Although citation counts are widely used to support research evaluation, they can only reflect academic impacts, whereas research can also be useful outside academia. There is therefore a need for alternative indicators and empirical studies to evaluate them. Whilst many previous studies have investigated alternative indicators for journal articles and books, this thesis explores the importance and suitability of four web indicators for conference papers. These are readership counts from the online reference manager Mendeley and citation counts from Google Patents, Wikipedia and Google Books. To help evaluate these indicators for conference papers, correlations with Scopus citations were evaluated for each alternative indicator and compared with corresponding correlations between alternative indicators and citation counts for journal articles. Four subject areas that value conferences were chosen for the analysis: Computer Science Applications; Computer Software Engineering; Building & Construction Engineering; and Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering. There were moderate correlations between Mendeley readership counts and Scopus citation counts for both journal articles and conference papers in Computer Science Applications and Computer Software. For conference papers in Building & Construction Engineering and Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, the correlations between Mendeley readers and citation counts are much lower than for journal articles. Thus, in fields where conferences are important, Mendeley readership counts are reasonable impact indicators for conference papers although they are better impact indicators for journal articles. Google Patent citations had low positive correlations with citation counts for both conference papers and journal articles in Software Engineering and Computer Science Applications. There were negative correlations for both conference papers and journal articles in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. However, conference papers in Building and Construction Engineering attracted no Google Patent citations. This suggests that there are disciplinary differences but little overall value for Google Patent citations as impact indicators in engineering fields valuing conferences. Wikipedia citations had correlations with Scopus citations that were statistically significantly positive only in Computer Science Applications, whereas the correlations were not statistically significantly different from zero in Building & Construction Engineering, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering and Software Engineering. Conference papers were less likely to be cited in Wikipedia than journal articles were in all fields, although the difference was minor in Software Engineering. Thus, Wikipedia citations seem to have little value in engineering fields valuing conferences. Google Books citations had positive significant correlations with Scopus-indexed citations for conference papers in all fields except Building & Construction Engineering, where the correlations were not statistically significantly different from zero. Google Books citations seemed to be most valuable impact indicators in Computer Science Applications and Software Engineering, where the correlations were moderate, than in Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, where the correlations were low. This means that Google Book citations are valuable indicators for conference papers in engineering fields valuing conferences. Although evidence from correlation tests alone is insufficient to judge the value of alternative indicators, the results suggest that Mendeley readers and Google Books citations may be useful for both journal articles and conference papers in engineering fields that value conferences, but not Wikipedia citations or Google Patent citations.

This paper is a comparing study of the retrieval effectiveness of the search engines Google, Google Scholar and Scirus. The aim is to find out how good they are at retrieving relevant academic material in the research-field of Library and Information science. The thirty search questions where based on actual information needs collected from exams within the field of Library and Information Science. This method was used to prevent that none of the search engines were given an advantage because of construction of the information needs. The first twenty retrieved documents on the retrieval lists are examined for academic content and relevance. The methods of measuring the effectiveness of the search engines are Precision, Relative Recall and Jaccards Index. Academic content both relevant and non-relevant material for the information need is judged and the result is presented in percent. Binary scale is used for judging the relevance of the retrieved documents. Guiding principles are being followed when it comes to judging whether a document contains academic content or not. Citation only, book links, inactive, duplicate and mirror links are all considered as being irrelevant. Scirus gets the highest scores, thereafter Google and Google Scholar gets the lowest score. All three search engines don’t retrieve the same relevant material frequently so it could be advisable to use all three for greater coverage.

A presente pesquisa analisou a acurácia posicional horizontal das bases do Bing Maps, Google Maps e da World Imagery da Esri quando utilizadas como referência espacial on-line em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica no Município de São Paulo (MSP). A metodologia adotada foi a baseada no Decreto Federal no 89.817/84 e na Análise Estatística proposta por Merchant (1982). A análise da acurácia foi desenvolvida a partir das diferenças entre as coordenadas de 240 pontos nas cartas 1:1.000 do Mapa Digital da Cidade de São Paulo (MDC) em relação às coordenadas homólogas nas três bases, considerando separadamente as coordenadas do eixo Norte e Este. A base do Google Maps para o MSP foi dividida em duas (mosaico de ortofotos na área central e mosaico de imagens de satélite nas regiões periféricas), devido à grande diferença de acurácia entre os dois produtos. Para classificar cada base a partir do Decreto 89.817 foi definida a escala na qual somente 10% das discrepâncias tivessem seu valor superior ao PEC, e a escala na qual o Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) da amostra das discrepâncias fosse igual a 60,8% do PEC. A escala final selecionada foi a menor (menos detalhada) entre as definidas em cada um dos processos. A Análise Estatística foi baseada nos testes de tendência e precisão. Como as três bases apresentaram tendência, a escala definida pelo teste de precisão não foi considerada no cômputo final das escalas, devido à dificuldade de se eliminar a tendência nessas bases quando utilizadas no SIG. As escalas finais obtidas, relativas à classe A, foram: Google Maps (imagens de satélite): 1:12.400; Google Maps (ortofotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 e Word Imagery da ESRI: 1:8.420. Concluiu-se que os três produtos com escalas próximas a 1:10.000 apresentam acurácia para serem utilizados como bases em SIGs nos estudos para planejamento urbano e que o Google Maps (ortofotos, com escala próxima a 1:4.000) pode ser igualmente utilizada para planejamento, mas em função de sua acurácia maior, pode servir também para a gestão de serviços urbanos. A principal limitação encontrada para as bases no uso como referência espacial em SIGs foi a inclinação das feições distantes do nadir da imagem ou da ortofoto e o consequente recobrimento de áreas adjacentes a essas feições. Entretanto, essa limitação se mostrou quase desprezível para as escalas definidas para as bases na análise da acurácia. / This research has analyzed the horizontal positional accuracy of basemaps Bing Maps, Google Maps and ESRIs World Imagery when used as an online spatial reference within a Geographic Information System for the municipality of São Paulo. The methodology was based on criteria defined by Brazil Federal Decree 89817/84 and in the analysis proposed by Merchant (1982). The accuracy analysis was developed observing the discrepancies between coordinates of selected 240 points from the 1:1000 digital map of São Paulo compared to corresponding points in the three basemaps, (coordinate directions North and East were considered separately). The Google Maps basemap for the city of São Paulo was divided in two (ortophoto mosaic for the central area and satellite images mosaic in the remainder peripheral areas), due to the considerable differences in their accuracy patterns. In order to classify each basemap as per Federal Decree 89.817, we have defined a scale in which only 10% of discrepancies were above the LMAS90 and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the discrepancies sample was equal to 60,8% of LMAS90. The final selected scale was the smallest (less detailed) of those obtained in each of the processes. The statistical analysis was based on the test of bias error and by a test of precision. Because the three basemaps have presented biases, the final scales defined by the precision test were not considered in the results, for it is difficult to eliminate biases in these basemaps when used in a GIS. We have obtained the following final scales to class A of the Brazilian Decree: Google Maps (area covered by satellite images): 1:12.400; Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 and ESRIs Word Imagery: 1:8.420. In conclusion, (a) the three products with scales around a 1:10.000 present accuracy to be used as basemap in GIS for urban planning studies and (b) Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos, scale around 1:4.000) can be equally used for planning studies, as well as urban services manager, due to its greater accuracy. The key limitations for the use of such basemaps as spatial references in GIS was the inclination of features which are distant from the image or ortophoto nadir (off-nadir effects) and the consequent shadowing of adjoining areas. However, this limitation is almost irrelevant to the scales defined for the basemaps in the accuracy analysis.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo entender as diferentes dinâmicas estabelecidas entre contracultura, economia e ciência a partir da noção de matriz de entrelaçamento. A empresa Google Inc e o objeto que melhor permite analisar as zonas fronteiriças que entrelaçam esses três elementos, preservando seus referentes e suas fronteiras.Assim este e um trabalho que tenta explorar por meio de quais processos as praticas e valores da contracultura e da produção de conhecimento científico que, ao mesmo tempo em que não eram frontalmente anti-mercado, mas que inicialmente não estavam subordinadas à produção capitalista, acabam muitas vezes se impondo aos objetivos de mercado, à forma de produção de conhecimento do capitalismo flexível, por provarem sua eficiência tecnica e sucesso comercial. Irei me referir a esses três elementos dentro de uma perspectiva dos regimes, que estabelece que cada regime tem sua base histórica, possui sua própria divisão de trabalho, seus próprios modos de produção cognitiva e de artefatos e tem audiências específicas. / This research aims to understand the different dynamics between established counterculture, economics and science from the notion of entanglement matrix. The company Google Inc. is therefore the best subject for an analysis of edge cases that intertwine these three elements, preserving their referents and their boundaries. In this manner, this research attempts to explore which processes the practices and values of counterculture and the production of scientific knowledge that, while they were not outright anti-market, but initially were not subordinated to capitalist production, often end up imposing marketing objectives, influencing the production of knowledge in a flexible capitalism for proving its technical efficiency and \"commercial\" success. I will refer to these three elements within a perspective of the regimes, which states that each regime has its historical basis, has its own division of labor, their own modes of cognitive production and has specific audiences.

Devido ao estabelecimento de negócios pela Internet, o Google alcançou notoriedade mundial, tornando-se atrativo às empresas como canal do Marketing Digital na utilização da ferramenta Google Adwords. Em vista disso, o presente estudo consistiu no levantamento bibliográfico do Marketing de Busca e da Biblioteconomia e Documentação, no qual o principal objetivo é contribuir através do uso de técnicas de Indexação, no processo de seleção de palavras-chave, e conduzi-las na ferramenta de anúncios do Google. Os métodos desta pesquisa foram estabelecidos pela Representação Documentária, com a finalidade de contribuir na diminuição de palavras-chave que oneram as campanhas no Adwords. A partir da coleta dos assuntos mais acessados no Google Trends, no período de quatro meses (jan-abr) de 2017, e a realização de testes em janeiro de 2018 no planejador de palavras-chave do Google, apresentamos a avaliação dos resultados comparativos entre os dados coletados e os dados da lista, com a finalidade de responder se o uso das técnicas de indexação podem ser ou não favoráveis nas criações de campanhas aos clientes brasileiros neste mecanismo de busca. Concluiu-se que a contribuição da Indexação é favorável as campanhas publicitárias no Google, e também requer a inclusão do bibliotecário, já que se trata do profissional com habilidades e competências necessárias na execução desta tarefa, que ficará atento as influências exercidas pelos algoritmos tanto nos valores de palavras-chave quanto na recuperação desses termos ao público de interesse no mecanismo de busca. / Due to the establishment of Internet business, Google has achieved world renown, becoming attractive to companies as a channel of Digital Marketing in the use of Google Adwords tool. Therefore, the present study consisted of a bibliographical survey of Search Marketing and Librarianship and Documentation, in which the main objective is to contribute using Indexing techniques, in the process of selection of keywords, and to conduct them in the Google Ad Tool. The methods of this research were established by the Documentary Representation, with the purpose of contributing to the reduction of keywords that affect the campaigns in Adwords. From the most commonly accessed subjects in Google Trends in the four-month period (Jan-Apr), 2017, and testing in January 2018 on Google\'s keyword planner, we present an assessment of the comparative results between the collected data and the data of the list, in order to answer if the use of the indexing techniques can be or not favorable in the creations of campaigns to the Brazilian clients in this search engine. It was concluded that the contribution of Indexation is favorable to advertising campaigns in Google, and also requires the inclusion of the librarian, since it is the professional with the necessary skills and competences in the execution of this task, which will be attentive to the influences exerted by the algorithms both in keyword values as well as the retrieval of those terms to the public of interest in the search engine.

近年來，Google 成為全球最夯的企業。Google 何以迅速開始獲利並保持獲 利，幾乎從未面臨困境？在全球競爭者眾多的情況下，Google 憑靠什麼而快速崛起，穩坐全球搜尋引擎的龍頭，遙遙領先第二名的對手？Google 是否是真的無懈可擊呢？Google 的成長模式以及策略行為，成為一個相當值得探討的議題。 企業的策略行為，往往會因為公司所擁有的資源以及能力而有所差異。Google 在短短的數年之間，從一小型公司，變成全球最有價值，研發能力最強大，全球工作者最嚮往之跨國企業。在不同的階段，經營策略也會有所不同，因此，對於Google 成立至今經營策略的變化，也是值得探討的。 過去在衡量企業的績效，往往著重於各種財務性指標，或是企業的產品研發 能力。但是單從這兩方面，很難清晰地描繪出企業的實際營運績效以及其真正的價值。非財務性的指標往往才能衡量企業的競爭力及真正的價值所在。 本文以Google 為個案研究對象，透過仔細探討Google 的發展歷程，分析其 總體策略，人才管理措施以及產品創新，配合其績效、成本以及獲利的分析，以期完整評估Google 的企業價值。此外，本文也探討Google 的各項併購行為，發現Google 於不同時期之發展方向與被併購之目標公司有非常大的相關性。最後，本文亦解析Google 在知識資本以及人力資源等重要層面之經營策略，以評估Google 之經營優勢及劣勢。本文旨在透過對個案公司經營模式演進過程之整理，從中尋找出網路服務平台之演進概念，以提供處於不同發展時期之網路公司一個參考樣本。 / In recent years, Google had become the hottest company around the world. How could Google maintain profitability and nearly never faces any difficulty? The key purpose of the research is to discuss the key factors of Google when he faces the critical environment of multi-competitors. Is Google a perfect model of the search engine company? The growth model and strategy are worth discussing. The strategic behavior of a company depends on its own resource and capability.Google, the most valuable company and the most innovative business, has been attracting the first-rate talent in the world during these years. It is interesting to discover the change of the business strategy in a rapid development company like Google. The related research in the past years, scholars try to measure the performance of the company from the financial indicators, or the innovation degree. But these indicators may not fully describe real value and the performance of a company. Non-financial indicators are the key factors to create the competitiveness and theirreplaceable value. The major axis of the research focuses on the development history of Google. By analyzing the overall strategy, the human resource management, the innovation of the products, and the verification of the performance, costs and the profits, this research try to draw a full-range analysis of Google’s Value. Besides, we also discuss the mergers and acquisitions of Google. From these activities, Google gain lots of knowledge capabilities and talents. Through the analysis of the evolution process of Google’s business model, the research shows some implication that could be used as guidelines for other internet platform companies when they need a reference for their business model.

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This thesis explores aspects of map censorship in Google China through a theoretical framework based on Foucault’s power/knowledge. Comparing results of content analysis of maps in Google Ditu in Google China and Google Maps in Google Dot Com, the thesis analyzes the degree of censorship of maps in the Google geoweb. My findings are a higher density of labeling in Google Ditu in comparison with Google Maps, the absence of VGI in Google Ditu, the limitation of zoom level at Google Ditu, and the absence of Street View in China. This thesis suggests possible explanations to differences in map information between Google Ditu and Google Maps.

Visuomenė, internetas ir jame esanti informacija dabar turi vieną didžiausių įtakų mūsų asmeniniame gyvenime. Be interneto daugelis dabar, net nebeįsivaizduotų savo kasdienybės, nes jis mums ir padeda atlikti daugelį darbų. Tačiau vis augant duomenų kiekiams internete, informacijos paieška tampa vienu svarbiausių internete naudojamų funkcijų.Paieškos sistemos – tai sistemos, ieškančios dokumentų žiniatinklyje, naujienų grupių archyvuose, FTP saugyklose, kuriuos rado paieškos serveris ir įtraukė į savo duomenų bazes. Ieškant informacijos, vartotojai naudojasi šiomis sistemomis, todėl internetinių svetainių kūrėjai yra suinteresuoti, kad jų internetiniai puslapiai būti kuo dažniau randami paieškos sistemų. Todėl besiplečiant paieškos sistemoms išsiplėtojo SEO (Search Engine Optimization, lietuviškai „Optimizavimas paieškos sistemoms“). / Expansion of the Internet and the information contained therein formed such an organization which aims to help the internet users to quickly and efficiently find what he needs. One of them is the Google search engine. It is one of the largest search engine companies in the world. In this paper we will analyse the Google search engine, and its proposed content optimization methods, which it claims to helps achieve better search results positions. The paper will discuss techniques such as HTML meta tags, content headers, site maps, robots.txt file, canonical and Paging functions. These methods will be compared with each other, and we will decide which method is most useful for site optimization.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal