This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the geographical labour mobility of employees in Sweden. The analysis employs a difference-indifference (DiD) approach to compare the mobility patterns of employees in treated municipalities with higher COVID-19 infectious rates to those in controlled municipalities with lower infectious rates. The study utilizes two primary datasets: population-wide micro-level data on COVID-19 infectious rates provided by the Swedish Public Health Agency, and aggregate data on employed commuters from Statistics Sweden. The latter dataset includes information on the residential and employed municipalities of individuals aged 16 and above between 2014 and 2021. The analysis focuses on the geographical mobility ratio which represents the proportion of employed commuters with different residential and employed municipalities. Regression models are used to estimate the treatment effect of COVID-19 on geographical labour mobility, controlling for municipality-specific factors and potential confounding variables. The results indicate that the treated municipalities with higher COVID-19 infectious rates exhibit significantly higher geographical labour mobility than the controlled municipalities. However, the main effect of time, representing the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, is found to be statistically non-significant, suggesting that the pandemic did not have a direct effect on workers' geographical mobility. Gender is found to have an equal influence on commuters' mobility patterns, irrespective of the impact of COVID-19. The study contributes to the understanding of labour mobility dynamics during a pandemic and highlights the importance of considering contextual factors such as infection rates and demographic characteristics. It also underscores the need for further research to explore the nuanced factors influencing remote work preferences among different demographic groups.

This dissertation aims to investigate alternative explanations for the adjustment of low-income inner-city minorities to residential locations. Particularly, this study searches for an answer to find the reason why low-income inner-city minorities do not move to residential locations with more job opportunities (suburbs). Much of the basis for the analysis in this dissertation derives from the irreversible investment theory under the assumption that moving can be considered as an irreversible investment. First, this study formulates a search model in which individuals simultaneously search for jobs and residential locations in two places: suburb and inner-city. Second, by employing The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and Geocode files, this study attempts to address how social capital plays a role in households’ moving decisions under the irreversibility assumption. This study presents evidence that the social capital has a negative causal effect on moving decision, that is, the high levels of social capital reduce the probability of moving.

The aim of this thesis is providing an initial insight into the quite recent Northern European immigration to Coastal Turkey through exploring its causes and consequences within the context of a particular locality, Didim where a single nationality group, the British, comprise the most prominent lifestyle migrant category. In that frame, three aspects of the migratory move namely the causes and the meaning of the move through the migrant narratives / the new social spaces created in terms of everyday practices of the migrants and the interactions with the locals / and the meanings of the changes for the locals have been elaborated. Within a descriptive ethnographic approach, in depth interviews were conducted in Didim with 20 British lifestyle migrants and 20 locals. It is found out that while the migratory move to Didim is a strategy devised by the British migrants to react to the broader social and cultural changes impacting their lives / the meaning of the same move for the locals of Didim is a change impacting their lives which requires devising new strategies for coping and for challenging. The encounters and co-habitation of the two groups of people from countries of different affluence levels and with a significant cultural distance, in the social setting of migration transgressing the boundaries of the already established context of international tourism, shape the daily life in Didim through the new social spaces being constructed and identities being constantly re-negotiated.

This dissertation examines migrants during a time of large-scale socio-economic transformations. These changes were particularly evident in the nineteenth-century town of Sundsvall, Sweden, to which thousands of men and women moved. The causes and consequences of their arrival are analyzed by considering migrants’ geographical backgrounds, socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and their life-courses in the town. The results are explained by employing a micro-perspective focusing on individual migrants and a macro-perspective that, in addition to acknowledging the importance of structural socio-economic changes, also takes into account the current gender regime. The paths and experiences of women during the period of industrialization are particularly emphasized. Computerized parish registers enable this study to clarify gendered patterns of socio-spatial mobility. It finds differences and similarities between male and female migrants and illuminates their features in pre-industrial and urban-industrial Sundsvall. The influx increased remarkably over time but its even gender distribution and the characteristics of migrants remained fairly constant even though the town’s economic life was based on the surrounding sawmill industry that should have favored men’s arrival. Female migrants traveled shorter distances but they responded to business cycles in much the same way as men did and paralleled their length of residence in the town. The routes migrants took to Sundsvall were largely gendered and so were the consequences of their arrival. Life-course analyses show that a high level of social stability characterized most migrants during their stay in the town, but men particularly benefited from the economic transformation that was underway. Women seldom experienced upward social mobility although the additional sources used here such as local newspapers reveal they were very active in the urban labor market. In addition to gender several factors influenced patterns of migration such as socio-economic transformations, the availability of social networks, improving transportation, and a growing supply of information. Migrants’ multiple movements reveal that regional and larger migration systems brought people to Sundsvall but also encouraged them to leave. Their frequent travels illuminates the process of migration on individual and structural levels and shed light onto the slow process of urbanization in Sweden. Shifts in women’s migration patterns are viewed both as a protest against gendered constraints and as a result of the wider public space and labor opportunities they achieved through the introduction of legal and socio-economic reforms in the late nineteenth-century. This thesis shows the necessity to employ both micro- and macro-perspectives inspired by approaches used in different disciplines to conceptualize migrants and their experience of socio-spatial mobility. The use of a variety of methods and diverse array of sources benefits such efforts and helps identify gendered patterns and women’s paths. These methodologies allow us to recognize migrants as agents of change who negotiated a turbulent time and setting that influenced their socio-spatial mobility. / digitalisering@umu

The object of this article is to study the mobilization of members of the Society of Jesus, as an example of the connection between different European and American territories in the early modern Spanish monarchy. It also reflects on the relation which might exist, in a Hispano-American world characterized by a situation of colonial domination and the birth of new societies and territories, between the mobility of members of religious orders and their ties to the local population. / El objeto de este artículo es estudiar la movilidad de los miembros de la Compañía de Jesús como uno de los ejemplos de la conexión entre los diferentes territorios europeos y americanos de la monarquía española en la Edad Moderna. Se trata también de reflexionar acerca de la relación que puede existir, en un mundo hispanoamericano caracterizado por una situación de dominación colonial y el nacimiento de nuevas sociedades y territorios, entre la movilidad de los religiosos y su arraigo local.

The purpose of this essay was to study how people could react to the changes of the society and modernization during the 1800s. The study is based on a qualitative method and the material for this study has been letters that belong to a peasantry family from Sunne, Värmland in Sweden. The purpose with this case studie has been to find out what the letter says about peoples experiences and conditions during the modernization. In this studie the theory of modernization has been limited to geographical mobility and individualism in purpose to see how the correspondent writes about these modern phenomenon. The results show a collectivistic character, but also how the modernization and geographical mobility challenge this concept. The letters also show a interaction between the  character of the peasant society and modernization.

This paper describes the rules of the Swedish unemployment insurance as regards the demands on the individual, the obligation posed on the individual based on these demands and the considerations taken by the law regarding the specific situation and personal circumstances of the individual. Special attention is paid to the demand to be available to the labour market and what is considered suitable employment from the viewpoint of geographical mobility. This paper treats “Arbetslinjen” (Everyone able to work, thereby contributing to his/her own and others' support, shall have the opportunity to do so.), and the amendments of ALF, the law (1997:238) about unemployment insurance, that became active between 1/1 2007 and 1/1 2008, since many alterations were introduced in this period. The result illustrates the demands posed on the individual for him/her to be entitled to unemployment benefit, and the far-reaching demands posed on the unemployed for him/her to be considered available to the labour market from the viewpoint of geographical mobility. The result also shows some of the specific situations and personal circumstances of the individual taken into consideration, but since the amendments are as recent as 1.5 years, the list can not be considered complete, as practice is limited in this field. This paper also treats the Official Employment Agency's monitoring function of the unemployed's willingness to work, and the effect of the regulations not being followed as strictly as per the letter of the law by the Employment Agency officers, leading to insecurity regarding the rights of the individual. / Denna uppsats beskriver reglerna i den svenska arbetslöshetsförsäkringen vad det gäller de krav som ställs på individen, de skyldigheter som åligger individen utifrån dessa krav och den hänsyn lagstiftningen tar till individuella förutsättningar och personliga förhållanden. Särskild uppmärksamhet fästs vid kraven att stå till arbetsmarknadens förfogande och vad som är ett lämpligt arbete utifrån perspektivet geografisk rörlighet. Uppsatsen behandlar Arbetslinjen och de ändringar i ALF som trätt i kraft mellan den 1 januari 2007 och den 1 januari 2008 eftersom en mängd förändringar införts under denna tid. Resultatet belyser några av de krav som ställs på den enskilde för att han eller hon skall ha rätt till arbetslöshetsersättning samt de långtgående krav som ställs för att den arbetssökande skall anses stå till arbetsmarknadens förfogande utifrån perspektivet geografisk rörlighet. Resultatet belyser också några av de hänsyn som tas till individuella förutsättningar och personliga förhållanden, men eftersom förändringarna inte är äldre än 1,5 år kan listan inte sägas vara uttömmande då praxis är begränsad inom området. I uppsatsen behandlas även Arbetsförmedlingens kontrollfunktion av de arbetssökandes arbetsvilja och några effekter av att regelverket inte efterlevs så strikt som lagen säger bland arbetsförmedlarna, vilket leder till en rättsosäkerhet för individen.

<p>This paper describes the rules of the Swedish unemployment insurance as regards the demands on the individual, the obligation posed on the individual based on these demands and the considerations taken by the law regarding the specific situation and personal circumstances of the individual. Special attention is paid to the demand to be available to the labour market and what is considered suitable employment from the viewpoint of geographical mobility. This paper treats “Arbetslinjen” (Everyone able to work, thereby contributing to his/her own and others' support, shall have the opportunity to do so.), and the amendments of ALF, the law (1997:238) about unemployment insurance, that became active between 1/1 2007 and 1/1 2008, since many alterations were introduced in this period.</p><p>The result illustrates the demands posed on the individual for him/her to be entitled to unemployment benefit, and the far-reaching demands posed on the unemployed for him/her to be considered available to the labour market from the viewpoint of geographical mobility. The result also shows some of the specific situations and personal circumstances of the individual taken into consideration, but since the amendments are as recent as 1.5 years, the list can not be considered complete, as practice is limited in this field.</p><p>This paper also treats the Official Employment Agency's monitoring function of the unemployed's willingness to work, and the effect of the regulations not being followed as strictly as per the letter of the law by the Employment Agency officers, leading to insecurity regarding the rights of the individual.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats beskriver reglerna i den svenska arbetslöshetsförsäkringen vad det gäller de krav som ställs på individen, de skyldigheter som åligger individen utifrån dessa krav och den hänsyn lagstiftningen tar till individuella förutsättningar och personliga förhållanden. Särskild uppmärksamhet fästs vid kraven att stå till arbetsmarknadens förfogande och vad som är ett lämpligt arbete utifrån perspektivet geografisk rörlighet. Uppsatsen behandlar Arbetslinjen och de ändringar i ALF som trätt i kraft mellan den 1 januari 2007 och den 1 januari 2008 eftersom en mängd förändringar införts under denna tid. Resultatet belyser några av de krav som ställs på den enskilde för att han eller hon skall ha rätt till arbetslöshetsersättning samt de långtgående krav som ställs för att den arbetssökande skall anses stå till arbetsmarknadens förfogande utifrån perspektivet geografisk rörlighet. Resultatet belyser också några av de hänsyn som tas till individuella förutsättningar och personliga förhållanden, men eftersom förändringarna inte är äldre än 1,5 år kan listan inte sägas vara uttömmande då praxis är begränsad inom området. I uppsatsen behandlas även Arbetsförmedlingens kontrollfunktion av de arbetssökandes arbetsvilja och några effekter av att regelverket inte efterlevs så strikt som lagen säger bland arbetsförmedlarna, vilket leder till en rättsosäkerhet för individen.</p>

L'organització del treball artesà de les societats preindustrials en gremis o confraries d'ofici semblava reforçar les tesis que postulaven la rigidesa i la immobilitat de les societats d'Antic Règim. Però, els pocs treballs realitzats a Catalunya sobre les estratègies familiars adoptades pels menestrals han apuntat que la transmissió intergeneracional de l'ofici i les estratègies matrimonials dirigides a casar-se amb membres del mateix entorn professional potser no es donaven d'una manera tan general com la historiografia havia subratllat. Aquestes haurien estat dues de les fórmules seguides per les famílies menestrals a fi de preservar un patrimoni força eteri en un marc econòmic ple d'incerteses i serien les responsables de la imatge de societats estàtiques o poc mòbils. Respondre aquestes dues qüestions és el punt de partida d'aquest treball. Per dur-lo a terme s'han analitzat les estratègies familiars dels menestrals d'un centre urbà català, Mataró, entre els segles XVII i XIX. / La organización del trabajo artesanal de las sociedades preindustriales en gremios o cofradías de oficio parecía reforzar las tesis que postulaban la rigidez y la inmovilidad de las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen. Pero, los pocos trabajos sobre las estrategias familiares seguidas por las familias menestrales basados en Cataluña, han apuntado como la transmisión intergeneracional del oficio y las estrategias matrimoniales dirigidas a casarse con miembros del mismo entorno profesional, quizá no se daban tan extensiblemente como siempre había subrayado la historiografía. Éstas habrían estado dos de las fórmulas seguidas por las familias menestrales para preservar un patrimonio bastante etéreo en un marco económico lleno de incertidumbre y serian las responsables de la imagen de sociedades estáticas o poco móviles. Responder a estas dos preguntas es el punto de partida de este estudio. Para ello, se han analizado las estrategias familiares de los menestrales de un centro urbano catalán, Mataró, entre los siglos XVII y XIX. / The organization of the home-produced work in pre-industrial societies in guilds or brotherhoods seemed to reassert the thesis which postulates the rigidity and immovability of societies during the Old Regime. But the few jobs done in Catalonia about the familiar strategies adopted by artisans, have pointed out that the intergenerational transmission of professions and marriage strategies in order to get married to members from the same professional area was not as usual as the historiography had shown. These strategies had been two of the ways followed by families of artisans in order to preserve an ethereal patrimony in an economical setting full of uncertainties, and they would be the responsible of the static and immovable societies. The aim of this study is to answer these two questions. In order to do so, familiar strategies of artisans from Mataró, an urban Catalan settlement during the XVIIth-XIXth centuries, have been analysed.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 MEX2010_Dissertação_Rachel Constant Vergara Mann.pdf: 587590 bytes, checksum: b7f38e073ef5e0697a4dc14ca6061828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-26 / The work occupies a definite place in the lives of individuals, this rich sense of individual and social, is a means of producing life of each one to provide subsistence, existential senses create or contribute to the structuring of identity and subjectivity. The current status of adoption and use of Information and Communication Technologies by organizations and individuals, showed an increase of the incorporation of technological devices that have the potential to change the spatial and temporal characteristics of the work, increasing worker mobility. Considering the fact that the individual to move, while moving through space, remodeling or attach your personal identity, professional, cultural, social or political from the mobility, the ultimate goal of this research was to reflect on that how the positive and negative impacts generated by the intense geographic mobility demanded by the profession, teachers are perceived by workers of a post-graduation courses in Business Administration moving from one territory to another (s), in order to exercise their teaching activities. Was performed for both a literature review concerning the meaning of work, presenting the following are some reflections on the changes in labor relations as a result of mutations in the workplace, addressing, finally, the theme Mobility of the workforce. After this step, we sought to understand the perspective of teaching workers through personal interviews analyzed in the light of the method of content analysis, the paths taken by them and meanings attributed to these experiences, seeking to understand how teaching workers highlighted represent the look on himself and others, to show the significance (positive and negative) of spatial mobility, daily practices and strategies of socialization and interaction with, and at the destination. It can be concluded that, although there are some factors that can make the constant spatial displacement of these workers a negative element to them, since they are sources of high demand physical and mental, of stress, overload, emotional stress, fatigue, anxiety, discouragement, frustration and dissatisfaction with the work, leading them to the constant removal of the social context and may result in serious consequences for the health of the worker. These constant shifts geographical become, however, a positive element, since the increase to allow their teaching practices through the experiences enriched by contacts, by learning acquired and the skills acquired in multicultural relationships, becoming space for self-fulfillment, social inclusion and recognition, prestige, status and sense of usefulness. / O trabalho ocupa um inegável espaço na vida dos indivíduos, sendo este rico de sentido individual e social, é um meio de produção da vida de cada um ao prover subsistência, criar sentidos existenciais ou contribuir na estruturação da identidade e da subjetividade. O cenário atual de adoção e uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação pelas organizações e pessoas, demonstra um crescimento da incorporação de dispositivos tecnológicos que têm o potencial de alterar as características espaciais e temporais do trabalho, aumentando a mobilidade do trabalhador. Considerando-se o fato de que o indivíduo ao deslocar-se, ao mover-se pelo espaço, anexa ou remodela sua identidade pessoal, profissional, cultural, social ou política a partir da mobilidade, o objetivo final desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre de que maneira os impactos positivos e negativos gerados pela intensa mobilidade geográfica demandados pelo exercício da profissão, são percebidos por trabalhadores docentes de curso de pós-graduação lato sensu em Administração que se deslocam de um território para outro(s), com a finalidade de exercerem suas atividades docentes. Realizou-se para tanto uma revisão bibliográfica acerca de sentido do trabalho, apresentando, a seguir, algumas reflexões sobre as alterações ocorridas nas relações de trabalho em decorrência de mutações no mundo do trabalho, abordando, por fim, o tema Mobilidade da força de trabalho. Após esta etapa, buscou-se compreender, na ótica desses trabalhadores docentes, por meio de entrevistas pessoais analisadas à luz do método de análise de conteúdo, os caminhos percorridos e significados atribuídos por eles a estas vivências, procurando perceber como os trabalhadores docentes em destaque representam o olhar sobre si e sobre os outros, visando demonstrar o significado (positivo e negativo) da mobilidade espacial, as práticas cotidianas e estratégias de sociabilidade e interação com e no local de destino. Pode-se concluir que, apesar de haver alguns fatores que podem tornar os constantes deslocamentos geográficos destes trabalhadores um elemento negativo para eles, uma vez que são fontes de alta demanda física e mental, geradoras de estresse, sobrecarga, tensão emocional, cansaço, ansiedade, desânimo, frustração e descontentamento em relação ao trabalho, levando-os ao afastamento constante do contexto social, podendo resultar em consequências graves para a saúde deste trabalhador. Estes constantes deslocamentos geográficos tornam-se, contudo, um elemento positivo, uma vez que possibilitam o incremento às suas práticas docentes, por meio das vivências enriquecidas pelos contactos estabelecidos, pelas aprendizagens realizadas e pelas capacidades de relacionamento em meios multiculturais adquiridas, tornando-se espaço de autorrealização, inserção e reconhecimento social, prestígio, status e de senso de utilidade.