parisian woman (la Parisienne). In order to understand this woman more precisely a descriptive investigation will be carried out, to analyze this her from different perspectives and components. Since its inception in the 18th century, la Parisienne has been seen as an icon of fashion, economic success and national identity for France. Over time, the image of this archetype has evolved and has been adapting to changes in today’s society. Now days this character has changed by presenting an effortless style that combines elegance with simplicity, a quality that is a symbol to this character. This woman displays an independent, confident, stubborn, sexy, shameless and free spirited. Like, her current image serves as a marketing and sales element, where brands seek to highlight the charm of these women, reaffirming that "je-ne-sais-quoi" that makes them so special. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of the study was to investigate how teachers and teaching assistants work with gender roles and vocational pattern among the children in preschool. To find out, a qualitative survey was conducted in the form of 11 interviews with preschool teachers and assistant personnel, who worked with children aged 1-6 years. The teachers and assistants worked in different areas and had differentlevels of education. The collected data was categorized into different themes based on the research questions. The material was analyzed based on Gottfredsson´s theory of circumscription and compromise, Hirdman´s theory of gender and also on earlier research. The result showed that the staff did not consciously work with the professions in preschool, but on the other hand unconsciously in different projects and themes. The children did not play vocations very often and children in vulnerable areas did not play vocations at all. Furthermore, the result of the study showed that most preschool-staff worked to achieve as gender-neutral-environment as possible, because preschool-staff considered that the indoor environment and material things affected the children to gender stereotypes. The study found that the forest is a gender-neutral environment in which cross-border-activities were established. Our conclusion of the study showed that the staff did not notice gender stereotypes among children playing vocations, although earlier research and theory show that these patterns develop at an early age. Furthermore, we concluded that preschool-staff lack knowledge about the methods and tools that best suit the work on gender issues and gender stereotypes. This has meant that the work and attitude of the staff varied. Personnel without preschool education and who worked for a long time have difficulty breaking old routines, where boys and girls are treated differently. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur pedagoger arbetar med könsstereotypa roller ochyrkesmönster bland barnen i förskolan. För att ta reda på detta gjordes en kvalitativ undersökning iform av 11 intervjuer med förskolepedagoger som arbetade med barn i åldern 1-6 år. Pedagogernaarbetade i olika upptagningsområden och hade olika utbildningsnivåer. Insamlad data kategoriseradesin i olika teman med utgångspunkt i frågeställningarna. Materialet analyserades utifrån Gottfredssonsteori om begränsningar och kompromisser, Hirdmans teori om genussystemet och tidigare gjordforskning. Resultatet visade att pedagogerna inte medvetet arbetade med yrken i förskolan, mendäremot omedvetet i olika projekt och teman. Barnen lekte inte yrken särskilt ofta och barn i utsattaupptagningsområden lekte överhuvudtaget inte yrken. Vidare visade resultatet av undersökningen attde flesta pedagoger arbetade för att få till en så könsneutral förskolemiljö som möjligt, då pedagogernaansåg att inomhusmiljön och materiella ting påverkar barnen till könsstereotypa mönster. I studienframkom att skogen är en könsneutral miljö där gränsöverskridande aktiviteter kom till stånd. Vårslutsats av undersökningen, visade att pedagogerna inte lagt märke till könsstereotypa yrkesmönsterbland barn, trots att tidigare forskning och teori påvisar att dessa mönster utvecklas i tidig ålder.Vidare drog vi slutsatsen att pedagoger saknar kunskap om vilka metoder och verktyg som bäst lämparsig vid arbetet med genusfrågor och könsstereotypa mönster. Det har gjort att arbets- ochförhållningssätt bland pedagogerna varierat. Personal utan förskoleutbildning och som arbetat längehar svårt att bryta gamla rutiner, där pojkar särbehandlas.

The purpose of this study was to identify the current perspective of grades three through twelve in-service teachers regarding mathematics anxiety, its causes, and its relation to gender stereotyping. A short online survey was conducted to gain insight into their classrooms and perspectives of the subject. The results showed that mathematics anxiety did exist in the classroom, and in-service teachers did report seeing a gender gap between the anxiety experienced by females and males. I believe that from these findings it is important to conduct further research on in-service teachers to see in depth what they think. This is important because their beliefs about the subject can have a lasting impact on their students and their feelings towards mathematics.

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / This paper evaluated the relationship between the Chief Executive Officer’s gender and firm performance. This study was conducted by evaluating the differential effect of CEO’s gender and sales turnover, share price and net profit. The study was deemed necessary because related researches in South Africa did not address the relationship between gender and variables such as turnover, share price and net profit. Hence this research focuses on the evaluation of the differential effect between CEO's gender and the corporate turnover, share price and net profit. The methodological approach used in this study was the quantitative approach. Data were collected from the archives of Socially Responsible Investing Index companies in the JSE. The T-test of difference was applied for data analysis of sixteen (16) selected companies. Three specific objectives were examined as follows: (1) To evaluate the relationship between the CEO's gender and company turnover (2) To assess the relationship, the CEO's gender and share price (3) To examine the relationship between the CEO's gender and net profit. Findings from the statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant relationship between CEO gender and sales turnover. It was further identified that no relationship exists between CEO gender and share price. It was also discovered that there is no differential effect between CEO gender and net profit. Findings from statistical analysis revealed that P-Value was greater than 5 percent indicating that there was no significant relationship between CEO gender and sales turnover, share price and net profit. This means that within the companies examined, CEO gender had no influence on sales turnover, share price and net profit. Based on the findings above, women CEOs can perform as well as the men CEOs. Therefore, women should be afforded the CEO’s positions as their presence have no negative effect on firm performance. Key words: CEO gender, firm performance, sales turnover, share price, net profit, JSE listed companies, corporate profitability, shareholder value and gender stereotyping.

無 / A close relationship exists between media and the construction of women’s image, even more so in contemporary society when individuals rely on the written press so much to construct themselves. However, many media are still presenting stereotypical images of women as cute nurturers and housewives. Through content and semiotic analysis, the thesis examines the changes in the representation of women as shown on the covers of ELLE magazine at the beginning of the 21st century. The findings show that while the French edition of the magazine is portraying more and more realistic feminine and casually clothed ordinary women who have an extraordinary destiny and are concerned with human rights, ELLE China is walking a thin line between presenting inspirational images of trendy liberated working women and more traditional ones, and trying to mix them together to develop a more local image of the modern Chinese woman, whose Confucian values are still important. On the cover of ELLE China at least, women can acquire a higher status and develop a modern femininity with distinctive Chinese characteristics (although those characteristics are still in evolution) through consumption while the subjects on ELLE France covers are more substantial and varied and the image of the French women on the covers of ELLE magazine appears more stable. Therefore, we can conclude that ELLE serves as a venue for weaving local and global values together and create an image of the French and Chinese modern women in its respective French and Chinese issues.

The aim was to find out about the gender stereotypes and prejudices among future managers. In this particular case, I dealt with female and male students of Enterprise Management and Economics. The opinions and stereotypical ideas of students in individual classes were compared. During field data collection, the semantic differential technique was used.

El tema "Ama de casa de los años 50 en Estados Unidos" tiene como finalidad la creación de "Good Guy" que es una colección de indumentaria no binaria Prêt à Porter. El estudio se baso en la recopilación de información del contexto político, económico y social del país norteamericano desde el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta 1959, dado que este periodo arroja estereotipos de género (y al mismo tiempo forma un estereotipo) nacidos del arquetipo machista de la civilización griega; y como consecuencia, se forma la imagen predeterminada de un tipo de mujer que se concreta en la imagen de la ama de casa. El análisis de la investigación para formar todo lo concerniente a lo visual de la colección se basó en el estilo de vida de estas mujeres, características de su indumentaria, el rol que desempeñaban y la representación que se le daba en la publicidad en revistas y televisión de la época. Todas aquellas formas, texturas y colores extraídos del tema de investigación se reutilizarán para proponer un tipo de indumentaria no binaria donde cada pieza pueda ser adaptada según el usuario (cualquiera sea su silueta o somatotipo) y no de patrones de género; por medio de técnicas como fruncidos con hilo elástico, elásticos con adaptadores y cintas con posible ajuste que brinden la oportunidad de experimentación con el cuerpo, las creencias y las limitaciones sociales. / The theme "Housewife of the 50s in the United States" aims to create "Good Guy" which is a collection of non-binary Prêt à Porter clothing. The study was based on the compilation of information on the political, economic and social context of the North American country from the end of World War II until 1959, since this period casts gender stereotypes (and at the same time forms a stereotype) born of the archetype macho of Greek civilization; and as a consequence, the predetermined image of a type of woman is formed that is specified in the image of the housewife. The analysis of the research to form everything related to the visual of the collection was based on the lifestyle of these women, characteristics of their clothing, the role they played and the representation that was given to them in advertising in magazines and television. of the time. All those shapes, textures and colors extracted from the research topic will be reused to propose a type of non-binary clothing where each piece can be adapted according to the user (whatever its silhouette or somatotype) and not based on gender patterns; through techniques such as ruffles with elastic thread, elastics with adapters and adjustable straps that provide the opportunity to experiment with the body, beliefs and social limitations. / Trabajo de investigación