Evalúa el efecto del estadio de desarrollo de la onda folicular: crecimiento, estático y regresión del folículo dominante previo al servicio sobre la tasa de ovulación, tasa de recuperación y la calidad embrionaria en alpacas luego del servicio por monta natural. El estudio fue realizado durante los meses de enero a abril del 2015, en el departamento de Puno. Se trabajó con alpacas hembras vacías (n = 53) seleccionadas de acuerdo a la presencia de un folículo dominante ≥ de 7 mm; las cuales fueron evaluadas con un ecógrafo Aloka SSD 500 y transductor lineal 7.5 MHz, para ser sincronizadas y distribuidas a uno de los siguientes tratamientos: T1 (n=16): Fase crecimiento; T2 (n=19): Fase estática y T3 (n=18): Fase regresión. Posteriormente las alpacas hembras fueron sometidas a empadre controlado por un periodo de tiempo mayor a 15 minutos, para asegurar la ovulación y posterior fecundación. El día del empadre fue considerado el día 0, las evaluaciones ecográficas posteriores se realizaron en el día 2 (ocurrencia de la ovulación) y el día 7 (tamaño del cuerpo lúteo); el lavado uterino se realizó a los 7 días post servicio. Todos los animales en estudio fueron alimentados con pastos naturales y recibieron las mismas condiciones de manejo. Al realizar los lavados del grupo T1 (n=16) se recuperó 56.3% embriones (n1=9) y no ovularon 12.5%; en el T2 (n=19): Se recuperó 47.4% embriones (n2=9) y todos ovularon y en el T3 (n=18): Se recuperó 50% embriones (n3=9) y ovularon todos los animales. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que para cada grupo se recuperaron 9 embriones. Para el T1 (n1=9): 44.4% excelente y 55.6% buena calidad, T2 (n2=9): 66.7% excelente y 33.3% buena calidad y T3 (n3=9): 33.3% buena, 33.3% regular y 33.4% mala calidad. Los resultados sugieren que la calidad embrionaria es mejor en la fase de crecimiento y estática en comparación con la fase de regresión con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. / Tesis

Female genital mutilation is a deep rooted tradition that occurs in many parts of the world. Immigration has increased the number of genital mutilation within the country's borders. Genital mutilation can present problems both physically and mentally. The student health department in Linköping municipality actively works to educate schoolchildren about genital mutilation. They need a brochure which will be available to school nurses in their work and in waiting rooms in connection with the school nurses' reception in primary and secondary schools in Linköping. This work is about practicing principles of visual rhetoric and information design, in order to inform about genital mutilation as well and motivate they in need, to seek help. Interviews, tests and theories have resulted in a design proposal for the brochure. / Kvinnlig könsstympning är en djupt rotad tradition som förekommer i flera delar av världen. I och med invandringen har antalet könsstympade inom landets gränser ökat. Könsstympning kan innebära problem både fysiskt och psykiskt. Elevhälsans medicinska del i Linköpings kommun arbetar aktivt med att upplysa skolungdomar om könsstympning. De är i behov av en broschyr som ska vara tillgänglig för skolsköterskor i deras arbete samt i väntrum i anslutning till skolsköterskornas mottagning i grund- och gymnasieskolor i Linköping. Det här arbetet går ut på att praktisera principer för visuell retorik och informationsdesign, i syfte att informera om könsstympning samt mana drabbade att söka hjälp. Intervjuer, utprovningar och teorier har resulterat i ett designförslag till broschyren.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are double-stranded, DNA, epitheliotropic viruses that infect skin and mucosal membranes. Over 200 types of HPV have been identified and classified into alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), mu (µ), and nu (ν) genera. HPV in the genus α mainly infect mucosal membranes, cause the majority of the ano-genital cancers, and are widely studied. However, epidemiology of HPV in the other genera, which mainly infect skin, is poorly understood. Few studies have reported the seroprevalence of cutaneous HPV among healthy individuals, and to date, no study has prospectively examined the association between cutaneous HPV seropositivity and development of external genital lesions (EGLs) in men. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of cutaneous HPV types and investigate factors associated with the seropositivity, and evaluate the association between seropositivity to cutaneous HPV types and the risk of development of EGLs. Several studies have reported the seroprevalence of mucosal HPV types (6, 11, 16 and 18) in the 4-valent HPV vaccine among men. However, few studies have reported the seroprevalence of the five additional HPV types (31, 33, 45, 52 and 58) in the recently approved 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) vaccine specifically among men across a broad age range. Baseline data on seroprevalence prior to vaccine introduction and dissemination are needed to establish the effectiveness of vaccines over time. Also, this study estimated the seroprevalence of 9vHPV vaccine types and investigated factors associated with the seropositivity among men residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States (U.S.). To estimate the seroprevalence of cutaneous HPV types and 9vHPV vaccine types, 600 men were randomly selected from the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study. To examine the association between seropositivity to cutaneous HPV types and development of EGLs, a case-control study of 163 incident EGL cases and 352 EGL-free controls nested in the HIM cohort was conducted. Cases were ascertained through visual inspection at each of up to 10 biannual clinical visits, confirmed through biopsy, and categorized into condyloma, suggestive of condyloma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) and other EGLs. Archived serum specimens were tested for antibodies against 14 cutaneous HPV types, β types (5, 8, 12, 14, 17, 22, 23, 24, 38 and 47), α type 27, γ type 4, µ type1 and ν type 41, and 9vHP types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58) using a glutathione S-transferase (GST) L1-based multiplex serology assay. Socio-demographic and sexual behavior data were collected through a questionnaire. Binomial proportions were used to estimate seroprevalence, and logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with seropositivity. Overall, seroprevalence of ≥1 cutaneous HPV types was 65.4%, 1≥ β-HPV types was 39.0%, α-HPV 27 was 8.9%, γ-HPV 4 was 30.9%, µ-HPV 1 was 28.6%, and ν-HPV 41was 9.4%. Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with seropositivity to ≥1 cutaneous HPV types (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.75 for ≥16 years of education vs. ≤12 years of education, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.83), and seropositivity of ≥1 β-HPV types was significantly associated with increasing age (AOR 1.72 for men aged 31-44 years vs. men aged 18-30 years, 95% CI: 1.12–2.63,). Country of residence, circumcision status, and lifetime number of male anal sex partners were other factors significantly associated with various type-specific cutaneous HPV seropositivity. No statistically significant association was observed between grouped or individual cutaneous HPV seropositivity and the risk of development of EGLs across all pathological diagnoses. The seroprevalence of grouped and individual cutaneous HPV types was similar across different EGL categories and controls, with the most frequent types being ɤ-HPV 4, µ-HPV 1, and β-HPV 8. The seroprevalence of ≥1 9vHPV vaccine types was 28.3%, ≥1 high-risk types was 14.0%, five additional high-risk types was 11.2%, and low-risk types (6/11) was 17.4%. Compared to men with no male anal sex partners, men with ≥2 partners were two times more likely to be seropositive for grouped 9vHPV vaccine types, ≥1 high-risk types and ≥1 low-risk types, in addition to individual HPV types 6, 16, 33, and 58, with AORs ranging from 2.19 to 7.36. Older age, current smoking, and being single were other factors significantly positively associated with different grouped and type-specific seropositivity. In conclusion, our data show that exposure to cutaneous HPV was common in men although different risk factors were independently associated with grouped and type-specific cutaneous HPV seropositivity. It appears that exposure to cutaneous HPV is not likely to increase the risk of EGLs among men. Similarly, exposure to 9vHPV vaccine types was also common in men and seropositivity to 9vHPV vaccine types was positively associated with older age and lifetime number male anal sex partners.

Magister Legum - LLM

No description available.

Reconstruye el contexto e interrelaciones de la clitoridectomía al interior de la fiesta de la Gran Libación y del sistema ritual de los Shipibo del Ucayali. Propone una interpretación del rito de la clitoridectomía en base a la reconstrucción de los elementos del contexto y de los lazos entre este rito y otros que se celebran tanto dentro como fuera del Ani Xeati. Reconstruye el contexto de celebración de la ablación definiendo sus interrelaciones con los diversos momentos anteriores y posteriores al rito mismo al interior de la fiesta del Ani Xeati. Plantea las interrelaciones entre el rito de la clitoridectomía y otros ritos tanto dentro como fuera de la fiesta misma. Interpreta el rito de la clitoridectomía recurriendo a sus interrelaciones con los ritos presentes en la fiesta. Establece la significación del rito de la clitoridectomía recurriendo a la red de elementos comunes presentes en los ritos dentro de la fiesta como aquellos fuera de esta celebración. / Tesis

O diagnóstico da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) em homens tem ganhado importância já que o mesmo é freqüentemente assintomático, o que pode tornar o indivíduo contaminado num reservatório do vírus, com importante papel na transmissão e perpetuação da doença. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo do HPV no espermatozóide, a fim de avaliar sua influência na qualidade seminal e no estresse oxidativo. Foram analisados 68 homens, dos quais 30 foram positivos para HPV/DNA e 38 foram negativos. Dos casos positivos, 8/30 apresentaram infecção pelo HPV dos tipos 16 ou 18, os quais são considerados os tipos de alto risco oncogênico com maior prevalência. A infecção e classificação dos tipos virais foram determinadas por nested-PCR, enquanto a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT) foram determinadas por espectrofotometria. Os dados não apresentaram relação significativa entre as variáveis epidemiológicas estudadas e a presença do vírus. Os parâmetros de concentração e motilidade espermática foram avaliados manualmente, segundo o critério da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e, a morfologia avaliada, conforme os critérios da OMS e estrito de Tygerberg. Os dados mostram um aumento da incidência de espermatozóides com morfologia alterada nos pacientes com infecção por HPV. Os parâmetros seminais de concentração e motilidade não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos (com e sem HPV). Nos pacientes portadores do vírus, as medidas de catalase mostraram-se significativamente aumentadas em relação aos pacientes não infectados. O estresse oxidativo pode estar relacionado com a fisiopatologia da infertilidade em pacientes com infecção por HPV no sêmen. Esta infecção sinaliza uma piora na qualidade do sêmen, baseada na alteração da morfologia do espermatozóide. / The diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) in men has gained importance due to the fact they are frequently asymptomatic, who may be a virus reservoir, with an important role in the transmission and perpetuation of the disease. The goal of this study was to identify the presence of HPV in the semen in order to evaluate its influence in semen quality as well as in seminal oxidative stress. Sixty-eight men were analyzed, from which 30 were positive for DNA/HPV and 38 negative. Of the positive cases, 8/30 had HPV infection with the subtypes 16 or 18, which are considered with high prevalence for oncogenic risks. The viral infection and the classification of the virus subtypes were determined with the nested-PCR technique, and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined by spectrophotometry technique. There was no significant correlation among the studied epidemiological variables and the presence of the virus. The semen parameters sperm concentration and motility were evaluated manually according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the sperm morphology evaluated according to the WHO and Tygerberg´s strict criteria. The results show a higher incidence of sperm with abnormal morphology in patients with HPV infection compared to patients without the infection. Sperm concentration and motility did not show a difference between patients with or without HPV infection. In patients with the HPV, CAT levels were higher than patients without the HPV infection. Seminal oxidative stress may be related to the pathophysiology of infertility in patients with seminal HPV infection. This infection signalize for diminishing semen quality based on the damage of the sperm morphology seen in our study.

This study intends to analyze the causes of the high prevalence of the practice of female genital mutilations (FGM) in Sudan, Nigeria, and Iraq. For the attainment of this objective, the researcher had used the secondary data collection and the qualitative data analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the factors of culture, religion and society are the three most important ones which had directly contributed towards the high prevalence of FGM in the different developing nations like Sudan, Nigeria and Iraq among others. More importantly, the results also indicate that the practice of is an attempt on the part of the male dominated society of these nations to not only control the sexuality of the women but of almost all the aspects of their life. Furthermore, this ritual while adversely affecting the wellbeing as well as the health of the women and the girls is a gross violation of the human rights or the basic fundamental rights of the girls and the women. In addition to these, it had been seen that although the different nations of the world like Sudan and Iraq in the recent years had taken the help of various measures, legislations and others but they have failed to help these nations to effectively reduce the high prevalence of FGM. However, in the relation mention needs to be made of the nation of Nigeria which in the recent years had been able to reduce the prevalence of FGM by more than half through the usage of adequate implementation and monitoring strategies for the effective usage of the different legislations, regulations and others related to FGM. This as a matter of fact has important implications for the nations like Iraq and Sudan since they also have the option to reduce the high prevalence of FGM in their territory through the usage of similar measures. Lastly, the study recommends the usage of adequate implementation, monitoring and evaluation strategies for the legislations, regulations and others related to FGM, empowerment of women and the spread of required awareness regarding the harmful effects of FGM on the health and the wellbeing of the women for reducing the high prevalence of the same. / <p>Due to Convid 19 the presentation was virtual. </p>

ABSTRACT “FGM is known to have no health benefits and has serious, immediate and long-term physical and psychological health consequences, which can be severe, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and reduced desire or sexual satisfaction” (28 Too Many, 2014, p5). This master thesis is an attempt to gain male perspectives in strategies to eradicate Female Genital Mutilation, FGM. The aim is to gain an understanding on how men view the concept of FGM in relation to existing norms such as gender, social and international norms. Literature tends to focus less on men’s roles and views compared to on women´s for how to end FGM. The male perspective is very important especially as literature shows that cultural practices in most cases benefit men compared to women as is shown in the case of FGM. Men are held in high esteem as the ones with a final deciding voice in the homes, institutions and the general community. This was also the case in the village of Mabonkani. Men hold powers to enable or prohibit actions and practices.  Therefore, if FGM is to end, men can, because of their positionality spearhead effective campaigns and awareness raising messages. Focus groups and interviews were used to obtain information. The empirical findings were analysed and categorised and then presented in tables, graphs and themes. The findings revealed a conflictual decision making that men face if/when they decide to abandon FGM as it is heavily tied to their cultural and social identity. Abandoning the practice also means that they face ostracism by their own community members, loss of identity as a family man and community member, breaking up social cohesion among other reasons. Men are keen on ending FGM after lengthy discussions on its complications at a personal and social level. Men expressed that they preferred the training of women than the removal of clitoris. They offered various solutions including sending girls to schools to address issues of informed consent/age as well as getting young people to be more involved in and to include all actors instead of picking just a few. The views of household men and youth were different. The youth embraced international norms. They suggested that it is up to them to change the future of the next generation through the information available and they no longer claim ignorance about FGM as was the case earlier.  All men interviewed cited challenges of identity, ostracism by their own community and lack of national laws to support their actions. The analysis looked at the human rights approach, how local communities can be influenced to abandon traditional harmful practices in favour of international norms that will promote gender equality and breakdown structural and systematic norms that discriminate.

A considerable amount of scholars, researchers and international actors have labeled the practise of female genital mutilation (FGM) a social norm, a large majority of these have failed to consider why they have made such a classification. This thesis investigates whether considering FGM a social norm is justifiable. This is done by applying the practise to Cristina Bicchieri’s model for diagnosing collective behaviour. The material which is used include quantitative data derived from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), as well as qualitative data in the form of previously conducted interviews. The social norms theory, and secondary analysis as a method, are used. Applying the practise of FGM to Bicchieri’s model showed that FGM fulfills the criteria suggested by the model which indicates that a collective practise is a social norm, which led to the conclusion that FGM can be justifiably considered a social norm.