<p>  </p> <p>Gender, anxiety, identity, and Gawain’s impossible choice have long been identified and examined as worth studying in the fourteenth-century alliterative poem <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em>. By focusing on the different states of dress that Gawain finds himself in, the gendered behaviors he engages in, and the fact that he takes on and wears a piece of woman’s clothing as his own before his final encounter, it becomes clear that Gawain begins to utilize and slip into a gender fluid state of identity. His behaviors in Haut Desert cross gendered lines, but also the lines of private and public identity: Gawain’s fault is revealed at the Green Chapel, when the Green Knight reveals himself to be Bertilak as well as his knowledge of Gawain’s girdle. By taking up the green girdle, Gawain cross-dresses and gains access to alternative courses of action and paths towards virtue and survival. Upon returning to his court, his community must take on the girdle as a token of Gawain himself and integrate it in a way that allows for his gender fluidity to become enclosed within the borders of the chivalric community. Gawain’s survival and the benefit which he brings his court are materially represented by the girdle which stands for both the honorable and shameful, the knightly and the monstrous, and the feminine and masculine. </p>

Grâce aux concepts développés par l’histoire du genre et des femmes, ce mémoire cherche à jeter un regard nouveau sur le parcours de la courtisane libertine du XVIIe siècle Anne de Lenclos, surnommée Ninon. C’est que l’image qui a été véhiculée de Ninon depuis le XVIIIe siècle ne rend pas compte de la complexité du personnage : elle ne met l’accent que sur sa liberté sexuelle, ou au contraire, sur son intelligence et son rôle dans la vie littéraire du Grand Siècle. Une relecture de la correspondance de la courtisane et des documents notariés (actes économiques, testament et inventaire après-décès) la concernant permet cependant de mettre au jour le portrait d’une femme de tête bien différente de celle qui avait jusqu’alors été décrite, réussissant à concilier les transgressions qu’elle n’a cessé de commettre contre l’ordre établi jusqu’à la fin de sa vie à la réputation d’une salonnière admirée et respectée. / Thanks to the concepts developed by the gender history, this Master's thesis seeks to re-evaluate the life of the seventeenth century libertine courtesan Anne de Lenclos, known as Ninon. The courtesan’s image promoted since the eighteenth century doesn’t reveal the complexity of the character: it only focuses on Ninon’s sexual behaviours or on her intellectual abilities and her role in the literary life of the “Grand Siècle”. A new reading of the courtesan’s correspondence and notarial acts (economical acts, testament, post-mortem inventory) allows us to gain a new understanding of the figure of Ninon. Indeed, our research demonstrates how the courtesan succeeded conciliate transgressions against the established order with an admired and respected “salonnière” reputation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela de Campos Machado Vessoni Calderazzo.pdf: 2921338 bytes, checksum: 82c420b3f20e988e3b94b4423021ce8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / By the immanent analysis of the libretti, scores and recordings of the operas La découverte du nouveau monde, Le devin du village, Daphnis et Chloé, Les muses galantes, Pygmalion, romances and motets, composed by Jean-Jacques Roussseau, our work s theme is the history of the Enlightenment society through the composer s critic to what he named tourbillon social. Such critic was built on the hypothesis of a state of nature foreseen to correct a turbulent and corrupt society. Our starting point is the idea that Rousseau s sensitivity, as an artist of the XVIII th. Century, explains a paradoxal world and expresses a contradiction which opposes the natural to the modern . It is an idealization that confronts nature with the corrupt society; that materializes, in music and text, a modern vision of world, which moved away from a state of nature idealized by the composer. A design about the bourgeois world of the XVIII th. Century, and about the way a woman behaved in that social dynamics / Pela análise imanente dos libretos, partituras e gravações das óperas La decouverte du nouveau monde, Le devin du village, Daphnis et Chloé, Les muses galantes, Pygmalion, romanzas e motetos compostos por Jean-Jacques Rousseau, nosso trabalho tematiza a história da sociedade iluminista pela crítica do compositor ao que denominou tourbillon social. Crítica construída com a hipótese de um estado de natureza previsto para corrigir uma sociedade turbulenta e corrupta. Partimos da idéia de que a sensibilidade de Rousseau, como um artista do século XVIII, explica uma paradoxalidade de mundo e expressa uma contradição que opõe o natural ao moderno. Uma idealização que confronta natureza e sociedade corrompida. Que materializa, em música e texto, uma visão de mundo moderna, que se afastou de um estado de natureza idealizado pelo compositor. Um desenho do mundo burguês do século XVIII e da forma como a mulher agia naquela dinâmica social

Grâce aux concepts développés par l’histoire du genre et des femmes, ce mémoire cherche à jeter un regard nouveau sur le parcours de la courtisane libertine du XVIIe siècle Anne de Lenclos, surnommée Ninon. C’est que l’image qui a été véhiculée de Ninon depuis le XVIIIe siècle ne rend pas compte de la complexité du personnage : elle ne met l’accent que sur sa liberté sexuelle, ou au contraire, sur son intelligence et son rôle dans la vie littéraire du Grand Siècle. Une relecture de la correspondance de la courtisane et des documents notariés (actes économiques, testament et inventaire après-décès) la concernant permet cependant de mettre au jour le portrait d’une femme de tête bien différente de celle qui avait jusqu’alors été décrite, réussissant à concilier les transgressions qu’elle n’a cessé de commettre contre l’ordre établi jusqu’à la fin de sa vie à la réputation d’une salonnière admirée et respectée. / Thanks to the concepts developed by the gender history, this Master's thesis seeks to re-evaluate the life of the seventeenth century libertine courtesan Anne de Lenclos, known as Ninon. The courtesan’s image promoted since the eighteenth century doesn’t reveal the complexity of the character: it only focuses on Ninon’s sexual behaviours or on her intellectual abilities and her role in the literary life of the “Grand Siècle”. A new reading of the courtesan’s correspondence and notarial acts (economical acts, testament, post-mortem inventory) allows us to gain a new understanding of the figure of Ninon. Indeed, our research demonstrates how the courtesan succeeded conciliate transgressions against the established order with an admired and respected “salonnière” reputation.

The overall aim of this dissertation is to explore the connections between rhetoric and civic and moral education. In the Latin schools (trivial schools, cathedral schools, and gymnasiums) in eighteenth-century Sweden, rhetoric still had a prominent position. In examining school rhetoric under the Swedish School Act of 1724, the study takes on rhetoric education in the broad sense, asking questions about teaching design and content, and about which texts were read and written. In addition to this, the dissertation discusses the moral content of the education as well as the function of the texts and exercises of rhetoric education in character and identity formation. The study also demonstrates the practices of rhetoric in schools and gymnasiums. Everyday classroom activities as well as ceremonies and festivities are treated as arenas for the display of erudition, asking questions about eloquence as a possible catalyst for the raising of schoolboys into men and citizens. Drawing from curriculum history, the investigation focuses on the content of the education. The analytical framework regards educational content as multilayered, ranging from conceptual content to content related to school subjects, syllabi and educational programmes, and further to socialisation content. Therefore a number of theoretical and methodological perspectives have to be employed in order to analyse a multitude of sources: from textbooks and records from schools to written curricula. The curriculum history foundation is therefore supplemented by theoretical inspiration from among other things the sociology of education and the sociology of literature, from the history of rhetoric and from gender history. The concept of virtue is given a special role in the construction of civic ideals and masculinities, two important aspects of an erudite identity cultivated in the early modern Latin schools. The dissertation shows that during the long period of time that the Swedish School Act of 1724 was effective – a total of 83 years, until 1807 – school rhetoric changed very little, and the changes that took place did so only slowly. A number of factors explain this rigidity. The same textbook, Elementa rhetorica by Gerardus Johannis Vossius, was used used in Swedish schools throughout the entire period studied. A shortage of textbooks led to older copies being used, and to a manual reproduction of textbooks and educational content.A canon or publica materies of classical, especially Latin, texts connected the branches of the trivium. It also worked as a common resource, read throughout the school: from fables and the short texts of compendia used in the first forms of the trivial schools to the philosophical and literary works used in the gymnasiums. The proximity between school rhetoric and the exemplary classical texts offers a further explanatory factor for the slow changes of 18th century rhetoric education. The rhetoric education in schools and gymnasiums appears as one of the most distinct illustrations of the early modern Swedish school's twofold objective to transmit knowledge and instill virtue. The rhetorical pedagogical programme was not just about the arts and crafts of linguistic ornaments. School rhetoric had an even larger aim, combining knowledge and virtue into the training of an orator. Through the reading of the exemplary texts and the moral lessons taught by them, and through pupils' own co-creation and rhetorical (re)production, a classical, medieval, Renaissance and Reformation legacy was passed on. In this legacy, the aim was virtuous eloquence. The learned world in and around schools and gymnasiums can be considered a premodern or early modern public sphere, filled with rhetorical ceremonials as a display of erudition and scholarly status. At the school level rhetoric was a representative resource that could justify the position of the scholarly community and the clergy, demonstrate the standing of the school and the church site in the city, and distinguish the learned from members of other social groups.

« Pouvoir, présence et action » : chacune de ces trois notions renvoie à la capacité d’un individu à entreprendre. Cette capacité d’action des femmes est particulièrement encadrée dans la France d’Ancien Régime, autant par les normes juridiques que par les représentations mentales qui affirment l’inégalité entre les sexes et la supériorité des hommes. Le présent travail a pour buts l’examen des limites de la subordination féminine et l’affirmation de la possibilité d’action des femmes, dans le cadre d’une étude globale consacrée aux épouses des ministres au temps de Louis XIV. Les spécificités du groupe d’étude fondent l’essence de la réflexion : il s’agit d’analyser la possibilité d’action de femmes de la noblesse dans la France du XVIIe siècle, dans le cadre spécifique de mariages les unissant à des hommes exerçant une fonction de type ministériel lors du règne personnel de Louis XIV. Il s’agit donc d’analyser les conditions d’un pouvoir conjugal, familial et social au féminin, puis de définir les domaines dans lesquels les épouses des ministres apparaissent en tant qu’actrices. L’étude vise également à observer les attitudes des couples ministériels afin de déterminer des invariants permettant de comprendre ce que signifie être l’épouse d’un ministre au temps de Louis XIV. L’ancrage historique, juridique, économique, familial et social de ces femmes constitue un sujet d’analyse essentiel pour comprendre la place qu’elles ont occupée dans leur couple, dans leur famille, à la cour, dans la société. Le sujet invite donc à dépasser la description des activités de femmes pour les inscrire dans une histoire du couple, de la société de cour et de la noblesse au Grand Siècle. / « Power, presence and action » : each of these three notions refers to each individual's capacity to take action. The ability to take action is particularly supervised for women in France under the Ancien Régime, notably under the legal norm, as well as the mental representations which maintain the inequality between sexes and men's superiority. The aims of this present work are to examine the limits of feminine subordination and the affirmation of the the ability for women to take action, within the framework of a global study focused on the ministers' wives under Louis 14th. The specifications of the study group are the essence of the reflection : the idea is to analyse noblewomen's opportunity to take action in 17th century France, more specifically in the framework of the marriages joining them to men practicing a ministerial function under Louis 14th. Therefore the matter at hand is to analyse the conditions of marital, family and social power in a feminine form, then define the areas in which the ministers' wives appear as actors. The study also aims to observe the ministerial couples' attitudes to determine some constants, allowing us to understand what it meant to be a minister's spouse in the time of Louis 14th. The historical, legal, economical, family and social anchoring of these women form an essential subject of analysis to understand the place they occupied in their couple, in their family, at court and in society. The subject therefore invites us to go beyond the description of women's activities to write them in a history of relationship, court society and the Grand Siècle nobility.

<p>In 1917, the Romanov dynasty in Russia came to an end as Tsar Nicholas II abdicated during the February Revolution and the First World War. The Romanovs ruled Russia for over three-hundred years as absolute monarchs and until 1917, Nicholas II and his wife Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna fervently clung to their autocratic rule and projected an image of power and stability. Yet, their choices not only shaped Russia itself but also dictated Russia’s diplomatic and cultural relationship with their future allies in the First World War: Great Britain, France, and the United States of America. From 1896 to 1917, Tsar Nicholas II floundered amid a series of crisis and this dissertation considers five key moments in his reign that illustrate the complex relationship between Russia and the allies of the First World War. These events are: the Coronation of Nicholas II in 1896; Bloody Sunday and the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905; the Romanov Tercentenary in 1913; the role of Tsarina Alexandra in the First World War from 1914-1917; and the abdication of Nicholas II and asylum request by the Romanovs in 1917. All of these events showcase the diplomatic and media representations of the Romanovs among allied nations and how Nicholas performed and presented his view of himself to the rest of the world. Each Tsar of Russia fashioned himself into a mythic and ceremonial figure to the Russian people and this dissertation argues that the governments of Great Britain, France, and the United States accepted Nicholas’ self-representations for many years and ignored his autocratic rule in favor of their own military and financial interests. In 1917, after years of excusing his behavior, they finally rejected him. Ultimately, the Romanovs held great power at home and abroad and were major players in international events in the early twentieth century but they were unable to reconcile their autocratic regime with modern democracies. In the end, Nicholas’ and Alexandra’s failure to adapt and perform their roles effectively cost them their throne and left Russia in a state of war and disarray.</p>

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