EU insurance companies work on implementing the Solvency II directive, which calls for stronger focus on data quality and information controls. Information controls are procedures that can validate data at rest and data in motion to detect errors and anomalies. In this master thesis a case study was carried out at AMF, a Swedish pension insurance company, to identify and investigate their critical data flows and the controls performed in the respective flows. A purpose of this project is to help AMF ensure data quality requirements from the Financial Supervisory Authority that they have to fulfill. The thesis was conducted at AMF between September and December 2015, and included tasks such as carrying out interviews, Enterprise Architecture modeling, analysis, prototyping, product evaluation and calculation of a business case.  A gap analysis was carried out to analyze the needs for change regarding existing information controls at AMF, where different states of the company are documented and analyzed. The current state corresponds to the present situation at the company including attributes to be improved while the future state outlines the target condition that the company wants to achieve. A gap between the current state and future state is identified and elements that make up the gap are presented in the gap description. Lastly, possible remedies for bridging the gap between the current and future state are presented.  Furthermore, a prototype of an automated control tool from a company called Infogix has been implemented and analyzed regarding usability, governance and cost.  A benefits evaluation was carried out on the information control tool to see whether an investment would be beneficial for AMF. The benefit evaluation was carried out using the PENG method, a Swedish model developed by three senior consultants that has been specially adjusted for evaluation of IT investments. The evaluation showed that such an investment would become beneficial during the second year after investment. / Försäkringsbolag i EU arbetar med införandet av Solvens II-direktivet som kräver att företag har ett större fokus på datakvalitet och informationskontroller. I detta examensarbete har en fältstudie utförts på AMF som är ett svenskt pensionsbolag. Arbetet har gått ut på att identifiera och undersöka kritiska dataflöden i företaget samt kontroller som utförs i dessa flöden. Ett syfte med arbetet var att hjälpa AMF att kunna påvisa att man uppfyller krav från finansinspektionen på datakvalitet och spårbarhet. Projektet utfördes under perioden september till december hösten 2015, vilket inkluderade arbetsuppgifter såsom intervjuer, Enterprise Architecture-modellering, implementering av prototyp, produktutvärdering samt kalkylering av ett business case.  En gap-analys har utförts för att analysera behovet av förändringar på de nuvarande informationskontrollerna som finns på AMF, där olika lägen har dokumenterats och analyserats. Nuläget motsvarar hur situationen ser ut på företaget i dagsläget och fokuserar på de attribut som man vill förbättra, medan önskat läge beskriver de mål som företaget vill uppnå. Ett gap mellan nuläge och önskat läge identifieras tillsammans med de faktorer som utgör skillnaden mellan dessa lägen presenteras. Till sist presenteras tänkbara åtgärder för att uppnå önskat läge. Som en del av detta examensarbete har en prototyp av ett automatiserat kontrollverktyg från ett företag som heter Infogix implementerats och utvärderas med avseende på användbarhet, styrning och kostnad. En nyttovärdering har utförts på kontrollverktyget för att undersöka huruvida en investering skulle vara gynnsam för AMF. Nyttovärderingen gjordes med hjälp av PENG, en svensk nyttovärderingsmodell utvecklad av tre ekonomer/IT-konsulter, som har anpassat speciellt för att bedöma IT-investeringar. Värderingen visade på att en sådan investering skulle komma att bli gynnsam under andra året efter att investeringen gjordes.

The study has focused on the marketing strategy for the tourism cruises in the Baltic Sea,specifically Viking Line Sweden and Tallink Silja’s Sweden. The purpose of the study is tosee their marketing strategy on the social media platforms TikTok and Instagram and howtheir users interact with their posts. Four interviews were applied with people who areinvolved in marketing at Viking Line Sweden and Tallink Silja Sweden, and the study applied29 interviews with travelers who actively chose to travel with the shipping companies. Thestudy has also applied a passive netnography of 200 posts evenly distributed between theshipping companies to see how social media users integrate with their content. This was lateranalyzed by using thematic analysis. The results of the study showed that an implementationof a marketing strategy is used to increase the shipping companies' branding and that posts onsocial media in the form of ship images and behind the scenes provide the most interactionwith users. / I denna studie har marknadsföringsstrategier av kryssningsturism på Östersjön, specifiktViking Line Sverige och Tallink Silja Sveriges, studerats. Syftet med studien är att se till deras marknadsföringsstrategi på sociala medieplattformarna TikTok och Instagram samt hur dess användare interagerar med deras inlägg. I studien tillämpades fyra intervjuer med personer som är verkställda inom marknadsföring på Viking Line Sverige och Tallink Silja Sverige samt tillämpat 29 intervjuer med resenärer som aktivt valt att resa med rederierna.Studien har även tillämpat en passiv netnografi på 200 inlägg jämnt fördelat mellan rederierna för att se hur sociala medieanvändare integrerar med deras innehåll. Detta analyserades senare med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet av studien visade att en implementering av en marknadsföringsstrategi används för att öka rederiernas varumärkesbyggande samt att inlägg på sociala medier i form av fartygsbilder och bakom kulisserna ger mest interaktion hos användarna.

Bakgrund: Att hitta effektiva sätt att hantera överlämningar är enligt tidigare studier fortsatt av vikt. Det finns omfattande forskning om projektmetoder, trots det har inte lika mycket uppmärksamhet riktats mot själva överlämningsprocessen till interna mottagare. Trafikverket upplever brister i överlämningsprocessen efter avslutade förändringsprojekt. Studien genomförs i samarbete med Trafikverket. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera utmaningar som upplevs vid överlämning av anlaggningsdata mellan ett projekt och en förvaltningsorganisation. Studien utvärderar även hur Trafikverkets överlämningsprocess av anläggningsdata möter framgångsfaktorer för överlämning. Resultatet ämnar bidra till kunskapsbasen i området där komplexa överlämningar hanteras till system i förvaltning. Metod: Studien utgör en fallstudie där datainsamlingen genomförts genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer öch en enkätundersökning. Inledande genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att välja ämne och ytterligare en litteraturstudie utfördes i syfte att erhålla fördjupning i området och identifiera framgångsfaktorer vid överlämningar mellan projekt- och förvaltningsorganisationer. Slutligen genomfördes en gapanalys som utvärderade skillnaden mellan befintligt och idealiskt scenario för överlämningar av anläggningsdata. Resultat: I resultatet av studien framgår att överlämningarna innefattar flera utmaningar samt att flera av framgångsfaktorerna möts av den i fallet undersökta organisationen. Utmaningar som framkommit i fallet är bristfälligt ifyllda mallar vid leverans, stödsystem för beslutslogg under pågående projekt saknas, förseningar för att regelverk inte efterföljs av projektet, förseningar för att förändringar av krav uppkommer efter upphandling samt avsaknad av standardisering samt automatisering av leverans. Framgångsfaktorer som möts av organisatiönen i fallet är initialt genomföra en intressentanalys, initialt överlämna en leveransplan, detaljerad kravspecifikation, öppna för dialog mellan projekt och förvaltning tidigt. Slutsatser: Sammanfattningsvis kan man fastställa att Trafikverket är medveten om flera av framgångsfaktorerna och att tillgång till verktyg via metoder och ramverk finns. Det önskade resultaten uppnås ändå inte tillräckligt ofta för att anses som framgångsrika överlämningar. Studiens resultat för hur en organisation möter framgångsfaktorer är även applicerbart för andra verksamheter som hanterar komplexa överlämningar av anläggningsdata. / Background: According tö previous studies, finding effective ways to handle handovers is still important. There is extensive research on project methods, yet not as much attention has been directed to the actual handover process to internal recipients. The Swedish Transport Administration experiences shortcomings in the handover process after completed change projects. The study is carried out in collaboratiön with the Swedish Transport Administration. Aim: The purpose öf this study is to identify challenges experienced in the handover of facility data. The study also evaluates how the organisation´s handover process of facility data meets success factors for handover. Method: The study is a case study where the data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews and a survey. Initially, a literature study was carried out to select a topic and a further literature study was carried out with the aim identifying success factors in handovers. The results were analyzed by performing a gap analysis. Results: The study results indicate that handovers involve several challenges, and the organization under investigation meets several of the success factors. Challenges identified in the case are: incomplete completion öf templates upon delivery, lack of decision log support systems during ongoing projects, delays due to non-compliance with regulations by the project, delays caused by changes in requirements after procurement, and a lack of standardization and automation in delivery. Success factors met by the organization in the case are: initially conducting stakeholder analysis, initially providing a delivery plan, detailed requirement specification, and early open dialogue between the project and operations. Conclusions: In summary, it can be established that the Swedish Transport Administratiön is aware öf several öf the success factors and that access to  tools via methods and frameworks is available. The desired results are still not achieved often enough to be considered successful handovers. The study's results för how an organization meets success factors are also applicable to other businesses that handle complex handovers of facility data.

Purpose. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the state of recommended practice for sedation interruptions (SI) and to discover factors that hinder or facilitate critical care nurses’ use in practice. To garner insight about why this evidence-informed intervention is not being used as recommended to improve mechanically ventilated patient outcomes. Methods. A series of studies using a multi-methods design and guided by the Knowledge to Action Framework: study 1) a systematic review and critical appraisal examined the quality and reporting of all available guidelines and care bundles with recommendations related to SI for mechanically ventilated adults in critical care; study 2) a needs assessment included an environmental scan of the study site and gap-analysis using a retrospective chart audit to measure the nature and magnitude of the evidence-practice gap; study 3) a descriptive qualitative study used semi-structured theory-based interviews to deepen our understanding of the determinants that influence SI use in preparation for a future implementation study. Findings. Study 1 included 11 guidelines and care bundles with 15 recommendations about SI. Deficiencies in the methodological quality of the current guidelines and care bundles may impact overall credibility and applicability of the recommendations, though SI is currently recommended best-practice. Study 2 confirmed the existence of an evidence-practice gap related to SI and affirmed the need to discover barriers and drivers to best practice implementation (study 3). We identified nine facilitators and 20 barriers to SI use by nurses. Facilitators were associated with the innovation (e.g., the importance of protocols) and the potential adopters (e.g., SI are specific to the nurse's role). The barriers were associated with the potential adopters (e.g., nurses’ knowledge gaps and variable goals of SI) and the practice environment (e.g., lack of availability of extra staff and multidisciplinary rounds). Conclusion. Before adequately implementing SI and evaluating uptake by nurses, we need to address modifications to existing guidelines and recommendations, even though SI is considered best practice. A theory-informed implementation study can further activate the use of SI for mechanically ventilated adults in critical care.

1 online resource ([13], 172 leaves) / The concept of a service-oriented approach and the role of communication in such an approach is nothing new. Service management and marketing are two constructs that are deemed invaluable for an organisation operating in the current competitive and seamless globalised business environment. Literature proposes that a market-oriented point of view is not enough anymore to achieve a competitive advantage; the core solution to an organisation's problems should lie in a management perspective that understands the internal value-generating processes of customers and employees alike. This study strives to assess the role of internal communication in creating a service-oriented approach. Particular attention is given to the support that communication can provide to an organisation wishing to establish a service-oriented approach. The evolution of the service-oriented approach is discussed along with the internal and external changes that took place in the organisational environment. A service-orientation as a possible answer to environmental changes is discussed. An assessment of the contribution of communication to service orientation was undertaken. The results of the research undertaken have led to the deduction that internal communication at George Municipality is not effective. / COMMUNICATION SCIENCE / MA - SPEC IN ORG COMMUNIC

數位落差是資訊科技與數位化經濟快速發展下的產物。研究發現數位落差代表著機會的消失，更反映著社會基本素養、貧窮、醫療或其他社會問題存在的議題，只要數位落差存在，經濟的發展、國家競爭力的提升、人民生活的進步都將受到拖延而遲緩。事實上，有關數位落差如何發生、如何衡量、影響層面與嚴重性以及如何縮減數位落差的相關議題不斷的被討論，各國政府與國際組織或者自行組成研究小組，或者邀請學者專家針對縮減數位落差議題加以探討，期以建立一個公平共享數位化所帶來各項利益的社會。然而研究顯示縮減數位落差各方努力的成效仍不如預期。如何縮減數位落差的相關研究至今仍有許多缺口待彌補，包括數位落差現象觀察不完整、欠缺一個具有全方位評量的架構、縮減數位落差的方案與數位落差現象間的因果關係並無法提出一個對應的脈絡、如何檢討縮減數位落差策略的執行績效等等。 本研究由文獻探討、資料分析提出數位落差整體衡量架構，繼之由策略管理的角度建立以平衡記分卡為基礎之數位落差策略績效評比架構，確立縮減數位落差之願景、使命、策略、策略目標以及建立以BSC為基礎之數位落差評量指標。研究並提出縮減數位落差策略缺口之定義與檢視方法。數位差衡量指標以層級分析法求得權數，並將指標與策略結合，衡量縮減數位落差策略在數位落差整體表現的實質績效。研究獲得以下結論： 1. 研究提出一個國內與國際數位落差觀察與衡量整合架構，架構共分為ICT普及、均等機會、資訊社會與國家競爭力四個構面。 2. 研究結果認為縮減數位落差在策略上應考量受益群體、政府功能與流程、全國性學習與成長以及公共財政的支援。 3. 利用策略地圖所闡述的因果特性進行策略缺口分析。研究結果提出四類水平策略議題缺口、五類水平策略目標缺口、兩類垂直策略議題缺口與三類垂直策略目標缺口。水平策略缺口分析可確保策略議題之完整性，而垂直缺口分析則可檢視策略間之因果關係是否連結。最終目標則是保證縮減數位落差策略之品質。 4. 本研究將策略與數位落差評估架構結合，除了以AHP計算各指標權數，瞭解各指標之重要性，並於指標架構表中指出該指標為績效驅動指標，或為策略執行結果指標。 5. 實例分析發現，目前台灣在縮減數位落差議題上水平策略缺口包含遺漏策略議題、缺少因應台灣特質之策略與策略目標、策略議題不明、遺漏重要策略目標、缺少適當衡量指標以及無效的策略等等。垂直策略缺口情況較嚴重，表示策略間的邏輯性並未詳細檢討過。 研究最後對我國政府提出以下建議：1.重新檢討目前衡量數位落差之架構、2.擬定縮減數位落差的策略規劃與管理機制、3.借鏡先進國家的成功案例並進行跨國的合作、4.尋求質的改善。此外提出五項衍生之議題，值得後續繼續觀察與探討：1.考慮如何將本研究所提出之架構更精鍊。2.目前全球的趨勢已由觀察數位落差的移轉至數位機會的存在，在這樣的新思維下，策略上應有哪些重大的改變？如何將這種轉變以無縫的方式連接，是值得持續觀察的議題。3.指標術語或專用名詞更精確的解釋與規範。4.跨國應用與比較，實地訪談，徵詢更實際的意見與建議，增加本研究所提出架構之實務價值。5.設計問項、核定與統一衡量單位、定義問項目的與建立題庫。 / Digital divide (DD) is the byproduct of the fast development of information technologies and digital economy. Previous researches indicated that the existence of digital divide implies the vanishment of digital opportunities, and furthermore, it reflects the presence of servere social problems including literacy, poverty, medical systems, etc. As long as there is a gap, the development of economy, national competitiveness, and the advance of human lives will be affected. As the matter of fact, the issues of the causes, the measurements, the impacts as well as the reducing of digital divide have been constantly discussed over a decade. Governments and international organizations have put a lot of efforts in pursuit of establishing a society in which people would equally share the benefits of e-society by minimizing the gaps. Unfortunately, research findings have indicated that the efforts for reducing digital divides were inconvincible. Major themes, such as the observation as well as the evaluation of the status of digital divide in an integrated view, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationship between strategies and the outcomes, are still absent in the discussions or researches. By reviewing literatures and analyzing the documents collected, this research first provides an integrated framework for simultaneously analyzing domestic and international digital divides. The framework is later incorporated with the BSC to form the strategic management platform for reducing DD. To ease the process for a nation to build its own DD-BSC and to refine its DD strategies, this research also presents a systemized approach to locate strategic gaps. The AHP is adopted in this research to verify the consistency of the structure of the framework as well as to calculate the weights of the indicators. In summary, this research contributes the following results: 1. An integrated model, containing ICT Diffusion, Equal Opportunity, Information Society and National Competitiveness dimension for the measurement and evaluation of digital divide, is presented in this research. 2. Research findings suggest the strategies of reducing DD should be planned based on Beneficiaries, Governmental Functions and Processes, Nation-Wide Learning and Growth and Public Finance perspectives. 3. The research proposes and defines four types of horizontal strategic theme gaps, five types of horizontal strategic objective gaps, two types of vertical strategic theme gaps and three types of vertical strategic objective gap types. The ultimate goal of strategic gaps analysis is to ensure the qualities of the strategies of reducing DD. 4. The measurements proposed in this research can be used to measure the status of DD and to evaluate the performances of the strategies of reducing DD. 5. The case study of Taiwn reveals that in the issue of reducing DD, the government could initiate more effective strategies by referencing other developed countries. Major problems of Taiwan regarding to reducing DD include the lack of strategic objectives, the lack of proper measurement, the broken links among strategies as well as between strategy and its objectives. Suggestions proposed to the government including the reexamination the scopes and strutrucures of measuring the status of digital divide, designing a strategic planning and control system for reducing DD, seeking for cross-nation cooperations and focusing on improving the qualities of the DD strategies. Future studies may focus on the refinement of the frameworks proposed in this research; determine the changes that are affected by the new concept of digital opportunities; define more clearly and precisely the terms used in observing or measuring DD; design questionnaires and collect data regularly. Finally, more interviews and case studies are to be conducted to improve the practical values of this research.

Second-generation biofuels could provide renewable energy while reducing the globaleconomy dependence on oil and mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gasemission balances, as well as their energy and environmental balances, are discussed,especially when they are produced from agricultural feedstock. The use of agriculturalfeedstock for energy purposes also raises the issue of competition with food production. Inthis context, this work contributes to the assessment of the sustainability of Miscanthus xgiganteus, a perennial C4 crop candidate to the production of second-generation ethanol. Theobjectives of this work are (i) to achieve a multicriteria evaluation of cropping systems basedon M. Giganteus using data collected in farmers’ fields and (ii) to compare these croppingsystems with cropping systems including other resources Agricultural candidates for biofuelproduction. The main contributions of this work are (i) the study of the variability of yieldsand winter nitrate losses in a network of commercial fields located in Burgundy (France), (ii)the characterization by modeling of M. giganteus long-term yield evolution and (iii) theintegration of these findings in a process of cropping systems design and assessment aimingat comparing M. giganteus with other feedstock candidate to the production of bioethanol.The study of M. giganteus in farmers’ fields shows that the high variability of yields andnitrate losses is linked to (i) crop age, (ii) soil type and (iii) the type of field (i.e. culturalhistory, size, shape, and environment). Contrasting yield scenarios, built by combining datacollected in commercial fields with a long-term yield evolution model, show that thesensitivity of assessment results regarding yields depends on the assessment field. Theinsertion of M. giganteus in a cropping system can significantly improve the greenhouse gasemission balance as well as the environmental balance, compared with a cropping systembased on a short cropping sequence. Economic results depend strongly on M. giganteus yield.Other agricultural feedstocks are also interesting, especially on soils where the yield potentialof M. giganteus is low: this is particularly the case of alfalfa stems, which can be used forsecond-generation ethanol production. / Second-generation biofuels could provide renewable energy while reducing the globaleconomy dependence on oil and mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gasemission balances, as well as their energy and environmental balances, are discussed,especially when they are produced from agricultural feedstock. The use of agriculturalfeedstock for energy purposes also raises the issue of competition with food production. Inthis context, this work contributes to the assessment of the sustainability of Miscanthus xgiganteus, a perennial C4 crop candidate to the production of second-generation ethanol. Theobjectives of this work are (i) to achieve a multicriteria evaluation of cropping systems basedon M. Giganteus using data collected in farmers’ fields and (ii) to compare these croppingsystems with cropping systems including other resources Agricultural candidates for biofuelproduction. The main contributions of this work are (i) the study of the variability of yieldsand winter nitrate losses in a network of commercial fields located in Burgundy (France), (ii)the characterization by modeling of M. giganteus long-term yield evolution and (iii) theintegration of these findings in a process of cropping systems design and assessment aimingat comparing M. giganteus with other feedstock candidate to the production of bioethanol.The study of M. giganteus in farmers’ fields shows that the high variability of yields andnitrate losses is linked to (i) crop age, (ii) soil type and (iii) the type of field (i.e. culturalhistory, size, shape, and environment). Contrasting yield scenarios, built by combining datacollected in commercial fields with a long-term yield evolution model, show that thesensitivity of assessment results regarding yields depends on the assessment field. Theinsertion of M. giganteus in a cropping system can significantly improve the greenhouse gasemission balance as well as the environmental balance, compared with a cropping systembased on a short cropping sequence. Economic results depend strongly on M. giganteus yield.Other agricultural feedstocks are also interesting, especially on soils where the yield potentialof M. giganteus is low: this is particularly the case of alfalfa stems, which can be used forsecond-generation ethanol production.

Allied Motion Technologies Inc. is a global group that develops, manufactures,assembles and sells electric motors with associated transmission and electric driveadapted to customers in industries such as vehicles, manufacturing industry, medicaltechnology, defense and security, etc. Allied Motion, Bromma in Stockholm, hasdevelopment and installation of, among other things, control servos and gearboxes forstorage trucks and other components for the automotive industry. Allied Motion seesan integration of IATF 16949:2016 as a necessity to further enter the automotiveindustry. At present, they therefore need to understand where they are in relation tothe optimal situation to certify themselves against IATF 16949:2016. The purpose ofthe project is to provide support for Allied Motion's management for decisions onplanning and starting work on certification of the automotive quality standard IATF16949:2016 by creating the conditions for systematic integration work. The projecthas developed a tool for systematic and continuous mapping and analysis ofrequirements compliance IATF 16949:2016 that has been used and tested during theproject. Results and analysis show that certification against IATF 16949:2016 isjustified for Allied Motion but there is a need to create sense of urgency. Decisionsmust be made on how and when to implement IATF 16949:2016 and a project mustbe defined and resources dedicated. Activities in future projects with integration areall about modernizing the current operating system while gradually adding IATF16949. / Allied Motion Technologies Inc. är en global koncern som utvecklar, tillverkar, monterar och säljer ett brett utbud av elmotorer med tillhörande transmission och elektrisk drivning anpassade för flera branscher såsom fordon, tillverkande industri, medicinteknik, försvar och säkerhet. På Allied Motion, Bromma finns utveckling och montering av bland annat styrservos och växellådor till lagertruckar och andra komponenter till automotive-industrin. Inom automotive-industrin finns ett ständigt växande krav på leverantörer att arbeta efter kvalitetsledningsstandarden IATF 16949:2016, som 2016 ersatte ISO/TS 16949:2009. Allied Motion ser en integrering av IATF 16949:2016 som en nödvändighet för att ytterligare komma in i automotive-branschen. Syftet med projektet är att bidra med underlag till Allied Motions ledning för beslut om planering och start av arbetet mot certifiering av automotive-kvalitetsstandarden IATF 16949:2016 genom att skapa förutsättningar för systematiskt integreringsarbete. För att nå syftet har följande frågeställningar använts: 1. Hur kan en integrering av IATF 16949:2016 motiveras? 2. Hur ska Allied Motion gå till väga för att göra fortlöpande gapanalys mellan nuvarande verksamhetssystem och IATF 16949:2016? 3. Hur ser ett övergripande startupplägg ut för att komma igång med integreringsarbetet? Den teoretiska bakgrunden startar i begreppet värdekedja, vilket kopplas till hur kvalitetskrav sprids uppströms genom värdekedjan. Kvalitetsledningssystem är centralt för aktörer som verkar i industrin och här ligger mycket av arbetet med att bemöta de snabbt förändrade kundkraven. Integrering av IATF 16949:2016 görs för att säkerställa att aktörer inom industrin arbetar på rätt sätt. Projektets metod bygger på PDCA och iterering av arbetsmomenten i syfte att ha ett systematiskt sätt att arbeta. Projektet har tagit fram och testat ett verktyg för systematisk och fortlöpande kartläggning och analys av kravuppfyllnad IATF 16949:2016. Verktyget fungerade väl för strukturering och analys, men kompletterades med en riskbedömningsmodell för analys uppifrån och ned av befintliga processer. Följande slutsatser har kunnat dras för respektive frågeställning:1. Certifiering mot IATF 16949:2016 är motiverat på grund av bland annat ökade krav på aktörer i automotive-värdekedjan att vara responsiva på snabbt föränderliga kundkrav samt möjlighet till positionering.2. För att genomföra fortlöpande gapanalys kan tillvägagångssättet med spårbarhetsmatris som testats i detta projekt användas i kombination med riskbedömningsmodellen.3. Ett övergripande startupplägg innehåller ett förtydligande av befintliga processer, mappning och riskbedömning av befintliga processer utifrån IATF 16949-krav, samt identifiering av övergripande gap och bedömning av åtgärder. För att komma vidare finns ett behov av att skapa sense of urgency, fatta ett formellt beslut, definiera ett projekt och avsätta resurser. Projektaktiviteterna handlar både om att modernisera nuvarande verksamhetssystem och samtidigt gradvis integrera IATF 16949.

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; analizirana&nbsp; efektivnost&nbsp; za&scaron;tićenih područja&nbsp; Srbije&nbsp; u&nbsp; sada&scaron;njosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; budućnosti&nbsp; na osnovu&nbsp; zastupljenosti&nbsp; povoljnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i centara&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; 116&nbsp; običnih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; ptica odabranih na osnovu 11 kriterijuma. Zasebno su evaluirana&nbsp; za&scaron;tićena&nbsp; prirodna&nbsp; dobara, međunarodno značajna područja za ptice (IBA) i mreža nastala preklapanjem dva tipa za&scaron;tićenih područja.&nbsp; Povoljna&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; istraživanih&nbsp; vrsta utvrđena su modelovanjem distribucije vrsta uz pomoć&nbsp; MaxEnt&nbsp; pristupa,&nbsp; a&nbsp; modeli&nbsp; distribucije projektovani&nbsp; su&nbsp; na&nbsp; četiri&nbsp; različita&nbsp; scenarija klimatskih&nbsp; promena&nbsp; u&nbsp; budućnosti&nbsp; (2050. godina).&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; mreža&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; se&nbsp; kao&nbsp; značajno<br />efektivnija za za&scaron;titu stani&scaron;ta istraživanih vrsta i centara&nbsp; njihvog&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; mrežu za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; dobara,&nbsp; a&nbsp; slična&nbsp; situacija predviđena&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; budućnosti.&nbsp; Oba&nbsp; tipa za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; područja&nbsp; pokrivala&nbsp; su&nbsp; u&nbsp; proseku srazmerno&nbsp; mali&nbsp; procenat&nbsp; povoljnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta istraživanih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (za&scaron;tićena&nbsp; prirodna&nbsp; dobra&nbsp; &ndash;<br />10,4%;&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 21,9%)&nbsp; i&nbsp; dovela&nbsp; su&nbsp; do ostvarivanja konzervacionih ciljeva malog broja vrsta (za&scaron;tićena prirodna dobra&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 11; IBA&nbsp; -&nbsp; 37), dok&nbsp; su&nbsp; centri&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; istraživanih&nbsp; vrstasrazmerno&nbsp; slabo&nbsp; zastupljeni&nbsp; unutar&nbsp; obe&nbsp; mreže (za&scaron;tićena&nbsp; prirodna&nbsp; dobra&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 9,8%;&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; &ndash; 25,4%).&nbsp; Za&scaron;tićena&nbsp; područja&nbsp; nisu&nbsp; pokazale<br />značajno&nbsp; veću&nbsp; efektivnost&nbsp; za&nbsp; konzervaciono prioritetnt&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; i&nbsp; njihov&nbsp; diverzitet.&nbsp; Za&scaron;tićena prirodna&nbsp; dobra&nbsp; i&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; mreža&nbsp; u&nbsp; Srbiji&nbsp; značajno bolje&nbsp; pokrivaju&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; centre&nbsp; diverziteta &scaron;umskih vrsta i vrsta kamenjara, klisura i litica, dok&nbsp; su&nbsp; povoljna&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; centri&nbsp; diverziteta gnezdarica&nbsp; poljoprivrednih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; naselja&nbsp; i vodenih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; izrazito&nbsp; slabo&nbsp; zastupljena. Stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; gnezdarica&nbsp; nizijskih&nbsp; poljoprivrednih<br />stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; naročito&nbsp; su&nbsp; slabo&nbsp; zastupljena&nbsp; unutar za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; dobara&nbsp; i&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; mreže,&nbsp; koja za&nbsp; ovu&nbsp; grupu&nbsp; nisu&nbsp; dovela&nbsp; do&nbsp; postizanja konzervacionih&nbsp; ciljeva.&nbsp; Razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; efektivnosti za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; područja&nbsp; za&nbsp; gnezdarice&nbsp; različitih tipova&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; u&nbsp; budućnosti&nbsp; će&nbsp; se&nbsp; generalno povećavati,&nbsp; usled&nbsp; predviđenog&nbsp; smanjivanja<br />areala većine &scaron;umskih vrsta koje će se povlačiti u&nbsp; za&scaron;titom&nbsp; bolje&nbsp; pokrivene&nbsp; planinske&nbsp; predele&nbsp; i &scaron;irenja areala većine gnezdarica poljoprivrednih i&nbsp; vodenih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; na&nbsp; neza&scaron;tićena&nbsp; nizijska područja. Za deo vrsta među kojima dominiraju<br />gnezdarice&nbsp; brdsko-planinskih&nbsp; &scaron;umskih&nbsp; i&nbsp; drugih prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; glavna&nbsp; strategija&nbsp; za&scaron;tite podrazumeva&nbsp; precizno&nbsp; pro&scaron;irenje&nbsp; granica sada&scaron;njih&nbsp; za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; područja&nbsp; uz&nbsp; upravljanje orentisano&nbsp; ka&nbsp; očuvanju&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i smanjenju&nbsp; iskori&scaron;ćavanja&nbsp; resursa.&nbsp; Sa&nbsp; druge strane,&nbsp; za&nbsp; većinu&nbsp; gnezdarica&nbsp; poljoprivrednih&nbsp; i<br />travnih stani&scaron;ta, naročito u nizijskim predelima, efektivna&nbsp; strategija&nbsp; bila&nbsp; bi&nbsp;&nbsp; definisanje&nbsp; potpuno novih&nbsp; i&nbsp; prostranih&nbsp; za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; područja orijentisanih&nbsp; ka&nbsp; održavanju&nbsp; povoljnog&nbsp; režima upravljanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; prostora.&nbsp; Rad&nbsp; ukazuje<br />na velike mogućnosti kori&scaron;ćenja nesistematično prikupljenih&nbsp; podataka&nbsp; profesionalnih&nbsp; i amaterskih&nbsp; ornitologa&nbsp; uz&nbsp; primenu&nbsp; tehnika modelovanja&nbsp; distribucije&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; nagla&scaron;ava potrebu&nbsp; za&nbsp; pokretanjem&nbsp; &scaron;irokih&nbsp; programa<br />sistematskog&nbsp; popisa,&nbsp; kartiranja&nbsp; i&nbsp; monitoringa običnih vrsta ptica.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; study&nbsp;&nbsp; analyzes&nbsp; the&nbsp; effectiveness&nbsp; of protected areas in Serbia presently as well as in the&nbsp; future,&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; representation&nbsp; of suitable habitats and centers of diversity for 116 common&nbsp; species of&nbsp; birds,&nbsp; selected on the&nbsp; basis of&nbsp; 11&nbsp; criteria.&nbsp; Nationally&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas, Important&nbsp; Bird&nbsp; and&nbsp; Biodiversity&nbsp; areas&nbsp; (IBAs) and&nbsp; networks formed&nbsp; by overlapping these two types&nbsp; of&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; have&nbsp; been&nbsp; evaluated separately. Suitable habitats of the species in the study&nbsp; were&nbsp; determined&nbsp; by&nbsp; species&nbsp; distribution modeling&nbsp; using&nbsp; the&nbsp; MaxEnt&nbsp; approach,&nbsp; and&nbsp; the distribution&nbsp; models&nbsp; were&nbsp; projected&nbsp; to&nbsp; four different&nbsp; climate&nbsp; change&nbsp; scenarios&nbsp; in&nbsp; future (year&nbsp; 2050).&nbsp; The&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; network&nbsp; proved&nbsp; to&nbsp; be significantly more effective for the&nbsp; protection of habitats&nbsp; of&nbsp; studied&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; centers&nbsp; of&nbsp; their diversity, compared&nbsp; to the network of nationally protected&nbsp; areas,&nbsp; and&nbsp; a&nbsp; similar&nbsp; situation&nbsp; is projected for the future. Both types of protected areas&nbsp; on&nbsp; average&nbsp; covered&nbsp; a&nbsp; relatively&nbsp; small percentage of suitable habitats for most species (10.4%&nbsp; in&nbsp; nationaly&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas,&nbsp; 21.9%&nbsp; in IBA)&nbsp; and&nbsp; meet&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; goals&nbsp; only&nbsp; for&nbsp; a&nbsp; small&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; (11&nbsp; for&nbsp; nationaly protected&nbsp; areas,&nbsp; 37&nbsp; for&nbsp; IBA).&nbsp; Diversity&nbsp; centers for&nbsp; species&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; study&nbsp; are&nbsp; relatively&nbsp; poorlyrepresented within all three networks&nbsp; (9.8% for nationaly&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; and&nbsp; 25.4%&nbsp; for&nbsp; IBA). Protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; did&nbsp; not&nbsp; show&nbsp; significantly higher&nbsp; effectiveness&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; of priority&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; diversity.&nbsp; Nationaly protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; network&nbsp; in&nbsp; Serbia have&nbsp; a&nbsp; significantly&nbsp; better&nbsp; coverage&nbsp; of&nbsp; habitats and&nbsp; centers&nbsp; of&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; for&nbsp; forest&nbsp; species&nbsp; and species&nbsp; of&nbsp; rocky&nbsp; habitats,&nbsp; cliffs&nbsp; and&nbsp; gorges, while&nbsp; suitable&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; centers&nbsp; of&nbsp; diversity for breeding birds of farmlands, settlements and aquatic&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; are&nbsp; very&nbsp; poorly&nbsp; represented. Habitats of breeding birds of lowland&nbsp; armlands are&nbsp; particularly&nbsp; poorly&nbsp; represented&nbsp; within protected&nbsp; natural&nbsp; assets&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; IBA&nbsp; network, and this measure does not meet the conservation goals for this group of birds. Differences in the effectiveness&nbsp; of&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; for&nbsp; breeding birds&nbsp; of&nbsp; various&nbsp; habitat&nbsp; types&nbsp; will&nbsp; generally increase&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; future,&nbsp; due&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; anticipated range decrease&nbsp; for&nbsp; most forest species that will withdraw&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; better&nbsp; conserved&nbsp; mountainous areas, whereas range of the majority o f breeding birds&nbsp; of&nbsp; farmland&nbsp; and&nbsp; aquatic&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; will&nbsp; be expanded&nbsp; to&nbsp; unprotected&nbsp; lowland&nbsp; areas.&nbsp; For some&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; species,&nbsp; mostly&nbsp; birds&nbsp; of&nbsp; hill&nbsp; and mountain&nbsp; forests and other natural&nbsp; habitats, the main&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; strategy&nbsp; implies&nbsp; precise boundaries&nbsp; extension&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; current&nbsp; protected areas&nbsp; with&nbsp; management&nbsp; directed&nbsp; towards preserving&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; reducing&nbsp; the utilization&nbsp; of&nbsp; resources.&nbsp; On&nbsp; the&nbsp; other&nbsp; hand,&nbsp; for most&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; farmland&nbsp; and&nbsp; grassland&nbsp; species, especially in the lowlands, an effective strategy would&nbsp; be&nbsp; to&nbsp; define&nbsp; completely&nbsp; new&nbsp; and spacious&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; oriented&nbsp; towards maintaining a favorable regime for management and&nbsp; landuse. The&nbsp; study&nbsp; demonstrates that there are&nbsp; great&nbsp; possibilities&nbsp; of&nbsp; using&nbsp; nonsystematically&nbsp; collected&nbsp; data&nbsp; from&nbsp; professiona l and&nbsp; amateur&nbsp; ornithologists,&nbsp; for&nbsp; application&nbsp; in species&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; modeling,&nbsp; but&nbsp; also emphasizes&nbsp; the&nbsp; need&nbsp; to&nbsp; launch&nbsp; extensive programs for systematic inventory, mapping and monitoring of common bird species.</p>

<p>The traditional airlines exist on a market that is distinguished by an increasing competition. They are often partly or completely owned by the government and are characterized by slow decision making. Because of their existing structure and old business culture the traditional airlines find it hard to use price as a means of competition. Consequently the traditional airlines need to create loyalty amongst their customers. The purpose of this essay was to analyze and evaluate SAS long-term marketing strategies through a comparative study of the companies’ management, employees and customers. To shed light on the problem a gap analysis has been performed on SAS Swedens management, emloyees and customers. The theoretical part of the study takes into account customer value, organization and loyalty.</p><p>The result shows that the gap between SAS management and customers was relatively small due to the management’s knowledge and insight in respect to customer expectations. On the other hand the gap between SAS management and employees was much larger. The internal communication within SAS is today insufficient which can lead to major problems. To create customer loyalty SAS has to concentrate on their internal problems and focus on their employees. In this way the employees will mediate customers expectations so that SAS profile and image will correspond with customers expectations. SAS needs to have a strong business concept and a vision that all employees should try to achieve, which they do not have today. The conclusion is that SAS will find it hard to survive on a long term basis with the conditions and structure they have today.</p><p>Suggestions for additional research would be to study other effects made by the incorporation of SAS as well as to study factors that are important for creating good internal communication within the SAS group.</p> / <p>De traditionella flygbolagen verkar på en marknad som kännetecknas av en ökad konkurrens. De är ofta delvis eller helt statligt ägda och präglas av tröga beslutsprocesser. På grund av sin befintliga struktur och gamla affärskultur har de svårt att konkurrera med priset som konkurrensmedel och måste därför fokusera på att skapa kundlojalitet.</p><p>Uppsatsens syfte var att analysera och utvärdera SAS långsiktiga marknadsföringsstrategier genom en jämförande studie av företagets ledning, anställda samt kunder. För att belysa problemet har en gapanalys genomförts på SAS Sveriges ledning, anställda och kunder. Studiens teoridel är baserad på teorier om mervärdeskapande, organisation och lojalitet.</p><p>Resultatet visar att gapet mellan SAS ledning och kunder var relativt litet då ledningen har kunskap och insikt om kundernas förväntningar på SAS tjänster. Gapet mellan SAS ledning och de anställda var däremot mycket större. Den interna kommunikationen inom SAS är idag bristande vilket är ett stort problem. För att SAS skall ha en möjlighet att skapa kundlojalitet måste de börja internt och fokusera på de anställda, så att de levererar vad kunderna förväntar sig. Detta i sin tur bidrar till att SAS profil och image överensstämmer. SAS måste ha en stark affärsidé och vision som alla anställda strävar efter, vilket de inte har idag. Studiens slutsats är att SAS har svårt att långsiktigt överleva med de förutsättningar och den struktur de har idag.</p><p>Som förslag på vidare forsknings gavs att studera ytterligare effekter av SAS bolagisering, samt att studera faktorer som är viktiga för att skapa en bra intern kommunikation inom hela SAS koncernen.</p>