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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Hållbarhetsredovisning som indikation på företags hållbarhetsarbete och utveckling. : En granskning av miljöaspekter i hållbarhetsrapporter och deras utveckling över tid. / : .

von der Wellen, Lina January 2021 (has links)
I takt med att mänskliga aktiviteter har en allt större negativ påverkan på miljön, ökar behovet av ett mer omfattande hållbarhetsarbete i samhället. Här har företagen som en viktig aktör en stor roll att spela och att upprätta och redovisa en hållbarhetsrapport är ett sätt att bevisa för samhället hur de bidrar till en hållbar utveckling. Genom att hållbarhetsredovisa kan företagen öka sin trovärdighet kopplad till hållbarhetsrelaterade frågor och får en chans att bevisa hur de jobbar med CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), det vill säga vilket samhällsansvar de väljer att ta. I dagens samhälle ställs inte längre frågan huruvida företagen ska jobba med hållbarhetsfrågor, utan hur och i vilken utsträckning det ska ske. Hållbarhetsredovisningen har därmed ökat drastiskt de senaste decennierna. I den här studien undersöks därför hur svenska företag jobbar med miljömässiga hållbarhetsrelaterade frågor enligt sina hållbarhetsrapporter och vilka förändringar som skett över tid. Den jämför även skillnaden i förändring över tid för identifierade väsentliga miljömässiga kategorier mellan privatägda och statligt ägda företag.Studien har utförts med hjälp av en blandad kvalitativ metod där innehållsanalyser har genomförts av sex företags hållbarhetsrapporter från åren 2014, 2017 och 2020. För att kunna göra en jämförelse mellan privatägda och statligt ägda företag, valdes tre privata och tre statliga företag ut att ingå i studien. Samtliga sex företag ska enligt lag upprätta en hållbarhetsredovisning. De mest väsentliga miljömässiga kategorierna i de analyserade rapporterna identifierades som avfall och cirkulära flöden, utsläpp av växthusgaser och energiförbrukning.Baserat på insamlade data från de analyserade hållbarhetsrapporterna samt företagens hemsidor, redovisas sammanfattat hur de sex företagen jobbar med hållbarhet. Detta sker i form av en inledande text och tabeller som inkluderar företagens åtgärder och framsteg, mål och policys, miljöbelastning i siffror samt finansiella nyckeltal.Studien har visat på varierande utveckling inom de identifierade väsentliga kategorierna, och mellan 2014–2020 har det gått att se en lika stor andel ökat som minskat hållbarhetsarbete i de analyserade hållbarhetsrapporterna. Vidare har de privatägda företagen visat sig i större utsträckning jobba med frågor kopplade till de kategorier som inkluderas i studien än de statligt ägda företagen. Hållbarhetsrapporterna från de privatägda företagen har även visat sig ha en högre jämförbarhet. / As human activities affect the environment more and more negatively the need for more extensive sustainability work in the society has become urgent. In this context companies as actors play a key role and by drawing up a sustainability report these companies can prove the society in how far they contribute to sustainable development. Through sustainability reporting companies may achieve higher credibility in respect to their sustainability work and get a chance to prove how they work with CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), e.g. which responsibility they choose to take for the society. In today´s society it is no longer a question of if companies should work with sustainability but how and on which scale they should do it. Thus, sustainability reports have grown in number over the last decades. The aim of this study is to investigate how Swedish companies work with environmental sustainability according to their sustainability reports and which changes happened over the years. The study also compares differences over time between private limited and state-owned companies in respect to identified essential environmental categories.A mixed qualitative method is used by analyzing the sustainability reports of six companies of the years 2014, 2017 and 2020. In order to compare private limited and state-owned companies, this study contains the sustainability reports of three private limited companies as well as three sustainability reports of state-owned companies. All six of the companies are legally obligated to draw up a sustainability report each year. The most essential environmental categories identified in the reports are waste and circular flows, greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption.This study has shown varying development within the identified most essential categories, and between 2014-2020 the sustainability reports show the same amount of increased as decreased sustainability work in the studied companies. The private limited companies have been found to work with questions connected to the categories included in this study to a greater extent than the state-owned companies. The sustainability reports from the private limited companies have also shown a greater comparability mostly because of the larger amount of data that is reported. / <p>2022-01-28</p>
142

Företags materialval ur miljö- och hållbarhetsperspektiv : En jämförelse mellan primära och sekundära material i samverkan med HMS Industrial Networks AB

Holmqvist, Amanda, Rottbers, Agnes January 2023 (has links)
För att säkerställa tillgången på resurser för framtida generationer måste vi införa ett cirkulärt förhållningssätt. Därav måste vi se till att använda rätt material som kan utvinnas och återvinnas med minsta möjliga miljöpåverkan och högsta möjliga effektivitet. Studien syftar till att undersöka om ett företag kan minska sin klimatpåverkan och sitt fotavtryck genom val av material. De material som studien omfattar är primärt framställt aluminium och plast samt sekundärt framställt aluminium och plast som i denna studie kan fylla samma syfte. Vi undersöker materialens miljöpåverkan ur ett vagga-till-port-perspektiv baserat på (1) energiförbrukning och utsläpp av växthusgaser under produktionen samt (2) återvinningsgrad och effektivitet. Dessutom undersöker vi (3) om kvaliteten mellan primärt och sekundärt material är likvärdigt. Studien undersöker vilket material som är bäst lämpat för minskad miljöpåverkan utifrån ovan nämnda bedömningsaspekter i samarbete med HMS Industrial Networks AB. Resultatet visar att när det gäller energiförbrukning och utsläpp av växthusgaser är sekundärt aluminium det bästa valet. Aluminium som material är att föredra framför plast när det gäller återvinningseffektivitet och återvinningsgrad. Dessutom försämras inte kvaliteten vid återanvändning och den kan återvinnas oändligt. Vidare visar studien att en övergång från primärt till sekundärt producerat material är fullt genomförbart ur kvalitetssynpunkt. Ett aktivt materialval är väsentligt för ett företags hållbarhetsarbete där beslutet bidrar till ett effektivt utnyttjande av befintliga resurser ur ett globalt perspektiv. Givet det kan denna studie bidra med stöd och vägledning för ett företag att minska sitt klimatavtryck och stärka sitt samhällsansvar och motståndskraft på marknaden. / To ensure the availability of resources for future generations, we need to introduce a circular approach. Therefore, we must make sure to use the right materials that can be extracted and recycled with the least possible environmental harm and the highest possible efficiency. The study aims to investigate whether a company can reduce its climate impact and footprint by the choice of material. The materials that the study includes are primarily produced aluminium and plastic as well as secondary produced aluminium and plastic which in this study can fulfil the same purpose and thus be a suitable substitute. We examine the environmental impact of the materials from a cradle-to-gate perspective based on (1) energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during production as well as (2) recycling rate and efficiency. In addition, we examine (3) if the quality between primary and secondary material is equivalent. The study investigates which material is best suited for reduced environmental impact based on the above-mentioned assessment aspects in cooperation with HMS Industrial Networks AB. The result shows that regarding energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, secondary aluminium is the best choice. Aluminium as a material is preferable to plastic in terms of recycling efficiency and recycling rate. Additionally, the quality does not deteriorate with reuse, and it can be recycled infinitely. Furthermore, the study shows that a shift from primary to secondary produced material is completely feasible from a quality point of view. An active choice of materials is essential for a company's sustainability work where the decision contributes to the effective use of existing resources from a global perspective. Given that, this study can contribute with support and guidance for a company to reduce its climate footprint and strengthen its social responsibility and resilience on the market.
143

Assessing the Climate Impact and Expansion Potential of On-Demand Storage in the Housing and Construction Sector : A case study on Vinden AB / Bedömning av Klimatpåverkan och Expansionspotential för On-Demand-lagring inom Bostads- och Byggsektorn

Perneby, Mattias January 2023 (has links)
The housing and construction sector is responsible for 40% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making it crucial for achieving the Paris Agreement goals. One of the most effective ways to mitigate emissions in this sector is by optimizing the use of existing building stock and minimizing the construction of new houses. Through enhanced space efficiency, the on-demand storage service has the potential to decrease the demand for new construction and thereby reduce GHG emissions by converting existing attic spaces in inner-city areas to additional apartments. However, the service introduces additional emissions from its operations and for the service to have a significant impact on reducing construction needs, it must expand on a large scale and be integrated in the housing stock. The aim is to quantify the operational emissions and potential emissions avoided through a theoretical large-scale expansion of the on-demand storage service, to determine the potential net impact. Secondly, it aims to explore the opportunities and barriers to the concept's large-scale expansion within the housing and construction sector. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are utilized. The quantitative approach involves modeling emissions and potential reductions for large-scale expansion, while the qualitative method consists of 12 interviews with various stakeholder groups. Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory guides the analysis of qualitative findings. The results indicate that the on-demand storage service can potentially reduce overall GHG emissions if implemented on a large scale, due to the potential emissions avoided surpassing the operational emissions associated with the service by a large margin. The utilization of collective storage in warehouses, which offers superior space efficiency compared to traditional attic storage, is the key factor behind this outcome. By connecting this service to an entire apartment building, there is an opportunity to repurpose existing attic storage spaces into additional new apartments, thereby decreasing the need for constructing new buildings and effectively mitigating emissions in the housing and construction sector. However, the diffusion rate of the concept is assessed as modest due to significant barriers, particularly current regulations and a lack of market pull. While there are noteworthy opportunities such as potential economic benefits for customers and the ability to function as a circular economy platform, these opportunities are not as prominent as the existing barriers. This study represents an initial exploration of the on-demand storage concept, emphasizing its eco-potential and the need for regulatory revisions. It provides an assessment of the climate impact, barriers, and opportunities for the expansion of the storage concept within the housing and construction sector. However, further academic and practical work is required to better understand the concept's interaction with cities and society. On-demand storage has the potential to enhance space efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of housing and construction. Continued exploration of this concept paves the way for a more sustainable and efficient future in urban living. / Bygg- och bostadssektorn står för 40% av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser, vilket gör det till en av de mest avgörande för att uppnå Parisavtalet. Ett av det mest effektiva sättet att minska utsläppen inom denna sektor är genom att optimera användningen av befintliga byggnadsresurser och minimera byggandet av nya hus. Genom förbättrad utrymmeseffektivitet har on-demand-lagring en potential att minska behovet av nybyggnation och därigenom minska utsläppen av växthusgaser, genom att använda befintliga vindsutrymmen i innerstadsområden för ytterligare lägenheter. Dock medför tjänsten ytterligare utsläpp från transport, varuhus och renoveringar av vindar till lägenheten. Dessutom måste tjänsten expandera storskaligt och integreras i bostadsbeståndet för att ha en betydande inverkan byggbehovet. Målet med studien är att kvantifiera de operationella utsläppen och de potentiella utsläppsminskningarna som konsekvens av en storskalig implementering av konceptet för att avgöra om den samlade effekten skulle kunna vara positiv eller negativ. För det andra syftar den till att utforska de praktiska möjligheterna och hindren för konceptets storskaliga expansion. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder används. Den kvantitativa delen består av modellering av utsläpp vid storskalig expansion inom bostads- och byggsektorn, medan den kvalitativa metoden består av 12 intervjuer med olika intressentgrupper. Rogers teori om innovationsspridning används som teoretisk grund i analysen av de kvalitativa resultaten. Resultaten visar att förvaringstjänsten kan minska de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser om den implementeras i stor skala, eftersom den potentiella utsläppsminskningen överstiger de operationella utsläppen markant. Användningen av kollektiv lagring i lagerlokaler, som erbjuder överlägsen platsutnyttjande jämfört med traditionell vindslagring, är den avgörande faktorn bakom detta resultat. Genom användning av tjänsten finns det möjlighet att omvandla befintliga vindsutrymmen till nya lägenheter, vilket minskar behovet av att bygga nya byggnader och därmed även utsläppen inom bostads- och byggsektorn. Dock bedöms de praktiska spridningsmöjligheterna för konceptet som låga på grund av betydande hinder, bestående primärt av regelverk och avsaknad av utbredd marknadsefterfrågan. Även om det finns ekonomiska fördelar för kunderna och möjligheten att fungera som en plattform för cirkulär ekonomi är dessa möjligheter inte lika framträdande som de befintliga hindren. Denna studie är den första att utforska konceptet självförvaring on-demand från ett helhetsperspektiv och betonar dess potential för positiv miljöpåverkan samt behovet av att revidera befintligt regelverk. Den ger en bedömning av klimatpåverkan, hinder och möjligheter för expansion. Ytterligare akademiskt och praktiskt arbete krävs dock för att bättre förstå konceptets interaktion med städer och samhälle. Förvaringstjänsten har potential att bidra till en mer effektiv användning av befintliga ytor och därigenom minska miljöpåverkan inom bostads- och byggsektorn. Fortsatt utfosrkning av detta koncept banar vägen för en mer hållbar och effektiv framtid för utvecklingen av städer.
144

Building Low Carbon Lifestyles : A qualitative study of the built environment’s potential to encourage low carbon lifestyles

Bonnier, Thérèce January 2017 (has links)
With over half of the world’s population living in urban settlements and an ongoing urbanization, cities today offer a unique opportunity to tackle climate change. Emissions of greenhouse gases derive from all products and services used, and in Sweden the average inhabitant emit 7 tons of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalents every year from privately acquired products and services, calculated from a consumption perspective. Long-term climate goals, and international climate agreements sets a limit of 1-2 tons. Lifestyle changes are important to achieve sustainable development, but planning practices today generally do not try to influence citizens’ consumption, and is presumed cannot affect inhabitants’ consumption of food, clothes, electronics, furniture, etc.  This thesis investigates how planning and the built environment can practically encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, and which of these practices would be suitable to implement in the current sustainability project of Norra Kymlinge. The study concludes that sustainable consumption patterns could be encouraged in Norra Kymlinge through: collaborative living, sharing infrastructure, green leases, food production, personal measurement, and semi self-built apartments. For future research, more quantitative studies on the topic are suggested.
145

Climate Change Impact Assessment of a Biochar System in Rural Kenya

Sujessy, Libbis January 2018 (has links)
Biochar systems have been beneficial to Kenyan residents living in the rural areas, particularly in Kwale, following recent research interventions. Biochar system starts from the biomass feedstock sourcing, its production method, and finally its application to soil. The aim of this study is to assess the climate change impacts of the application of biochar in smallholder farms and households in rural Kenya, against the traditional agriculture and cooking practices under realistic conditions and from a life cycle perspective. The scope of this study includes the biomass sourcing identification, biomass availability measurement, cooking practice observation and biochar application during planting season (April to May) at one of the rural areas, the Waa Ward in Kwale County under The Biochar Project. Field observation was carried out to identify and measure on-farm biomass availability and cooking performance. The identification and measurement of biomass weight were conducted through survey and manual scale, respectively. While the cooking performance was observed with uncontrolled Kitchen Performance Test (KPT) method. A life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the climate change impact of biochar system in Kwale. The biochar production method, also called the improved system in this study, is compared against the traditional system. This study focuses at the cookstove used for the two systems, Gastov and three-stone open fire. Gastov is a type of Top-Lit UpDraft (TLUD) natural draft gasifier cookstove investigated. The biomass measurement established the biomass and energy availability on-farms in Kwale. Meanwhile, the KPT found that Gastov required lesser fuel for cooking due to higher thermal efficiency in comparison to three-stone open fire. The LCA results showed that the improved system performs better than the traditional system in terms of climate change impacts and that the improved system potentially offset GHG emissions caused by traditional system as well as generates a net carbon credit. Lastly, the ‘hotspot’ of the improved system was identified in the cooking process, although it was also significantly better than the traditional cooking process. The sensitivity analysis showed that both fraction of stable carbon and fraction of non- renewable biomass (fNRB) were major factors in the biochar system in Kwale, Kenya. The conclusion is that the biochar system presents more advantages as applied in Kwale compared to the traditional system through biomass management, improved cooking method, and biochar application to soil.
146

Biobased iron pellet production : Assessment of the availability and sustainability of biomass as fuel for iron ore pellet production in LKAB

Kemi, Magnus January 2023 (has links)
Iron production accounts for substantial shares of global coal use and GHG emissions. LKAB is Europe’s largest iron company and Sweden’s fourth-largest emitter of GHGs. To reduce its emissions, LKAB might implement biomass in iron ore pelletisation. It is therefore important with information on how the biomass demand can be met and what the environmental implications may be, but available research focuses on contexts which are irrelevant for LKAB. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the extent to which LKAB can replace coal with biomass in iron ore pelletisation by assessing the availability of biomass as well as its environmental and economic performance relative to coal.  The study includes slash, industrial residues, pellets, and willow. The biomass potential is assessed using statistics and calculations. The environmental performance is assessed based on an LCA combined with a qualitative sustainability assessment, covering land-use change (LUC), biodiversity, toxins, chemicals, eutrophication (toxic-chem-eut), and compliance with EU sustainability criteria. The economic performance is based on price statistics. In general, all assessed biomass sources can meet LKAB’s potential demand, but requires sourcing from different locations, at different prices, with different environmental impacts, and with different market effects. In northern Sweden (“Norrland”) slash is largely unused and has a very good potential to supply LKAB with biomass. Industrial residues have a good potential on the domestic level but lower potential regionally. The potential of domestically produced pellets is limited but the demand can be met by increased production or imports. Willow currently has a low potential, but there is good potential to increase domestic production. In general, the biomass fuels have substantially lower environmental impact than coal. The LCA indicates that slash and industrial residues have the lowest environmental impact, pellets has slightly higher, and willow has higher impact in most categories (also higher than coal in some categories, although lower in general). Slash, industrial residues, and pellets cause no impacts on LUC, biodiversity, and toxic-chem-eut. Industrial residues, pellets, and willow are compliant with EU sustainability criteria, but it is uncertain if slash complies due to a pending criteria revision. Willow has slightly positive impacts on biodiversity and toxic-chem-eut but slightly negative impacts on LUC. The cost for biomass relative to coal is uncertain due to price volatility. In 2020, coal had the lowest price, but its average price the past three years is twice the price for slash and industrial residues and on par with the price for pellets. If all fossil GHGs in iron production would be subjected to the EU emission trading scheme the economic competitiveness of biomass would increase. The study shows that increased use of biomass, both in LKAB and in general, can be achieved with reduced environmental impacts compared to coal. Future studies should map the effects of dynamic factors on environmental impact and costs, and quantify net environmental impacts, including spatial-specific changes. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-07-07</p>
147

Introducing Software Sustainability Demands into Large Organisational Procurement Processes

Antti, Albin January 2023 (has links)
As the ICT sector saw exponential growth over the last few decades, so too did the greenhouse gas emissions caused by it, to the point where the ICT sector is at least as big, if not bigger, than the airline industry. Previous research in this field has circled around methodologies for performing life cycle assessment of ICT software products, but has not put it in an organisational context which has lead to no agreed upon way of calculating and comparing sustainable software. This study analyses existing research in the field and through a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews and a case study of Scania CV AB in Södertälje, Sweden puts it into a procurement context, focusing on key metrics and comparability over exhaustiveness. This study found that by assessing ICT software products through four different phases, or scopes, a level of accuracy suitable for large organisations are achieved. Key metrics for organisational procurement processes to take into account are those of the hosting phase, such as geographical location, source of electricity and data centre effectiveness. By putting software life cycle assessments into a business context, this study helps make ICT sustainability research more readily available to people working with ICT product procurement and makes a contribution to the interdisciplinary research in the fields of technology, business and sustainability. / Allt eftersom ICT-sektorn sett exponentiell tillväxt över de senaste årtiondena har också sektorns utsläpp av växthusgaser ökat, till den grad att sektorn står för minst lika mycket, om inte mer, utsläpp av växthusgaser jämfört med flygindustrin. Tidigare forskning i detta fält har kretsat kring metodiker för att genomföra livscykelanalyser av mjukvara, men har inte satt resultaten i en affärsmässig kontext vilket lett till oenighet kring vilka metodiker som passar bäst för beräkning och jämförelse av hållbar mjukvara. Denna forskningsstudie analyserar existerande forskning och sätter den i ett inköpssammanhang genom en serie kvalitativa intervjuer med tematisk analys samt en fallstudie av Scania CV AB i Södertälje. Denna studie fann att genom att jämföra IT-mjukvara i form av fyra olika faser, eller omfattningar, nås en tillräcklig nivå av nogrannhet för att användas i stora organisationer. Nyckelvärden för organisatoriska inköpsprocesser att ta hänsyn till är de i datacentersfasen, så som geografisk plats, energikälla och datacentereffektivitet. Genom att sätta mjukvarulivscykelanalyser i ett affärssammanhang bidrar denna studie till att göra hållbarhetsforskning för sektorn mer tillgänglig till människor som jobbar med ICT-inköp och gör ett bidrag till den interdisciplinära forskningen i fälten teknik, affärsstudier och hållbarhet.
148

Methodological study for carbon accounting : Case study: ISS's technical maintenance activities

Andreux, Théo January 2023 (has links)
European greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have decreased by 24% between 1990 and 2019 according to a report by the European Commission. Yet, the Paris agreement set a target of 55% by 2030 to prevent the effects of climate change and prepare for carbon neutrality by 2050. Achieving this goal requires decarbonization efforts to be four times faster than current rates, and carbon accounting will play an essential role for identifying emission sources and developing emission reduction strategies. However, carbon accounting still suffers a lack of consistency and standardization due to different methods and incomplete scope, leading to confusion and incomparability. This thesis proposes a comprehensive and innovative methodology for carbon accounting that ensures transparency, comparability, accuracy, and completeness. Using an iterative approach and a unique representation for carbon architecture, the methodology covers crucial steps such as identifying emission sources, selecting emission factors, determining calculation methods, displaying results, and simulating emission reduction scenarios. A new reliability measurement is also introduced to assess the quality of each emission estimate. The methodology was successfully implemented in the concrete example of a company seeking to reduce the carbon impact of its activities. The limitations of the thesis are addressed in the conclusion. / Europeiska växthusgasutsläpp har minskat med 24% mellan 1990 och 2019 enligt en rapport från Europeiska kommissionen. Trots detta har Parisavtalet satt upp ett mål på 55% till år 2030 för att förhindra klimatförändringarnas effekter och förbereda för koldioxidneutralitet år 2050. För att uppnå detta mål krävs att avkolningsansträngningarna fyrdubblas i jämförelse med nuvarande takt, och koldioxidredovisning kommer att spela en avgörande roll för att identifiera utsläppskällor och utveckla strategier för utsläppsminskning. Dock lider koldioxidredovisning fortfarande av brist på konsekvens och standardisering på grund av olika metoder och ofullständig omfattning, vilket leder till förvirring och bristande jämförbarhet. Denna avhandling föreslår en omfattande och innovativ metodik för koldioxidredovisning som säkerställer transparens, jämförbarhet, noggrannhet och fullständighet. Genom att använda en iterativ ansats och en unik representation av koldioxidarkitektur täcker metoden viktiga steg såsom att identifiera utsläppskällor, välja utsläppsfaktorer, bestämma beräkningsmetoder, visa resultat och simulera scenarier för utsläppsminskning. En ny pålitlighetsmätning introduceras också för att bedöma kvaliteten på varje utslagsuppskattning. Metoden implementerades framgångsrikt i det konkreta exemplet med ett företag som sökte minska den koldioxidpåverkan av sina verksamheter. Begränsningarna med avhandlingen diskuteras i slutsatsen.
149

The effect of turning frequency on methane generation during composting of anaerobic digestion material: Research article

Nguyen, Thanh Phong, Cuhls, Carsten 24 August 2017 (has links)
Methane (CH4) is included in the direct greenhouse gases listed in the Kyoto protocol. The composting of anaerobic digestion (henceforth AD) material is a source of CH4. CH4 is the major contributor to overall CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is important to know the formation of this gas from different stages and substrates of the composting process. This study investigated CH4, CO2 and O2 profiles in two open-windrows in composting plants treating AD material. One composting windrow was turned one a week; whereas another was turned twice a week using a special windrow turner. To assess the gaseous formation in the composting windrows, CH4, CO2 and O2 volume concentrations were measured at different depths. Active aeration has been considered as a method to reduce CH4 generation during composting. However, our results showed that frequent turned windrow generated more CH4 than less turned windrow. The highest CH4 concentrations were found at a depth of 1 m, and were 45% and 37% for 2 times a week turned windrow and 1 time a week turned windrow respectively. Gas concentrations of CH4, O2 and CO2 in both windrows differed. Concentrations of CO2 and CH4 increased with depth, whereas concentration of O2 decreased from the surface to the lowest point. The O2 and CO2 are important factors in determining whether the windrows are anaerobic or aerobic. / Khí mê tan (CH4) là một trong những khí nhà kính được liệt kê trong nghị định thư Kyoto. Quá trình ủ phân compost từ các chất thải của hầm ủ biogas là nguồn phát sinh loại khí này. Khí mê tan đóng góp chủ yếu trong tổng lượng khí nhà kính phát thải vào khí quyển. Do đó, những hiểu biết về quá trình hình thành loại khí này trong các giai đoạn khác nhau của quá trình ủ phân compost từ chất thải hầm ủ biogas là rất quan trọng. Nghiên cứu này tìm hiểu sự phát thải khí CH4, CO2 và O2 trong 2 luống ủ ngoài trời tại các nhà máy xử lý rác thải hữu cơ bằng phương pháp kỵ khí. Luống ủ 1 được đảo trộn một lần một tuần trong khi luống ủ số 2 được đảo trộn 2 lần 1 tuần. Để đo đạc lượng khí phát thải từ các luống ủ phân compost, nồng độ các khí CH4, CO2 và O2 được đo ở các độ sâu khác nhau. Việc cung cấp khí oxy được coi như là một biện pháp để làm giảm sự hình thành khí mê tan. Tuy nhiên, kết quả đo đạc của chúng tôi chứng minh rằng việc đảo trộn thường xuyên phát thải nhiều khí mê tan hơn ít đảo trộn. Nồng độ khí mê tan cao nhất 45% và 37% đo được ở khoảng cách 1m từ bề mặt đối với luống ủ đảo trộn hai lần và một lần. Nồng độ các khí CH4, CO2 và O2 khác nhau ở hai luống trong thí nghiệm. Nồng độ khí CH4 và CO2 tăng theo độ sâu, trong khi O2 giảm theo độ sâu. Nồng độ khí CO2 và O2 đóng vai trò quyết định luống ủ được cung cấp đủ oxy cho quá trình phân hủy hiếu khí hay không.
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Developing a Standardized Procedure for the Remote Sensing of Methane Emissions from Shale Gas Well Sites

Akers, Chester January 2022 (has links)
No description available.

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