Esta dissertação busca apresentar uma leitura do ensaio A teoria do romance, de Georg Lukács, atentando para o nexo formulado pelo autor entre a forma romance e a modernidade. Para este objetivo, procurou-se retraçar os momentos de diálogo que essa obra estabelece com a teoria do romance de Friedrich Schlegel. Não se trata de uma tentativa de rastrear as influências que por ventura estejam presentes no ensaio de Lukács, mas de mostrar como A teoria do romance pode ser reconstituída a partir das críticas à teoria do romance do romantismo. Pretende-se expor como a investigação da forma romance, essa forma que como nenhuma outra expressa o desabrigo transcendental, consiste para Lukács em uma via de acesso e crítica à experiência de alienação que vigora no mundo moderno. / This dissertation aims to present a reading of the essay A theory of the novel, by Georg Lukács, paying special attention to the link between the novel form and modernity formulated by the author. To this end, the moments of dialogue that Lukács work establishes with the theory of the novel of Friedrich Schlegel were retraced. It is not an attempt to track influences that may be present in the essay, but to show how The theory of the novel can be reconstructed from the critiques of the romantic theory of the novel. We intend to point out how the investigation of the novel form, the form that like no other expresses the transcendental homelessness, consists for Lukács in a gateway to and critique of the experience of alienation that takes place in the modern world.

Esta dissertação busca apresentar uma leitura do ensaio A teoria do romance, de Georg Lukács, atentando para o nexo formulado pelo autor entre a forma romance e a modernidade. Para este objetivo, procurou-se retraçar os momentos de diálogo que essa obra estabelece com a teoria do romance de Friedrich Schlegel. Não se trata de uma tentativa de rastrear as influências que por ventura estejam presentes no ensaio de Lukács, mas de mostrar como A teoria do romance pode ser reconstituída a partir das críticas à teoria do romance do romantismo. Pretende-se expor como a investigação da forma romance, essa forma que como nenhuma outra expressa o desabrigo transcendental, consiste para Lukács em uma via de acesso e crítica à experiência de alienação que vigora no mundo moderno. / This dissertation aims to present a reading of the essay A theory of the novel, by Georg Lukács, paying special attention to the link between the novel form and modernity formulated by the author. To this end, the moments of dialogue that Lukács work establishes with the theory of the novel of Friedrich Schlegel were retraced. It is not an attempt to track influences that may be present in the essay, but to show how The theory of the novel can be reconstructed from the critiques of the romantic theory of the novel. We intend to point out how the investigation of the novel form, the form that like no other expresses the transcendental homelessness, consists for Lukács in a gateway to and critique of the experience of alienation that takes place in the modern world.

C. D. Friedrich est le plus souvent présenté, dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, comme un peintre oublié durant les décennies qui ont suivi sa mort à Dresde, en 1840. Peu connu en dehors de son Allemagne natale, il n’aurait été redécouvert que grâce à cette grande rétrospective de l’art allemand que fut la Berliner Jahrhundert Ausstellung de 1906. La première biographie du XXe siècle que lui consacre l’historien norvégien Andreas Aubert, Dieu, liberté, patrie (Gott, Freiheit, Vaterland, 1915) attire l’attention sur l’orientation politique et patriotique de certaines de ses peintures. Cette thèse propose de reconsidérer divers aspects de la réception de l’œuvre du peintre, en la plaçant, non plus dans le seul contexte allemand mais dans celui, européen, du XIXe siècle. Si Friedrich a été longtemps méconnu des historiens d’art, il devint, de par sa culture poméranienne germano-scandinave, une référence aux yeux d’artistes scandinaves, qui entrèrent personnellement en contact avec lui ou par l’intermédiaire de son voisin d’atelier, le peintre norvégien J C. C. Dahl. Sujet d’intenses débats, non exempts de considérations politiques, la peinture de paysage est également devenue un enjeu patriotique en Allemagne et dans les pays scandinaves. L’objectif est de préciser la place de l’esthétique de Friedrich dans l’instauration de traditions picturales nordiques, au-delà des affinités et résonances pouvant unir les œuvres entre elles. Le suivi de cette trajectoire, passant par les pays nordiques et parvenant en France, permet également de relancer la question de la réception de Friedrich dans les milieux artistiques français, où il n’a pas exposé. / According to traditional historiography, Caspar David Friedrich was almost forgotten during several decades following his death in Dresden in 1840. Little known outside his native Germany, it is often said that he was rediscovered through the great retrospective of German nineteenth century art, the Berliner Jahrhundertausstellung, in 1906. The first biography of the artist published in the twentieth century, God, Freedom, Fatherland (Gott, Freiheit, Vaterland, 1915) by the Norwegian art historian, Andreas Aubert, draws attention on the patriotic orientation of some of his paintings. This thesis proposes to discuss different aspects of the reception of his oeuvre, not only in the German, but in the European context of the 19th century. If the painter was not recognized by the historians, he emerged, mainly thanks to his German-scandinavian Pomeranian culture, as a model among Scandinavian artists, who came largely through personal contact with Friedrich himself or via his neighbour and friend, the Norwegian painter J. C. C. Dahl. In the heart of intense debates in Germany and Scandinavia, landscape painting became a subject of political interest. This thesis is pointing the heritage of Friedrich aesthetics in the birth of Nordic painting traditions, beyond resonances and visual affinities between works. Following this itinerary through Nordic countries, reaching France, permits to question again the reception of Friedrich in French artistic milieux, where he never was on public display.

O presente trabalho visa investigar os conceitos de crítica e experiência na obra de Walter Benjamin em torno dos anos de 1920, como resultado dos desdobramentos do Programa de 1918, de modo a pôr em relevo seu entrelaçamento com os conceitos de mito e Iluminismo. Para tanto, este trabalho concentra-se no estudo da dissertação de doutoramento do filósofo acerca do romantismo de Iena, bem como seu ensaio crítico sobre As afinidades eletivas de Goethe. Quanto ao primeiro, mostra-se que o conceito de crítica imanente une-se às perspectivas da filosofia e poesia românticas, o que se deve, em especial, ao messianismo presente veladamente no conceito de reflexão. No segundo, tem-se em vista o problema da crítica e da experiência em nova chave, cujos desdobramentos assinalam as relações entre mito e Iluminismo, o que também inclui uma crítica ao eterno retorno, a concepção mítica do tempo. / The present paper aims to investigate the concepts of critique and experience in the work of Walter Benjamin written in the years around 1920, which was derived from On the program of the coming philosophy written in 1918 and thus to highlight their intertwined relationship with the concepts of myth and Enlightenment. To do so, this paper focuses on Benjamin\'s doctorate thesis, The concept of art criticism in German romanticism, as well as on his critical essay on Goethes Elective Affinities. Regarding the first one, we show that the concept of immanent critique joins the perspectives of romantic philosophy and poetics, which is particularly due to the hidden presence of messianism in the concept of reflection. In the second one, we focus on the problem of critique and experience in a new formulation, whose developments show the relations between myth and Enlightenment, which also includes a critique of the eternal return, the mythical concept of time.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal a tradução e o estudo da Charakteristik, caracterização, escrita por Friedrich Schlegel sobre Giovanni Boccaccio, chamada Nachricht von den poetischen Werken des Johannes Boccaccio, Relato sobre as obras poéticas de Giovanni Boccaccio, de 1801, bem como o estabelecimento de sua importância para a teoria da forma narrativa breve denominada Novelle. O estudo preliminar que antecede o trabalho é dividido em duas partes, nas quais buscamos entender a importância da teoria crítica de Friedrich Schlegel, iluminar as peculiaridades da caracterização traduzida, e descrever os principais procedimentos do crítico e filósofo alemão. No estudo também procuramos analisar as teorias sobre a novela do período conhecido como primeiro romantismo alemão, tentando definir a contribuição de Friedrich Schlegel para estas teorias, e esclarecer certos aspectos de sua recepção por parte da crítica literária ocidental. A principal hipótese que formulamos é a de que a caracterização de Schlegel é um exemplo de hermenêutica literária capaz de mesclar a análise filosófica, filológica e poética em uma abordagem histórica. Desta forma, os elementos extrínsecos e intrínsecos da obra literária seriam vistos como um todo orgânico. Esta obra de arte crítica, como Schlegel costumava definir sua Charakteristik, representaria tanto o sensus spiritualis, como o sensus literalis, contemplando, em sua letra e em seu espírito, a tendência [Tendenz] da obra, que seria o resultado da análise crítica progressiva, divinatória e universal do fenômeno literário. / The main purpose of this dissertation is the translation and study of the Charakteristik characterization, written by Friedrich Schlegel about Giovanni Boccaccio, called Nachricht von den poetischen Werken des Johannes Boccaccio, Note on the poetic works of Giovanni Boccaccio, from 1801, as well as to establish its importance for the theory of the short prose narrative called Novelle. The preliminary study prior to the translation has been separated in two parts, in which we aim at understanding the importance of Friedrich Schlegels critical theory, highlight the peculiarities of the translated characterization, and describe the main procedures of the German critic. At the study we also seek to analyze the theories about the novelle from the period known as the early German romanticism, trying to define the contribution of Friedrich Schlegel for these theories, and clarify certain aspects of his reception by the Western literary criticism. The main hypothesis we formulate is that Schlegels characterization is an example of literary hermeneutics, capable of mixing a philosophical, philological and poetic analyze within a historical approach. This way, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the literary artwork would be seen as an organic whole. This critical artwork, as Schlegel used to define his Charakteristik, would stand for the sensus spiritualis as well as for the sensus literalis, contemplating, in its letter and spirit, the tendency [Tendenz] of the work, which would be the result of a progressive, divinatory and universal critical analyze of literary phenomenon.

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La peinture de Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), connue pour être une peinture« métaphysique », ayant une forte charge symbolique, donne lieu à toutes sortes déconstructions idéologiques. Notre travail propose une réflexion, au travers de cet art et de ses interprétations, sur la notion même de « romantisme ». Il s’agit de montrer qu’un examen précis de la représentation que le romantisme allemand a de lui-même offre des possibilités herméneutiques encore en partie inédites pour qui veut comprendre Friedrich en tant que peintre romantique allemand. C’est ce que nous avons tâché de faire apparaître dans une approche philosophique qui associe présence au tableau comme objet capable de produire lui-même son sens, inscription dans le contexte des pensées contemporaines de cet art, et examen des résonances de ce romantisme dans l’art d’aujourd’hui. Recentrant l’interprétation du romantisme allemand sur la pensée de Novalis, nous avons pris pour fil conducteur la formulation du programme explicite de ce que lui-même dénomme la« philosophie romantique » dans un fragment célèbre (« Le monde doit être romantisé.C’est ainsi que l’on retrouvera le sens originel ») et qui fait du romantisme un concept opératoire, une opération ou technique — un « art de ». L’enjeu de cette thèse est de clarifier ainsi le sens philosophique de l’exigence romantique allemande, à entendre comme un idéal esthétique, donc comme un concept normatif, tout en cherchant à explorer dans la philosophie romantique de l’art le thème à nos yeux négligé de la peinture comme art visuel. A ce titre, elle n’est pas une monographie sur Friedrich, elle interroge, par son prisme, la philosophie romantique. / The painting of Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), known for being ‘metaphysical’ andstrongly charged with symbolism, has given rise to all sorts of ideological constructions.Based on this art and its manifold interpretations our study reflects on the very notion of‘romanticism’. It seeks to demonstrate that a precise examination of the representation that romanticism has of itself offers hermeneutic possibilities that still remain partially unexplored for anyone wishing to understand Friedrich as a German romantic painter. Our philosophical approach endeavours to pay close attention to the paintings as objects capable of producing their own meaning, as well as situating this art in the context of contemporary ideas and conceptions, and analyzing the resonances of this romanticism inthe art of today. Re-focusing the interpretation of German romanticism onto the thought of Novalis we have adopted as a guiding thought the formulation of a programme that explicitly terms itself “romantic philosophy” in a celebrated fragment (“The world must be romanticized. In this way one finds again its original meaning”), and which renders romanticism an operational concept, an operation, technique or method – an “art of”.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to clarify the philosophical sense of the romantic imperative,understood as an aesthetic ideal, i.e. as a normative concept, while seeking to explore inthe romantic philosophy of art the hit her to neglected topic of painting as a visual art.Accordingly, this work is not a monograph on Friedrich. Rather, through the prism of his art it questions the status and nature of romantic philosophy itself.

My research on Victor Brauner’s work in the first two decades of his affiliation with the Surrealist group in Paris re-establishes the role played by the Romanian Jewish artist in the definition of automatic Surrealist procedures of painting and mixed-technique objects that relied upon a new and unconventional understanding of the occult. In the three chapters of this study of Victor Brauner’s work in the 1930s and early 1940s, I analyse key notions, such as the fantastic, animal magnetism, and the occult practices of art making in a Surrealist context. The fantastic is discussed in the first chapter of the thesis from a literary perspective with political connotations in Surrealism, which resulted from a debate engaged in nineteenth-century French literature on the issue of the marvellous versus the fantastic. Due to the Surrealists’ interest in the fantastic a new category emerged, the fantastic art, which is examined in this first chapter in connection with Brauner’s artworks in the 1930s. The incursion into the fantastic, with focus on the premonition of the painter’s left eye loss in his artworks of the 1930s is completed with an approach to spiritualism that had a revival at the time. The second chapter of the thesis investigates the doctrine of animal magnetism and the state of magnetic somnambulism in eighteenth-century scholarship and shows how this experimentation had influenced the development of a new branch of the science, metapsychics or psychical research at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth one. I take into account and demonstrate that these outdated and modern domains of enquiry into the unknown and beyond reality were appealing to Surrealists, in particular to Brauner, due to their research into unconscious processes of the mind. I argue that through the attainment of a condition similar to the one of the somnambulist in sessions of magnetic sleep, the Surrealists aimed to generate automatic procedures of painting and object making. In the third chapter of the thesis I discuss Victor Brauner’s technique of drawing with a candle, or le cirage, as an automatic procedure of art developed in connection with the occult. This final part of the thesis makes also manifest the association of Brauner’s artworks in the early 1940s with practices of the occult in the near and centuries before past.

Die Dissertation untersucht die Entwicklung des Gesamtkunstwerk-Konzeptes und seine Aktualität, Möglichkeit und Notwendigkeit in Bezug auf ein modernes filmisches Gesamtkunstwerk. Ausgegangen wird von der ästhetischen Theorie und Praxis der deutschen Frühromantik, in der das Konzept wurzelt. In einer umfassenden Betrachtung und Analyse der ästhetischen und gesellschaftspolitischen Dimension des Konzeptes in den Schriften und dem Werk Richard Wagners sollen wesentliche Strukturmerkmale erkundet und soll ein Maßstab für ein ‚positives‘ zeit-genössisches Gesamtkunstwerk gebildet werden, das sich von seinem ideologischen Missbrauch befreit. Erforscht wird, inwiefern der Farb- und Tonspielfilm ein geeignetes Kunstmedium für die Anwendung des Konzeptes darstellt und wie sich die Frage seiner gesellschaftspolitischen Dimension in der globalen Epoche übersetzen lässt. / The dissertation explores the evolution of the concept of the Total Work of Art (ʹGesamtkunstwerkʹ) as well as its actuality, feasibility and necessity in the form of a modern cinematic Gesamtkunstwerk. Starting point is the aesthetic theory and praxis of the Early German Romanticism, in which the concept is rooted. An extensive consideration and analysis of the concept in both its aesthetic and socio-political dimension as developed in the writings and works of Richard Wagner aims to define its essential structural features and to set the standard for a ʹpositiveʹ contemporary Gesamtkunstwerk beyond its ideological abuse. Key is the examination of how and to what extend the sound and colour feature film constitutes a legit artistic medium for the application of the concept as well as how its sociopolitical facet translates within the global era.