Food system is complex and encompasses stakeholders from local, regional, and global level. The activities and outcomes of the food system are associated with environmental, economic, and social impacts. Due to the growing population, and urbanization, along with the fact that global food system contributes up to 30% of anthropogenic GHG emission, one of the main contributors to climate change, a sustainable food system that could meet the food demand in the urban areas is in need. Therefore, high-tech urban agriculture (HTUA) that uses advanced technologies and enables food production in a controlled environment is seen as a promising solution, which remains niche in Sweden. This study adopted the sustainable food system approach and used the theory of multi-level perspective (MLP) on sustainability transitions to explore this technology-driven transition and identify the challenges and opportunities in developing HTUA in Sweden. Through the analysis of five Swedish policy documents and interviews with four HTUA initiatives in Stockholm, three main aspects are identified: 1) external context; 2) policy environment; and 3) communication and influence, which are independent but also interconnected. According to the findings, the global environment and Swedish context, such as climatic condition and Swedish consumption, provide HTUA an opportunity to develop. The findings also suggest that though the characteristics of HTUA initiatives and the priorities within the Swedish policy environment have overlapping traits, the policies are not effectively translated into practice and thus making it challengeable to develop HTUA in the long run. Implementing more strict restrictions and regulations on the external price, providing an easier access to urban space, simplifying the procedure for the financial support, raising public awareness towards HTUA, and bridging the knowledge gap among all stakeholders through collaborations and partnerships are suggested to reduce the risk of initiating HTUA. However, further research is still required to understand the potential of HTUA in the transformation towards a sustainable food system.

The COVID-19 crisis has brought uncertainty to the global economy and companies around the world have been significantly affected by the pandemic. Companies in the traveling and hospitality, retail, and pharmaceutical industries have been particularly affected. This paper studies the impact of COVID-19 on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and employee well-being in these industries among small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) and larger-sized ones. The results showed that COVID-19 has had a negative effect on CSR and employee well-being in ten case study companies, based in the European Union. This negative effect could be overturned, however, if companies adopt certain measures. More concretely, five key factors have been identified: (i) leadership/management style; (ii) CSR form and orientation; (iii) alignment of CSR with the institutional environment, (iv) organizational changes, and (v) positive employees’ perceptions and reactions. Therefore, companies at all levels should pay more attention to the impact of COVID-19 on CSR and employee well-being and take countermeasures in order to mitigate the effects on the industry and advance sustainable development.

In the Forest Sámi community (Skogssameby) of Gällivare in northeastern Sweden, reindeer husbandry is in peril as commercial interests degrade viable reindeer habitat. Among clear-cut forest and young plantations, between highways and railroad tracks, reindeer seek dwindling food. Pressed into smaller and smaller patches of land, they become easier targets for large predators and run out of food more rapidly, forcing greater intervention by herders to ensure the survival of the reindeer. Two large wind power development projects, which, if built, will dominate the landscape, could catalyze a collapse in reindeer husbandry in Gällivare Sameby (Sámi community) from which reindeer herders and the reindeer population may struggle to recover. This loss would be catastrophic from human rights, ecological, and sustainability perspectives. Reindeer husbandry is a key cultural activity for the Sámi people, Europe’s only recognized Indigenous group; reindeer are also native to Sweden, and even a localized collapse in the population could have far-reaching ramifications for the local ecosystem; and reindeer are a critical source of sustainable food in the harsh arctic and sub-arctic climate of Sápmi. This case study is concerned with the pressures and encroachments on reindeer husbandry that have been observed by Henrik Andersson, a reindeer herder, activist, and board member of Gällivare Forest Sámi community. Through four weeks of fieldwork, including participatory observation and semi-structured interviews, I determined the issues that Henrik considered most pressing and attempted to gain a holistic understanding of the socio-ecological system. In this paper, I have examined the main challenges to the viability of reindeer husbandry in Gällivare Skogssameby and their relationship to one another and discussed the extent to which these challenges are caused and exacerbated by ongoing colonization of Swedish Sápmi and based in Sweden’s colonial history in the region. / Dálkke

Indonesia launched a sovereign green sukuk in 2018 to fund green projects that can contribute to addressing climate change and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This issuance also marked  the first sovereigngreen sukuk issuance in the world. Since then, Indonesia has issued five sovereign green sukuks and has mobilized 3.23 billion USD from these issuances. The money raised from these sovereign green sukuks has been directed to five eligible sectors: sustainable transportation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste toenergy and waste management, and resilience to climate change for disaster risk areas. This study aims to assess firstly how the money raised by the Indonesian sovereign green sukuk flows to the renewable energy powerplant projects. Secondly, this research also aims to identify what kind of barriers influence the flows of greensukuk money to the renewable energy power plant projects. A literature review is carried out to outline the barriers that have been known to exist in green bond and green sukuk financial flows from the previous research. Meanwhile, an exploratory single case study is employed to explore the flow of money and identify the barriersin Indonesia. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis.   Results show that there are two key actors in implementing the flow of money: the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The Ministry of Finance has a role as an issuer of the sovereigngreen sukuk. On the other hand, The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has a role as the project ownerin the renewable energy sector. Therefore, it requires good coordination between them since each ministry hasdifferent responsibilities and priorities. Meanwhile, there are three frameworks that determine the mechanismof the flow of finance. Firstly, the state budget. Secondly, the Law No. 19/2008 concerning Sovereign Sukuk and its subordinate legislation, which is the Government Regulation No. 56/2011 concerning Project Financingthrough Sovereign Sukuk Issuance. Lastly, the Republic of Indonesia Green Bond and Green Sukuk Framework.The involvement of these frameworks shows that the implementation of the sovereign green sukuk must alignto the management of the state budget, must be compliant with the sovereign sukuk law and its subordinate legislation, and must follow the green principles according to the Republic of Indonesia Green Bond and Green Sukuk Framework. This study also shows two main barriers: the lack of coordination between ministries and the lack of capacity in some of the regional governments. The lack of coordination between ministries has affected the formulation of the impact report. Since the impact report is one of the key components in the sovereign green sukuk, the delay in delivering the impact report and the lack of quality in providing theinformation in the impact report can diminish the investor’s confidence. Meanwhile, the lack of capacity insome of the regional governments to manage and operate the renewable energy power plants funded by the green sukuk has led these projects could not give the impact as expected in reducing emission and achieving the SDGs target in the rural areas.   Based on these results, this study suggests these recommendations: (1) The Ministry of Finance should consider establishing a directorate dedicated to exclusively handling green finance; (2) The ministries that own the projects should raise their awareness in reporting the impact of the green projects; (3) The coordination between the ministries should be improved in ensuring solid implementation in the issuance, allocation, and reporting phase; (4) The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources should ensure that the plan to build renewable energypower plants from the green sukuk are well-planned and well-executed. (5) The regional governments should increase their technical and financial capacity to ensure the sustainability of the renewable energy power plantsthey manage.

Stormwater is water that originates from snow or rainfall and that cannot naturally infiltrate the soil. When stormwater flows from hard surfaces it can transport different pollutants to watercourses. By measuring turbidity continuously and using the relationship between turbidity and pollutants the pollutant levels can be estimated. The aim of this study was partly to investigate the relationship between turbidity and phosphorus, metals and PAHs in stormwater in three catchment areas. This study also aimed to investigate how the distribution between dissolved and particulate bound concentrations of phosphorus and metals varied during different rain courses and at different catchment areas. The study was carried out in Uppsala and included continuous measurement of turbidity in three stormwater wells in three catchment areas. Seven samples were also taken at different precipitation occasions in both stormwater and in Fyrisån. In Svartbäcken there was a strong relationship between turbidity and phosphorus and metals. In Librobäck there was an indication that there was a strong relationship between turbidity and some metals and PAH:s. There was no relationship between turbidity and pollutants in Luthagen. Based on these samples, it is difficult to draw any conclusions about why the connections differed for certain pollutants and catchment areas. Due to the fact that the number of measuring points was too few the continuous measurement could not be used to estimate variations in pollution levels. To be able to use the continuous measurement, a longer sampling period and different precipitation occasions is needed. The continuous measurements were used to get an idea of when the samples were taken during the stormwater flow. The results also showed that all pollutants were mostly particulate bound for samples taken at the beginning of a precipitation occasion and with some precipitation during the sampling. For samples that did not take place in connection with stormwater runoff events, the distribution varied for the pollutants in the study. It has not been possible to see a clear trend for how the distribution between dissolved and particulate bound pollutants has varied between different catchment areas. / Dagvatten är vatten som uppkommer vid regn eller vid snösmältning och som inte kan infiltrera naturligt i marken. När dagvattnet avrinner ytligt på marken kan det föra med sig föroreningar till recipienten. Genom att mäta turbiditet kontinuerligt och utnyttja eventuella samband med föroreningar kan föroreningshalter i dagvatten uppskattas. Studien hade två huvudsakliga syften varav det ena var att undersöka samband mellan turbiditet och fosfor, metaller samt PAH:er i dagvatten i tre avrinningsområden. Detta för att se om sambanden kunde användas för att med hjälp av kontinuerlig mätning av turbiditet uppskatta föroreningshalter vid avrinningsområdena. Det andra syftet var att undersöka hur fördelningen mellan lösta och partikulärt bundna andelar fosfor och metaller varierade under olika regnförlopp och vid olika avrinningsområden.  Studien utfördes i Uppsala och innefattade delvis kontinuerlig mätning av turbiditet i tre dagvattenbrunnar i tre avrinningsområden. Det gjordes även sju stickprovtagningar vid olika nederbördstillfällen i både dagvatten och i Fyrisån. I Svartbäcken visade resultaten att det fanns starka samband mellan turbiditet och fosfor och metaller. I Librobäck fanns det en indikation för starka samband mellan turbiditet och fosfor samt vissa metaller och PAH:er. I Luthagen fanns det dock inga samband mellan turbiditet och undersökta föroreningarna. Utifrån dessa prover var det svårt att dra några slutsatser kring varför sambanden skilde sig åt för vissa föroreningar och avrinningsområden. På grund av att antalet mätpunkter var för få kunde inte den kontinuerliga mätningen användas för att uppskatta variationer av föroreningshalter. För att kunna använda den kontinuerliga mätningen behövs en längre provtagningsperiod med fler provtagningar.  Resultatet visade även att den partikulärt bundna andelen dominerade för alla föroreningar vid de provtagningar som togs i början på ett nederbördstillfälle och vid viss nederbörd. Vid provtagningar som utfördes senare under nederbördstillfället varierade fördelningen för de olika föroreningarna. Det har inte varit möjligt att se en tydlig trend för hur fördelningen mellan lösta och partikulärt bundna föroreningar varierade mellan olika avrinningsområden.

Background: Wetlands store significant amounts of carbon through plant respiration and anaerobic peat formation, however, there is little knowledge on which factors affect the carbon storage distribution within wetlands. Aims: To determine how much carbon and nitrogen wetlands can store over time and whether there are patterns of high and low carbon and nitrogen storage within wetlands. Methods: Peat samples of a defined volume, cut out from three constructed wetlands were dried, weighed and analysed for their carbon and nitrogen content. To determine whether there are any patterns in carbon and nitrogen storage distribution or differences between sampling points, their values as well as their ratios were statistically analysed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis. Results: On average 48.94 t C ha-1is stored at the constructed wetland facility which equates 3.06 t C ha-1 storage per year. There is no patterns in carbon storage within wetlands, however, the C:N mass ratio is lower at the inlet suggesting that high N concentrations in inflowing water increases N content. Conclusions: The carbon storage found is significantly lower than storage at natural inland and coastal wetlands, however, similar to anthropogenically affected wetlands. Standardisation across studies through using same sampling depths, vegetation cover measurement and climate classification may help to uncover patterns in carbon storage in the future. Focus should be placed on protecting wetlands rather than restoring them as the latter often fails to restore full functionality. This is especially important for cold climate wetlands which store significantly more carbon through slower plant respiration and subsequently slower re-uptake of carbon.

As environmental challenges are increasing in the current era of the Anthropocene, there is a growing need to understand what would instigate pro-environmental behaviour. One such factor that research has suggested is to (re)connect people with nature. This research aims to find out whether school pedagogy can have a role in this by investigating the relation between pupils’ human–nature connection (HNC) and the pedagogy of the school they attend. In order to do this, the study uses ACHUNAS, a recently developed framework to assess where and how children connect to nature. Two types of school took part in the research: one conventional school and two alternative schools, all rural schools. Based on semi-structured interviews and participant observations, the study found that there is indeed a relation between the pedagogical approach of the school and the HNC of the pupils. Alternative schools offered more recurring and more versatile nature experiences than the conventional school, and pupils in alternative schools had developed more abilities of HNC than their peers in conventional schools. Pupils in alternative schools stated that the school had changed their HNC, while in the conventional school half of the pupils stated that the school had made no impact on their HNC. On top of the findings related to the relation between school pedagogy and HNC, the study found two aspects of HNC that could be included in the ACHUNAS framework. / Tendo em vista que os desafios ambientais estão se tornando mais comuns no atual Antropoceno, há uma necessidade crescente de se entender os fatores que favorecem um comportamento sustentável. Um fator sugerido por várias pesquisas é a (re)conexão com a natureza. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descobrir se a pedagogia escolar possui um papel neste processo, ao investigar a relação entre a conexão com a natureza de estudantes e a abordagem pedagógica utilizada pela escola em que frequentam. Para isto, esta pesquisa empregou o método “ACHUNAS”, desenvolvido recentemente para avaliar onde e como as crianças desenvolvem uma conexão com a natureza. Três escolas do campo participaram desta pesquisa: uma escola convencional e duas escolas alternativas. Utilizando os métodos de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações participativas, esta pesquisa descobriu que há uma relação entre a abordagem pedagógica da escola e a conexão com a natureza dos seus estudantes. As escolas alternativas ofereceram experiências na natureza com maior frequência e variação comparadas à escola convencional. Os estudantes das escolas alternativas mostraram maiores habilidades de conexão com a natureza do que os estudantes da escola convencional. Os estudantes das escolas alternativas afirmaram que a escola mudou a conexão deles com a natureza, enquanto que a metade dos estudantes na escola convencional disseram que a escola não teve um impacto na conexão deles com a natureza. Além dos resultados relacionados à relação entre a pedagogia e a conexão com a natureza, esta pesquisa descobriu dois aspetos da conexão com a natureza que poderiam ser incluídos no ACHUNAS. / Concepções, práticas e conexão de professores e estudantes com a natureza em escolas rurais no norte de Mato Grosso

Green areas are important in people’s lives in many aspects such as physical, psychological, social and health. This study was carried out with the objective of examining if there are differences in green area accessibility and availability in the areas with different socioeconomic backgrounds using environmental justice (EJ) perspectives. The study used secondary data from the statistics department and the Environmental protection agency and used 30 DeSO areas (Demographic statistic areas in Sweden) in Stockholm with 15 low-income areas and 15 high-income areas. Variables such as the proportion of people with foreign background, the proportion of people with high education, the proportion of children and income levels selected for the analysis for green area availability and accessibility. The results show that the selected areas have adequate and recommended green area availability irrespective of the income level. But, when it comes to the green area per capita (amount of green area per person) in the neighbourhoods, a higher statistically significant negative effect was found for the proportion of people with a foreign background. By examining the green area per capita for the social group separately, the study did not find any significant differences, which emphasize that the low-income areas with a high proportion of people with foreign background have to share green areas with many people which are a problem of the existence of an environmental injustice issue. The study showed that in the buffer area there is a favourable per capita green area compared to within the neighbourhood, which could be a risk of increasing more socio-economic segregation. The study suggests that there should be more green area recreational facilities and quality to be established around the low-income neighbourhoods with a high proportion of foreign background people. The involvement of experts from different backgrounds will be advantageous to implement successful policy and regulations for green area development. In addition, green area planning, developing and policy enforcements to be done through the participation of citizens in order to take account of ethnic consideration and individual perceptions and attitudes. The study can be further extended to a successful field study as well as by using the advanced GIS-based systems to determine the accessibility for the ethnic and religious groups of the areas in this study.

Arctic temperatures are rising twice as fast as global temperatures. Consequently, understanding theeffect of this change on glacial dynamics and sea-level variations is of critical importance. The high-Arcticarchipelago of Svalbard is a unique site to study ice marginal landforms and their paleo-environmentalimplications and to link Holocene climate and glacial variations. This study maps and age dates themoraine complex of Nansenbreen, a glacier terminating in the fjord of Isfjorden, in Borebukta north ofErdmannflya lowland. This reconstruction aims to determine the processes of formation of the morainecomplex and its implications for sea-level, glacial activity and Late Holocene climate reconstruction andmodelling. A sedimentological and landform map is therefore produced, using aerial images and fieldobservations. The map is coupled with radiocarbon dating of moraine deposits. Thereby, two moraines are differentiated. The most ice-distal moraine is interpreted as marking themaximum extent of Nansenbreen. Both moraines present features suggesting that they were glaciotectonisedthrough englacial-thrusting during surge events. Radiocarbon dates allow to establish a maximumconstraining age of 750 +/- 50 years BP for the maximum extent of Nansenbreen. This age correspondsto the Medieval Warm Period, an epoch marked by warm climate conditions. Hence, it is thoughtthat Nansenbreen underwent a surge triggered by influxes of warm Atlantic ocean currents into Isfjorden.Finally, the mapping shows that the moraines formed after a regression undergone by the wholeErdmannflya lowland. Erdmannflya therefore represents a suitable study site for sea-level studies. / Svalbard Holocene Elucidation of Raised Beach Emergence and Timing (SHERBET)

The stable isotope ratio of non-exchangeable hydrogen (δ2Hn) emerged as a promising new tool for source attribution in aquatic ecology, which can better discriminate between the organic matter sources. However, determining the absolute isotopic values is problematic due to the functional groups with hydrogen (H) that can easily exchange with the ambient water. This can lead to significant uncertainties in the absolute isotopic values, which eventually translates into errors in source attribution. However, controlled H exchange experiments with dual water equilibrations can alleviate this problem. However, current methods report significant variation in the absolute values, likely originating in partial H exchange, uncertainty in fractionation factors between exchangeable H and ambient water, and residual moisture. Here I used two methods for H exchange based on steam and liquid water using novel equipment for sample preparation called the Isobox. I evaluated the exchangeable H fraction in materials commonly analysed in ecology. Furthermore, I have investigated how these methods and associated analytical uncertainties can influence the mathematical mixing models used to resolve the source attribution using known sample mixtures made with soils and algae. The results show that 1) H exchange experiments using liquid water equilibration provide a higher exchangeable H fraction than the steam-based method, which was approximately three times higher. 2) The two-source mixing model proved to effectively determine the source attribution with known soil and algae mixtures, as evidenced by both water and steam equilibration. However, prior exposure to isotopically divergent waters can lead to source attribution errors, particularly with steam-based methods that provide low exchangeable H fractions. 3) When labile H is fully exchanged, source attribution does not depend on absolute δ2Hn determination, and simple one-water equilibration is sufficient. 4) Additional uncertainties in source attribution could originate from fractionation factors and δ2H measurement variability. The findings of this study conclude that the variations in fractionation factors did not significantly alter the mixing model as the error was below 5%. 5) Based on these experiments, I recommend keeping the analytical uncertainty of δ2H below ±5‰, which amounts to about a 6% error factor in source attribution. Finally, these experiments and analyses show how the methods can generate reliable data, depending on the research questions and whether absolute or relative isotopic values are required. This study provides different analytical pathways.